Presentation On
WEB ACCESSIBILITY
Submitted by :
Shivani Sachdeva

CONTENTS
• What is web accessibility?
• Why web accessibility?
• Disability Statistics
• Types of Disabilities
• WCAG 2.0
• Accessibility Principles
• Guidelines
• Essential Component of Web
• Implementation Cycle
• Accessibility Checker
• Merits/Demerits
• Conclusion

WEB ACCESSIBILITY
“The power of the Web is in its universality.
Access by everyone regardless of disability is an
essential aspect.”
Tim Berners-Lee, W3C Director and inventor of the
World Wide Web
SOURCE : http://speakerdata.s3.amazonaws.com/photo/image/775120/sir-tim-berners-lee.jpg

What is WEB ACCESSIBILITY?
• Web Accessibility is about Universality, its about
development of information systems flexible enough to
accommodate the needs of maximum no. of users as
possible :
 with different environments
 Different devices
 To elderly people
 Non-English Speakers
 Impaired abilities
• Web accessibility specifically means that people with
disabilities can use the Web.
• It means that people with disabilities can perceive,
understand, navigate, and interact with the Web.
SOURCE : http://www.web-solutions4you.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/accessibility-300x300.png

Why WEB ACCESSIBILITY ?
• Equal Accessibility=Equal Opportunity.
• The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
recognizes access to information and communications
technologies, including the Web, as a BASIC HUMAN RIGHT.
• Accessibility supports social inclusion.
• There is also a strong business case for accessibility.
• It’s a LAW.

It’s a LAW
COUNTRY STANDARD LEGISLATION
INDIA
Guidelines for Indian
Government Websites
(based on WCAG 2 A)
USA
Section 508 (subset of
WCAG 1 with a few
additions)
Section 508 of
Rehabilitation Act
FRANCE
RGAA 3 (based on
WCAG 2)
Law No 2005-102, Article 47
CANADA WCAG 2 AA Human Rights Act 1977
GERMANY
BITV 2 (based on
WCAG 2)
Federal Disabled
Equalization Law (BGG)
IRELAND WCAG 2 AA The Disability Act 2005
NEW ZEALAND WCAG 2 AA
Human Rights Amendment
Act 2001
UNITED
KINGDOM
WCAG 2 AA Equality Act 2010

DISABILITY STATISTICS
 Currently around 10 per cent of the total world's
population, or roughly 650 million people, live with a
disability.[1]
 According to the new figures released by the Census
Bureau in America[2]
 19.9 million (8.2%) have difficulty lifting or grasping.
 15.2 million (6.3%) have a cognitive, mental, or
emotional impairment.
 8.1 million (3.3%) have a vision impairment.
 7.6 million (3.1%) have a hearing impairment.

Types of Disabilities
• There are 5 types of disabilities that can affect
the way people use and interact with
websites:-
 Visual Disability
 Auditory Disability
 Mobility/Motor Disability
 Photosensitive epilepsy
 Cognitive Disability

Visual Barriers(Blindness, color
blindness, presbyopia)
includes..
• Images(still or animated)
• Video and visual elements
• Inconsistent navigation or content
• Lack of adequate color contrast
• Certain color combinations
• Small Headings
• Text embedded in images

Web Accessibility for Visually
impaired
Assistive
technologies
such as “braille
displays”,
“Screen
Readers”.
Display zoom
capability
Descriptive
ALT texts for
informative
images
Braille Displays
SOURCE : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Refreshable_Braille_display.jpg

SCREEN READERS
SOURCE : https://t2-13h1onlineb.wikispaces.com/file/view/thunder-screen-reader.jpg/412576254/266x167/thunder-
screen-reader.jpg

Sound Barriers(deafness, hard
to hearing) can include:
• Video or audio
• Lack of transcript or captioning
• Auditory stimulus that does not
provide an alternative
• Closed Captioning

Web accessibility for auditory
impaired
•Transcript (or full text) for
audio content
•Captioning(or subtitle) for
video content
•Avoid flashing or flickering
content
•SOURCE : https://encrypted-
tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTlg-
UTTa78G9ayBJa9JsVGaIU9tpiTIezF-vq1yXQPRbJaoggnHg
VIDEO CAPTIONING

Motor Disability includes..
• Inability to use a mouse
• Slow response time
• Limited motor control
• Assistive Technologies
• Mouth stick
• Head wand
• Single-switch access
• Sip and puff switch
• Oversized trackball mouse
• Adaptive keyboard
• Eye tracking
• Voice recognition software
• Other assistive technologies
http://globalaccessibilitynews.com/files/2013/04/mouthstickstylus1.jpg

For motor disability..
Challenges Solutions
Users may not be able to use the mouse. Make sure that all functions are available
from the keyboard (try tabbing from link
to link).
Users may not be able to control the
mouse or the keyboard well.
Make sure that your pages are error-
tolerant (e.g. ask "are you sure you want
to delete this file?"), do not create small
links or moving links.
Users may be using voice-activated
software.
Make sure that all functions are available
from the keyboard.
Users may become fatigued when using
"puff-and-sip" or similar adaptive
technologies.
Provide a method for skipping over long
lists of links or other lengthy content.

Photosensitive epilepsy
• Seizures can be caused by strobing, flickering,
or flashing effects.
• Present in different Science-fiction style Flash
objects, horror movie previews etc.
• In general, if the content flashes more than
three times per second, is notably large, has
bright contrast in the flashes, it may cause a
seizure and should be avoided.
• Of note is that SECTION 508 of WCAG
prohibits flickering effects with a frequency
greater than 2 Hz (flickers per second).
http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_ma3s0zxXJs
1qg7p8h.gif

Cognitive disability includes..
• Difficulty in navigations
• Complicated System to memorize and use
• Ineffective Error Recovery
• System is presented with inappropriate graphics, missing
alternative texts, lengthy and complex content
http://www.artbeyondsight.org/handbook/img/dat/dat-accessibility-skills_clip_image013.jpg

Word prediction aids
Reading/Writing comprehension aids
•Clear information
chunks
•Clear and specific
labels
•Avoid unnecessary
motion
•Avoid unnecessary
time limit
•Avoid flashing to
prevent EPILEPSY
•Avoid change of
context
automatically,
without using
trigger.
For Cognitive Disability

WCAG 2.0
• The World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) is committed to
promoting usability for people with disabilities.
• Follow WCAG 2.O
• Guidelines for :
 Aiding Disabled Audience
 Aiding Agent type support
• Universal access for everyone.
• Broad and testable success criteria
• Three levels: A, AA, AAA

ACCESSIBILITY PRINCIPLES
P
O
U
R
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/web-accessibility-101-150718153704-lva1-app6892/95/including-everyone-web-accessibility-101-7-
638.jpg?cb=1437234388

Guidelines
• Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content.
• Don’t rely on color alone.
• Use markup and style sheets and do so properly.
• Clarify natural language usage.
• Create tables that transform gracefully.
• Ensure that pages featuring new technologies transform gracefully.
• Ensure user control of time sensitive content changes.
• Provide context and orientation information.
• Provide clear navigation mechanisms.
• Ensure that documents are clear and simple.

Essential Components for Web
Accessibility
These components
include:
Content
Web browsers, media
players
assistive technology
users' knowledge and
experiences
developers authoring
tools
evaluation tools
https://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/relate.png

Interdependencies Between
Components
• Technical specifications
• WAI guidelines
• Developers
• Authoring tools
• Evaluation tools
• User agents
• Assistive technologies
• Users

When accessibility features are effectively implemented in one
component, the other components are more likely to implement them.
The Implementation Cycle
https://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/cycle.png

ACCESSIBILITY CHECKER
1. AChecker – Accessibility Checker
Accessibility Checker is an open source accessibility evaluation tool that
was developed in 2009 by the Inclusive Design Research Centre
(formerly known as the Adaptive Technology Resource Centre) of the
University of Toronto. Using this tool, the user can submit a web page
via its URL or by uploading its HTML file and can subsequently select
which guidelines to evaluate it against, namely the HTML Validator,
WCAG 1.0 and WCAG 2.0.
http://usabilitygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Accessibility-Tool-AChecker.jpg

2. WAVE – Web Accessibility Versatile Evaluator
WAVE is a tool developed by WebAIM that is available both
online and as a Firefox add-on. It reports accessibility
violations by annotating a copy of the page that was
evaluated and at the same time, providing recommendations
on how to repair them. Rather than providing a complex
technical report, WAVE shows the original Web page with
embedded icons and indicators that reveal the accessibility
information within your page.
http://usabilitygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Accessibility-Tool-WAVE.jpg

Benefits
• Commercial: Accessibility increases the
website use and it is cost effective.
• Technical: produces a high quality and highly
flexible website.
• Legal: conformances with government
requirements.
• Ethical: Accessibility contributes to build a
better society.

Limitations
• CAPTCHA: Difficulty in Considering All Types of
Disabilities
• People who cannot move any of their body
parts
• Assistive Technologies for Mobile Applications

CONCLUSION
• Check for Accessibility barriers for all major
disability groups- Visual, Hearing, Physical,
Cognitive
• Select the testing technique or a combination of
techniques
• Once the scope of testing is defined, clearly identify
the core pages and functionalities and verify each
against manual Accessibility checklist.
• Consider accessibility throughout the design and
development process for seamless and elegant
integration into web projects and to save
development costs.

References
[1] http://www.disabledworld.com/disability/statistics/
[2] http://www.interactiveaccessibility.com/accessibilitystatistics
[3] http://www.powermapper.com/blog/government-
accessibility-standards/
[4] http://webaim.org/articles/motor/assistive#intro
[5] http://webaim.org/articles/seizure/
[6] https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/[7]
[7] http://usabilitygeek.com/usabilitygeek-newsletter/
[8] http://www.w3.org/WAI/