This document outlines a student's MS thesis project on lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. It discusses the working principles, characteristics, and structures of these batteries. The student's project will cover battery types and lithium-ion battery charging/discharging processes. Sodium-ion batteries offer lower costs than lithium-ion due to more abundant materials, making them promising for large-scale energy storage.

1. Shehzad khan:
MS First semester
department of physics awkum
supervisor:
Dr. Raz Muhammad

2. Outlines:
• Battery and its types
• Lithium ion battery and its working principle.
• Lithium ion battery charging and discharging.
• Characteristics of lithium ion battery.
• Sodium ion battery, its working principle.
• Energy storage
• Advantages.

3. Lithium ion battery and
sodium ion battery

4. Battery
A container consisting of one or more cells,
in which chemical energy is converted into
electricity and used as a source of power.

5. Types of battery
Primary battery:
batteries that must be thrown away after use
are known as primary battery.
Secondary battery:
batteries that can be recharged are called
secondary battery

6. Lithium ion battery:

7. Lithium:
•It has the density about half of water
•Its atomic number is 3 and atomic mass is 6.941.
Lithium is a very soft, silvery metal.
•The abundance of lithium in the Earth's crust is
estimated to be about 0.005 percent.
•lithium is the first member of alkali metal family.
•Lithium is also least dense of all metals.

8. Lithium ion battery.
 It is a rechargeable electro-chemical
battery.
Energy storage device.
Conversion of chemical energy into
electrical energy and vice versa.
Energy conversion and storage take place
in the same compartment.

9. WORKING PRINCIPLE:
•Both anode and cathode are lithium inserted
materials with enough electronic conductivity.
•Anode: lithium intercalated graphite (LiC6).
•Cathode: Lithium intercalated (LiCoO2).
•Electrolyte: Alkyl carbonate+LiPF6 (Solution of
LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and
methyl carbonate)

12. s

13. Characteristics of lithium ion battery
• Voltage 3.5v
• 2000+cycles
• Higher energy density (150-200 wh/kg)
• No memory effect
• Low self discharge
• Less toxic

14. Sodium ion battery:
 Sodium ion battery are a type of rechargeable battery that use
sodium ions as charge carrier.
Sodium ion battery is relatively young compared to other battery
types.
The battery grade salts of sodium are cheap and abundant much
more than those of lithium.
The first successful attempt of sodium battery was undertaken in
1967 by ford motor company (USA) in the sodium Sulphur battery.
These factors price, abundance, and size make sodium ion battery
particularly interesting for large scale storage applications.

15. Energy storage:
• The sodium ion battery stores energy in chemical bonds of iys anode.
• When the battery is charging Na+ ions de-intercalated and migrated
toward the anode. Meanwhile charge balancing electrons pass from
the cathode through the external circuit containing the charger and
into the anode.
• During discharge the process reverse. Once a circuit is completed
electron pass back from the anode to the cathode and the Na+ ions
travel back to the cathode.
• Sodium ion cells have been reported with a voltage of 3.6 volts, able
to maintain 115 Ah/kg after 50 cycles.

16. Structure of Na ion battery:
• There are many kinds of cathode materials for Na ion cells that have been
examined. Such as fluorides, polyanion compounds and oxide compounds.
Also chromium cathodes have been tested as cathodes.
• Sodium fluorophosphates is tested for new cathode materials.
• Different electrolyte are used for Na ion batteries such as ethylene
carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate,
ethyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate and salt combination LiPF6 and
Naclo4.
• porous carbon has been identified as one for anode material. In porous
carbon Na ions can be reversibly inserted into nanopores or absorbed on
the surface of carbon. Providing capacity of less than 200mAhg-1. in
addition to carbon anodes allowing different types of anode with additives
such as antimony tin phosphorus germanium and lead can also result.

17. Advantages:
• Rechargeable sodium ion batteries for energy storage.
• Easier to recycle.
• Low market price.
• Capable of working at room temperature, Good efficient.

18. Disadvantages:
• Large ionic size of Na+ which requires more power to keep energy
flowing.
• It takes several days to charge in case you forget to charge it full.
• Low operating voltage.
• Low energy density.
• Need high temperature for optimal work.