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M.A Economic Governance and Development
Economy of Border Management and Transport Routes
Smuggling and FDI Bad Practices
by
Zabihullah Mudabber
Sharifullah Danesh
Under the Supervision of
Jonathon Hornbrook
Outline
Background Information
A Typology of Smuggling
Smuggling Destinations
The War on Opium in Afghanistan
Eradication Projects in CA & Afghanistan
Smuggling
Smuggling is the secret movement of goods
across national borders to evade customs
duties or import or export restrictions.
Smuggling is the illegal transportation and
distribution of objects, information or people
across national or international border, in
violation of applicable laws or other regulations.
Smuggling is the evasion of excise taxes on
goods by circumvention of border controls
Background Information
What is Smuggling?
Tariff Barriers:
Tax Difference among neighboring countries.
High Import /Export duties and excise taxes
Non-Tariff Barriers:
Administrative Barriers to Trade (ABT)
Cumbersome customs procedures
Lack of efficient employment option (no Singe Window)
Lack of Single Administrative document (SAD)
High Corruption within the custom departments
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
Reluctance to obtain quality standards and certifications
Policies for Domestic protection
Restrictions, Quotas
Why Do People Smuggle?
Smuggling Background Information
How many Types of Smuggling Do you Know?
Smuggling of Objects
Contraband of legal Goods
Shuttle Trade
Trade of Illegal Goods
Smuggling of People
Human Trafficking of any kind
Migrant Smuggling
Smuggling of Information
Online smuggling, hacking banks
Typology of SmugglingSmuggling
A Typology of Smuggling
How legal goods are circumvented in the border controls to evade
custom duties. (How legal goods are going through black channel)
Typology of SmugglingSmuggling
1.1 Contraband of Legal Goods
Circumvention of border controls.
Under billing of prices of the goods in custom.
Under billing of the quantity of the goods.
Or either Overbilling of the prices and quantity of goods.
Tax exempted Goods are re-sold in the local Markets
Power-Interest Group/Patronage
Following are major legal goods people smuggle through out
the regions from different destinations.
Typology of Smuggling
Central Asia
Fuel
Car
TV Sets
Cell phones
Garments
Cigarettes
Foreign currency
Gold and Jewelry
$ 2.7 billion/year
Afghanistan
Grain & Food
Items
Garments
Medication
$ 2.5 billion/year
Iran
Gold
Artifacts
Home appliances
Cell phones
Computers
Cosmetics
Cigarette
$ 3 billion/yr
Pakistan
Petroleum
Medications
Cigarettes
Auto parts
electronics
Cosmetics
Footwear
Others
$ 2.8 billion/yr
Smuggling
Major Legal Goods Smuggle
Fuel Case of Kyrgyzstan
30 – 40 tons Trafficked Daily
profit US$ 40-50 million annually
Smuggling
Typology of Smuggling
22 Criminal Proceedings by Gov
Is it Still going on?
Smuggling
Fuel imports for the use of
NATO in Afghanistan is tax
exempted
When there were 160,000
foreign troops AFG used to
import 900 Million liters
without paying any taxes and
custom duties.
Now, there are 16000 troops
AFG is still importing 900
million liters without paying
any custom duties!
Typology of Smuggling
Fuel Case of Afghanistan
SHUTTLE TRADE
Smuggling
Shuttle trade refers to the activity
in which individual entrepreneurs
buy goods abroad (usually on a
Cheaper price) and import them for
resale in street markets or small
shops (on a Higher price).
Usually small amount, not eligible
for custom. Goods are being
imported and exported as general
visitor, migrant returnees etc…
through
Typology of Smuggling
1.2 Shuttle Trade
clothing and shoes (68%), kitchenware (19%) and appliances (13%)
Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
Only 6 out of 30
routes are under
control of Customs
department in
borders with
Pakistan .
Major Informal and
Shuttle Trade take
place with Pakistan
Afghanistan Informal Trade reaches 2.5 bn $
Smuggling
Mirror Statistics
Typology of Smuggling
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
1452.8
545
8364
943.4
1688
5073
1748
11001
1699
1783
CA China
Imports from China 2013 (mln $)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
35.9 93.3
8364
979.5
1260
88.9 108
14681
8673
1092
CA China
Exports to China 2013 (mln $)
Smuggling
Narco Trafficking
Arms Trafficking
Wildlife
Cultural Property
Others as Prohibited
Typology of Smuggling
1.3 Trade Of Illegal Goods
Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
European Drug Report 2015 (Video)
Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
Major Drug Producing and Consuming Counties
Smuggling
Narco Market Value:
Do you know How much is the M.V of Illegal Trade of Drugs?
Typology of Smuggling
Annual estimated ≈ 400 billion US Dollars
Global Market 2005
 13 billion in Production Level
 94 billion in Wholesale Level
 320 billion in Retail Level
45 billion is traded so far in 2016
3000$ 16000$
https://data.unodc.org/sys/rpt?reportfile=cannabis&REGION=__ALL&REGION__label=All&SUBREGION=__ALL&SUBRE
GION__label=All&COUNTRY=__ALL&COUNTRY__label=All&DRUG=__ALL&DRUG__label=All+%285%29&format=html
&fullscreen=true&showtoc=true#state:0
Global opium production (2004-2013), tons
4850
4620
5810
8091
6841
4953 4730
6983
4906
6883
529 472 553 686 600 427 383 476 385 560
4200 4100
5300
7400
5900
4000
3600
5800
3700
5500
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
total potential opium production total potential heroine manufacture
Afghanistan Expon. (Afghanistan)
Smuggling
Typology of Smuggling
Afghanistan opium production (bln $)
Afghanistan
Produces around
68 billion dollars
worth Opium.
4% stays within
Afghanistan, the
rest flows to the
rest of powerful
interest groups.
Smuggling
Typology of Smuggling
Smuggling
Potential opium production decreased in 2015
Smuggling
Typology of Smuggling
Smuggling
Typology of Smuggling
Potential opium production decreased in 2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Hashish seizures,
kilograms
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011
Heroin seizures,
kilograms
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
0
2000
4000
6000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Opium seizures,
kilograms
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan Linear (Kyrgyzstan)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Marijuana seizures,
kilograms
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Smuggling
Typology of Smuggling
Drug Trafficking Routes
Smuggling
Smuggling Destinations
Smuggling
Smuggling
Opiate War in Afghanistan
Smuggling
The War on Drugs
Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
The Opiate War In Afghanistan (Video)
Graph: S#26
War has always been about
resources and control.
Taliban had successfully
eradicated the opium crop in
the Golden Crescent before the
US invasion.
Taliban opiate production stood
at 185 tons, Which increased
to 3400 tons in 2002 which is
immediately following the
October 2001 invasion.
Now, more than 90% of the
world’s heroin comes from the
war torn country
The War on Drugs
Smuggling
Smuggling
The War on Drugs
Smuggling
Arm Trafficking
The War on Drugs
The collapse of
the Soviet Union
The rise of
Terrorist groups
Integration of
Terrorist groups
Smuggling
Arm Trafficking Routes
The Route which is used for the
supply of drug is also used to fulfill
the demand for weapons
Re-imbursement of the supply of
Drugs.
(Weapons are bartered in return to
the supply of drugs)
The War on Drugs
Smuggling
Anti- Smuggling Projects
Smuggling
Eradication Projects
Governments and International Community has taken steps to
eradicate and fight against any kind of smuggling through out
financing and implementing various projects around the world.
The Projects Include:
Training Anti-Narcotic Units
Training of Border Police
Improve Customs department
Institutional Development
Public Awareness
Health Initiatives
Agriculture projects to substitute Opium in Afghanistan
International and Regional Cooperation
Alternative Development Program
Smuggling
Eradication Projects
Project funded by: USAID
Total Fund: 75 Million
Project Scope: to reduce poppy cultivation
Project Location: Eastern Region, Afghanistan
Duration: 2005 - 2013
 Generating more than 17,584 full-time jobs
 Trained 118,414 farmers, government representatives,
associations, and business owners.
 Trained 2,500 women in livestock husbandry; 4,599 in
business skills; and 3,835 in improved agricultural practices.
 rehabilitated 603 kilometers of roads and 2,726 kilometers of
irrigation canals.
Agricultural Credit Enhancement Program (ACEP)
Smuggling
Eradication Projects
Project funded by: USAID
Total Fund: 100 Million USD
Project Scope: to reduce poppy cultivation
Project Location: 4 regions Including Central
Duration:
 Employing more than 100 professionals
 ACE I established the Agricultural Development Fund (ADF).
 Direct beneficiaries 31,000 small commercial farmers in 33
provinces, indirect exceeds 150,000
Border Management Program in Central Asia
(BOMCA)
Smuggling
Eradication Projects
Project funded by: EU
Total Fund: 33.6 Million Euro
Project Scope: Adoption of Modern Border Mangmt
Project Location: Central Asian Countries
Duration: 2003- 2014
 Adoption of Integrated Border Management (IBM).
 Training of Inspection of Officers and Border employees
 Advanced Trainings for airports, railways staffs
 Establishment of connections between the countries.
Central Asia Drug Action Program (CADAP)
Smuggling
Eradication Projects
Project funded by: giz, Ministry of Public Health
Total Fund: 20.7 Million Euro
Project Scope: Drug Prevention, Policies, MIS…
Project Location: Central Asian Countries
Duration: 2010- 2013 in a different phases
 CADAP is assisting Central Asian countries in their policies
and measures aimed at reducing the demand for illegal drugs
substances.
Other Ongoing UNOCD Projects
Smuggling
Eradication Projects
GLO/G80 - "Container Control Programme (CCP) -
Turkmenistan Segment“
GLO/Y09 - "Paris Pact Initiative, Phase IV: A Partnership To
Combat Illicit Traffic In Opiates Originating In Afghanistan
RER/H22 - "Establishment Of The Central Asia Regional
Information And Coordination Center" (CARICC)“
RER/V10 - "Sub-Programme 4 Of The Regional Programme
On Afghanistan And Neighboring Countries - Trends And
Impacts"
https://www.unodc.org/centralasia/en/ongoing-projects/drug-trafficking-and-border-control.html
Smuggling

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Smuggling

  • 1. M.A Economic Governance and Development Economy of Border Management and Transport Routes Smuggling and FDI Bad Practices by Zabihullah Mudabber Sharifullah Danesh Under the Supervision of Jonathon Hornbrook
  • 2. Outline Background Information A Typology of Smuggling Smuggling Destinations The War on Opium in Afghanistan Eradication Projects in CA & Afghanistan
  • 3. Smuggling Smuggling is the secret movement of goods across national borders to evade customs duties or import or export restrictions. Smuggling is the illegal transportation and distribution of objects, information or people across national or international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations. Smuggling is the evasion of excise taxes on goods by circumvention of border controls Background Information What is Smuggling?
  • 4. Tariff Barriers: Tax Difference among neighboring countries. High Import /Export duties and excise taxes Non-Tariff Barriers: Administrative Barriers to Trade (ABT) Cumbersome customs procedures Lack of efficient employment option (no Singe Window) Lack of Single Administrative document (SAD) High Corruption within the custom departments Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Reluctance to obtain quality standards and certifications Policies for Domestic protection Restrictions, Quotas Why Do People Smuggle? Smuggling Background Information
  • 5. How many Types of Smuggling Do you Know? Smuggling of Objects Contraband of legal Goods Shuttle Trade Trade of Illegal Goods Smuggling of People Human Trafficking of any kind Migrant Smuggling Smuggling of Information Online smuggling, hacking banks Typology of SmugglingSmuggling A Typology of Smuggling
  • 6. How legal goods are circumvented in the border controls to evade custom duties. (How legal goods are going through black channel) Typology of SmugglingSmuggling 1.1 Contraband of Legal Goods Circumvention of border controls. Under billing of prices of the goods in custom. Under billing of the quantity of the goods. Or either Overbilling of the prices and quantity of goods. Tax exempted Goods are re-sold in the local Markets Power-Interest Group/Patronage
  • 7. Following are major legal goods people smuggle through out the regions from different destinations. Typology of Smuggling Central Asia Fuel Car TV Sets Cell phones Garments Cigarettes Foreign currency Gold and Jewelry $ 2.7 billion/year Afghanistan Grain & Food Items Garments Medication $ 2.5 billion/year Iran Gold Artifacts Home appliances Cell phones Computers Cosmetics Cigarette $ 3 billion/yr Pakistan Petroleum Medications Cigarettes Auto parts electronics Cosmetics Footwear Others $ 2.8 billion/yr Smuggling Major Legal Goods Smuggle
  • 8. Fuel Case of Kyrgyzstan 30 – 40 tons Trafficked Daily profit US$ 40-50 million annually Smuggling Typology of Smuggling 22 Criminal Proceedings by Gov Is it Still going on?
  • 9. Smuggling Fuel imports for the use of NATO in Afghanistan is tax exempted When there were 160,000 foreign troops AFG used to import 900 Million liters without paying any taxes and custom duties. Now, there are 16000 troops AFG is still importing 900 million liters without paying any custom duties! Typology of Smuggling Fuel Case of Afghanistan
  • 11. Smuggling Shuttle trade refers to the activity in which individual entrepreneurs buy goods abroad (usually on a Cheaper price) and import them for resale in street markets or small shops (on a Higher price). Usually small amount, not eligible for custom. Goods are being imported and exported as general visitor, migrant returnees etc… through Typology of Smuggling 1.2 Shuttle Trade
  • 12. clothing and shoes (68%), kitchenware (19%) and appliances (13%)
  • 13. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling Only 6 out of 30 routes are under control of Customs department in borders with Pakistan . Major Informal and Shuttle Trade take place with Pakistan Afghanistan Informal Trade reaches 2.5 bn $
  • 15. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 1452.8 545 8364 943.4 1688 5073 1748 11001 1699 1783 CA China Imports from China 2013 (mln $)
  • 16. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 35.9 93.3 8364 979.5 1260 88.9 108 14681 8673 1092 CA China Exports to China 2013 (mln $)
  • 17. Smuggling Narco Trafficking Arms Trafficking Wildlife Cultural Property Others as Prohibited Typology of Smuggling 1.3 Trade Of Illegal Goods
  • 18. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling European Drug Report 2015 (Video)
  • 19. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling Major Drug Producing and Consuming Counties
  • 20. Smuggling Narco Market Value: Do you know How much is the M.V of Illegal Trade of Drugs? Typology of Smuggling Annual estimated ≈ 400 billion US Dollars Global Market 2005  13 billion in Production Level  94 billion in Wholesale Level  320 billion in Retail Level 45 billion is traded so far in 2016 3000$ 16000$ https://data.unodc.org/sys/rpt?reportfile=cannabis&REGION=__ALL&REGION__label=All&SUBREGION=__ALL&SUBRE GION__label=All&COUNTRY=__ALL&COUNTRY__label=All&DRUG=__ALL&DRUG__label=All+%285%29&format=html &fullscreen=true&showtoc=true#state:0
  • 21. Global opium production (2004-2013), tons 4850 4620 5810 8091 6841 4953 4730 6983 4906 6883 529 472 553 686 600 427 383 476 385 560 4200 4100 5300 7400 5900 4000 3600 5800 3700 5500 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 total potential opium production total potential heroine manufacture Afghanistan Expon. (Afghanistan) Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
  • 22. Afghanistan opium production (bln $) Afghanistan Produces around 68 billion dollars worth Opium. 4% stays within Afghanistan, the rest flows to the rest of powerful interest groups. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
  • 24. Potential opium production decreased in 2015 Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
  • 25. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling Potential opium production decreased in 2015
  • 26. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Hashish seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011 Heroin seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 0 2000 4000 6000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Opium seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Linear (Kyrgyzstan) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Marijuana seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
  • 30. Opiate War in Afghanistan Smuggling The War on Drugs
  • 31. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling The Opiate War In Afghanistan (Video)
  • 32. Graph: S#26 War has always been about resources and control. Taliban had successfully eradicated the opium crop in the Golden Crescent before the US invasion. Taliban opiate production stood at 185 tons, Which increased to 3400 tons in 2002 which is immediately following the October 2001 invasion. Now, more than 90% of the world’s heroin comes from the war torn country The War on Drugs Smuggling
  • 34. Smuggling Arm Trafficking The War on Drugs The collapse of the Soviet Union The rise of Terrorist groups Integration of Terrorist groups
  • 35. Smuggling Arm Trafficking Routes The Route which is used for the supply of drug is also used to fulfill the demand for weapons Re-imbursement of the supply of Drugs. (Weapons are bartered in return to the supply of drugs) The War on Drugs
  • 37. Anti- Smuggling Projects Smuggling Eradication Projects Governments and International Community has taken steps to eradicate and fight against any kind of smuggling through out financing and implementing various projects around the world. The Projects Include: Training Anti-Narcotic Units Training of Border Police Improve Customs department Institutional Development Public Awareness Health Initiatives Agriculture projects to substitute Opium in Afghanistan International and Regional Cooperation
  • 38. Alternative Development Program Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: USAID Total Fund: 75 Million Project Scope: to reduce poppy cultivation Project Location: Eastern Region, Afghanistan Duration: 2005 - 2013  Generating more than 17,584 full-time jobs  Trained 118,414 farmers, government representatives, associations, and business owners.  Trained 2,500 women in livestock husbandry; 4,599 in business skills; and 3,835 in improved agricultural practices.  rehabilitated 603 kilometers of roads and 2,726 kilometers of irrigation canals.
  • 39. Agricultural Credit Enhancement Program (ACEP) Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: USAID Total Fund: 100 Million USD Project Scope: to reduce poppy cultivation Project Location: 4 regions Including Central Duration:  Employing more than 100 professionals  ACE I established the Agricultural Development Fund (ADF).  Direct beneficiaries 31,000 small commercial farmers in 33 provinces, indirect exceeds 150,000
  • 40. Border Management Program in Central Asia (BOMCA) Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: EU Total Fund: 33.6 Million Euro Project Scope: Adoption of Modern Border Mangmt Project Location: Central Asian Countries Duration: 2003- 2014  Adoption of Integrated Border Management (IBM).  Training of Inspection of Officers and Border employees  Advanced Trainings for airports, railways staffs  Establishment of connections between the countries.
  • 41. Central Asia Drug Action Program (CADAP) Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: giz, Ministry of Public Health Total Fund: 20.7 Million Euro Project Scope: Drug Prevention, Policies, MIS… Project Location: Central Asian Countries Duration: 2010- 2013 in a different phases  CADAP is assisting Central Asian countries in their policies and measures aimed at reducing the demand for illegal drugs substances.
  • 42. Other Ongoing UNOCD Projects Smuggling Eradication Projects GLO/G80 - "Container Control Programme (CCP) - Turkmenistan Segment“ GLO/Y09 - "Paris Pact Initiative, Phase IV: A Partnership To Combat Illicit Traffic In Opiates Originating In Afghanistan RER/H22 - "Establishment Of The Central Asia Regional Information And Coordination Center" (CARICC)“ RER/V10 - "Sub-Programme 4 Of The Regional Programme On Afghanistan And Neighboring Countries - Trends And Impacts" https://www.unodc.org/centralasia/en/ongoing-projects/drug-trafficking-and-border-control.html

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Кош келиңиз (Kosh kelingiz!) = Welcome Кандайсың?
  2. Custom Clearing Agents
  3. In fact, in Batken prices for petroleum products were by 3-5 soms higher than in other regions. In neighboring Tajikistan in the border areas prices are higher by 15-20 soms for certain types of fuel, and close to the Afghan border, in Dushanbe, gasoline costs 30-35 soms more. Naturally, the fuel, which flows into the Batken region, partly exported to Tajikistan, resold. Those who have worked on this, with a liter had their 10-12 soms. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- На самом деле в Баткене цены на ГСМ были на 3-5 сомов выше, чем в остальных регионах. В соседнем Таджикистане в приграничных районах цены выше на 15-20 сомов на отдельные виды топлива, а ближе к афганской границе, в Душанбе, бензин стоит на 30-35 сомов дороже. Естественно, ГСМ, которые поступали в Баткенскую область, частично вывозились в Таджикистан, перепродавались. Те, кто этим занимался, с литра имели свои 10-12 сомов.
  4. The Fuel Case of NATO overcharged by £460m (700 million USD) for fuel during Afghan war Ministry of Defense is Investigating:
  5. Dordoi -75% to foreigners; Karasuu- 85%
  6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPrRlRWaIbk
  7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPrRlRWaIbk
  8. https://data.unodc.org/sys/rpt?reportfile=cannabis&REGION=__ALL&REGION__label=All&SUBREGION=__ALL&SUBREGION__label=All&COUNTRY=__ALL&COUNTRY__label=All&DRUG=__ALL&DRUG__label=All+%285%29&format=html&fullscreen=true&showtoc=true#state:0
  9. Analytical Reasons for Increase and Decrease: NATO is leaving 18.3 kilograms per hectare, which was 36% less than in 2014 (28.7 kilograms per hectare).
  10. In 2012-2013-2014 (it increased by 36 Percent) From Area under opium poppy cultivation decreased by 19%
  11. Seized percentage is very low compared to the smuggled amount. 3,1% in 2006 (total 118 metric ton heroin smuggled to CA and only 3.1% seized = 3651 kg UNODC estimated that in 2006, 118 metric tons of heroin were smuggled through Central Asia via the “northern route”. Of the estimated amount smuggled, only a fraction (3.1 percent or 3,651.2 kg) was seized in Central Asia. Of this amount, Kazakh law enforcement agencies seized 554.7 kg, Kyrgyz law enforcement agencies seized 260.8 kg, Turkmen law enforcement agencies seized 201.1 kg and Uzbek law enforcement agencies seized 537.1 kg. Tajik authorities, however, seized almost 4 times the amount of other Central Asian countries at 2,097.5 kg.
  12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQFy9BFQEyM
  13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qME6Ta9InY4
  14. The Afghan Border Police divides command of its 23,000 police force across 6 zones to protect 14 Border Crossing Points and 5 Major Airports
  15. Kunar – Bajaur of Pakistan
  16. As a result of the large quantity of firearms in circulation, several states in the region have become concerned about the trafficking in weapons into their territory. Kyrgyzstan is particularly worried about weapons coming into the country from Tajikistan. Some of these weapons move along the old Silk Road from Ishkashim through Gorno-Badakhshan via Khorog and Murghab to Osh. Another route runs from central Tajikistan to the Kyrgyz districts of Leilek and Batken and then to Osh and Bishkek.
  17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdrXFYk4p4I
  18. https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/14393.html