DESIGN ,FABRICATION &
TESTING OF SOLAR
PARABOLIC DISH
CONCENTRATING SYSTEM
Hamdard University
Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Hamdard Institute of Engineering Technology

Project Members
• Hafiz Shahroz Ali Khan BENG/S12/0106
• Farrukh Abid BENG/S12/0105
• Sajid Abbas BENG/S12/0114
Project Supervisor : Prof Dr Abdul Hameed
Memon

Potential Of Solar Energy
Source : http://www.alhasan.com/sites/default/files/0001_57.png

Solar energy Utilization

Solar Thermal Energy
• Solar thermal energy (STE) is a form of energy and a technology for harnessing
solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy.
• Solar energy can be utilized by using both concentrating and non concentrating
solar collectors. Concentrating collectors can be classified in major three types:
 Parabolic trough
 Power tower
 Parabolic Dish
• We are using Solar Parabolic dish collector in our project due to its high efficiency
than other two types.

Comparison Of Solar Concentrating
Systems
Parabolic Trough Dish / Engine Power tower
Size 30- 320 MW 5-25 KW 10-200MW
Operating
Temperature
390 ºC 750 ºC 565 ºC
Peak efficiency 20 % 29.4% 23%
Technology
Development Risk
Low High Medium
Hybrid Design Yes Yes Yes
Annual Efficiency 11-16% 12-25% 7-20%

Literature review
 Experimental study of a parabolic solar concentrator by A.R.E.i Ouederni,
AW Dashmani ,F Astri ,M ben Salah and S ben Nasarallah. In the
experimental conditioned the temperature reaches an average value of 380 0C after
23 min which represents the heating time of the receiver.
 Study on design of molten salt solar receivers for beam-down solar
concentrator. H. Hasuike, Y. Yoshizawa, A. Suzuki. Solar Energy: 2006,
1255-1262
(i) The Solar Hybrid Fuel Project of Japan aimed to develop molten salt solar
receivers with solar concentrators.
(ii) The working fluid temperatures reached around 580°C and the solar cavity
receiver designs were rated at an efficiency of 90% with thermal output of 100 MWth.

 A solar concentrating photovoltaic / thermal collector Joseph Sydney
Coventry June 2004 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Australian
National University.
• This thesis discusses aspects of a novel solar concentrating photovoltaic / thermal
(PV/T)Collector that has been designed to produce both electricity and hot water.
 Solar radiation studies at Karachi, Pakistan by Firoz Ahmed, Department of
Physics university of Karachi.
• The city of Karachi, on the average receives about 3,000 hours per year and nearly
8.3 hours per day, of bright useable sunshine.
• Karachi being a coastal station has average relative humidity, greater than 65 %
throughout the year. The exception months being July -August when the average
relative humidity is high as 80 to 90 %.
• The global solar radiation data Pakistan Meteorological Department , Quetta of the
last 25 years gives an annual total 7000 MJm-2d-1 on the monthly average basis.

 Design and development of a parabolic dish solar water heater by Ibrahim Ladan
Mohammed. Mechanical engineering Department, college of Engineering Kaduna
Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria.
• The design and development of a parabolic dish solar water heater for domestic
hot water application (up to 100°C ) is described.
• The heater is to provide 40 litres of hot water a day for a family of four.
• Thermal efficiencies of 52% - 56% were obtained.
 Design and Study of Portable Solar Dish Concentrator by Fareed .M.Mohamed,
Autaf.S.Jassim, Etal.
• The parabolic concentrator has high sun light reflectivity (up to 76%).
• The high reflectivity of solar radiation increases water outlet temperature in
receiver cavity.
• Furthermore using designed –sun light tracking system increased the operation
efficiency to 30 %.

Project Goals
• Design and Fabrication of laboratory scale dish type solar concentrator.
• Study and Performance of dish type concentrator to investigate the effect of
the following factors for its performance.
a) Solar Insolation
b) Concentration ratio
c) To analyze the quality of steam to its potential for power generation.

Pictorial View

AutoCAD Drawing

AutoCAD Drawing

SUN EARTH RELATIONSHIP AND NECESSARY ANGLES

-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
1
8
15
22
29
36
43
50
57
64
71
78
85
92
99
106
113
120
127
134
141
148
155
162
169
176
183
190
197
204
211
218
225
232
239
246
253
260
267
274
281
288
295
302
309
316
323
330
337
344
351
358
DeclinationAngle
Day Of the Year
Declination angle VS day of the year

SOLAR CONSTANT
• ISC is energy from the sun per unit area, per unit time receive on a unit area
of surface perpendicular to the radiation in space, at the earth’s mean
distance from the sun. In 1971 NASA weighted average value of Solar
Constant is Isc= 1353 W/m2

PROJECT ELEMENTS
Parabolic Concentrator
Parameters
Diameter of single PDSC 0.9m
Thickness of Mirror 5mm
Area of single aperture 0.70606m2
Depth of parabola 0.05m
Focal length 1.02m
Refractive index of glass 1.5
Reflectivity of glass 8%
Transmittance of glass 92%
Reflectivity of AgNO3 97.5%

Geometry of Paraboloid
• The equation of Paraboloid
z =
• In cylindrical coordinate
z =
• Depth was calculated from
h =
• The surface area of parabola
Aa =
• Focal length was calculated from
f =
• CRG =

Reflected Surface
• In glass type solar concentrator
reflection and refraction both
occurs, when light intersect with
soda-lime window glass it is
reflected 8% assuming no
absorbing
• ρ+α+τ =1
• τ = 1- 0.08
τ = 0.92 = 92%
• The refractive index of glass is
1.5.
Reflectivity of silver is 97.5%

Collector Efficiency
• Optical or Collector efficiency
ηo=
.
• Thermal energy produced by the solar collector is
Qabs = Qin – Qloss
• Heat transfer
Qabs = Aa.ρs.m.αr. τc S.Ia
ρs.m is specular reflectance of concentrator,
τc is Transmittance of concentrator,
S is shading factor of receiver,
αr is absorbance of the receiver.
ρs.m.αr. τc are the material dependent parameters these are remain constant.

Receiver
Parameters
Material Copper
Gauge 0.004m
Receiving Diameter 0.2032m
Band Diameter/Receiver
Diameter
0.0889m
Thickness 0.004m
Effective area 0.068m2
Geometrical Concentration
factors
10.38,20.76&31.15
Specific heat capacity of
copper
0.385 kJ/kgK
Thermal Conductivity 386W/mK
Absorptivity 30%
Emissivity 72%
Internal Volume 600cm3
External Volume 788cm3
Height 0.127m
Fluid Water
Specific heat capacity of
water
4.179 kJ/kgK
Thermal coefficient of
water
1065.5W/m2K

RELATED FORMULAE
• Volume
Vabs= r2h
• Area
Aabs= + πdabsl
• Copper is an opaque body
τ =0
So,
ρ+α =1
Uo = + +

Mini Ball Valve Reducing Nipple Variable Valve Nozzle
FITTINGS

SPECIFICATION OF FITTINGS
Name DN Size Wall
thickness(mm)
Type Weight(g)
Female 90o
Elbow
8 `` 1.2 SS-304-E90-
04
55
Female Tee 8 `` 1.2 SS-304-T-04 76
Hex Nipple 8 `` 1.2 SS-304-N-04 25
Round socket 8 `` 1.2 SS-304-S-04 20
Hex Head
Plug
8 `` 1.2 SS-304-T-04 76
Hex
Reducing
Bush
8×6 ``× ’’ 1.2 SS-304-RB-
0402
14

Reducer
Concentric
8×6 ``× ’’ 1.2 SS-304-RS-
0402
26
3 Piece
Union
8 `` 1.4 SS-304-UC-
04
88
Variable
Valve
8 `` 1.25 ***** ****
Mini Ball
valve F×M
8 `` 1.25 PN 63 *****
Nozzle 6 ’’ 1.2 SS-304-HCN-
0202
17.5

Micro Turbine

Cost
Concave Mirrors 16000
Supporting Stand 15500
Receiver 6875
Fittings 6575
Glass-wool 570
Pipe Insulation 300
Banding Tape 120
Paint 605
Instruments 7000
Pump 500
Battery 1000
Wiring 200
Turbine 1500
Total 56745

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Effects of solar concentration
• Concentration Ratio increases thermal efficiency of
the system.
• At different concentration ratio desired temperature
can be achieved.
• Higher concentration ratio takes minimum / less time
for steam production.
• Concentration ratio rises the pressure of steam.

• Geometric concentrating ratio
CRG =
• The testing is performed at different concentrating ratio by using 1, 2 and 3
collectors respectively:
• Concentrating Ratio: 10.38
• Concentrating Ratio: 20.76
• Concentrating Ratio: 31.15

CR:10.38, water inlet at 27.2 ºC
Date:9/2/2016
TIME AMBIENT
Temperature
(oC)
Solar
Insolation
(W/m2)
Absorbing
Surface
Temperature
Average
receiver
Temperature
Insulation
Temperature
(oC)
Flow
Temper
(oC)
PRESSURE(G)
(Bar)
9:00 20 685 32 15 26
25
0
9:15 22 686 53 25 27
32
0
9:30 23 781 60 49 28
41
0
9:45 26 718 63 55 33
49
0
10:00 27 810 78 70 33.3
54
0
10:15 28 875 85 79 34 69 0
10:30 30 889 87 94 35 73 0
10:45 34.4 965 89 97 36 85 0
11:00 37.3 968 102 105 37 105 0.2
11:15 38.1 969 106 110 38 109 0.4

Flow
Temperature
Pressure
(G)
(Bar)
Pressure
(abs)
(Kpa)
Latent
Heat of
Steam
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Enthalpy
of
Saturated
Steam
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Enthalpy
of
Saturated
Water
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Volume of
Saturated
Steam
(m3/Kg)
Specific
Volume of
Saturated
Water
(m3/Kg)
105 0.2 120.902 kpa 2243.18 2683.39 440.213 1.41848 0.001047
109 0.4 138.626 kpa 2232.41 2689.55 457.13 1.24811 0.001051

9:00 9:15 9:30 9:45
10:0
0
10:1
5
10:3
0
10:4
5
11:0
0
11:1
5
Ambient Temperature 20 22 23 26 27 28 30 34.4 37.3 38.1
Aborbing surface Temperature 32 53 60 63 78 85 87 89 102 106
average receiver temperature 15 25 49 55 70 79 94 97 105 110
Insulation Temperature 26 27 28 33 33.3 34 35 36 37 38
20 22 23 26 27 28 30
34.4 37.3 38.1
32
53
60 63
78
85 87 89
102
106
15
25
49
55
70
79
94 97
105
110
26 27 28
33 33.3 34 35 36 37 38
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Temperature(oC)
Time
CR:10.38

685 686
781
718
810
875 889
965 968 969
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
9:00 9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15
SolarInsolation(W/m2)
Time
Solar Insolation

CR: 20.76, Water inlet at 22.4oC
Date 11/2/2016
TIME AMBIENT
Temperatur
e
(oC)
Solar
Insolation
(W/m2)
Absorbing
Surface
Temperatur
e
Average
receiver
Temperatur
e
Insulation
Temperatur
e
(oC)
Flow
Temper
(oC)
PRESSUR
E(G)
(Bar)
10:15 26 729 57.3 45 32 33 0
10:30 26 760 72 70 27.2 59 0
10:45 27 726 84.7 82 29.4 69.2 0
11:00 28.5 737 93 100 35 84.6 0
11:15 28.7 736 108 112 35.2 109 0.4
11:30 28.9 737 122 116 36 101 0.9
11:40 27.5 738 102.9 75 36.5 70 0
11:55 29.4 910 126.7 115 37 113 0.6
12:05 31.2 836 98.8 85 34 72 0
12:25 33.4 925 132 110 36 119 0.8

Pressure
(abs)
(Kpa)
Latent Heat
of Steam
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Enthalpy of
Saturated
Steam
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Enthalpy of
Saturated
Water
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Volume of
Saturated
Steam
(m3/Kg)
Specific
Volume of
Saturated
Water
(m3/Kg)
0.0503 2422.7 2560.9 138.28 28.001 0.00100536
0.1904 2360.13 2607.1 246.97 8.0093 0.00101658
0.3013 2335.06 2624.73 289.66 5.206 0.0010222
0.5696 2296.4 2650.66 354.26 2.86777 0.00103214
1.3862 2232.41 2689.55 457.13 1.24811 0.00105075
1.05091 2253.83 2677.15 423.319 1.617 0.00104424
0.312 2333.08 2626.1 293.018 5.0397 0.00102276
1.5843 2221.53 2695.6 474.072 1.1015 0.0010541
0.34 2328.11 2629.51 301.39 4.6498 0.00102396
1.9245 2204.94 2704.48 499.53 0.9182 0.00105942

10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:40 11:55 12:05 12:25
Ambient 26 26 27 28.5 28.7 28.9 27.5 29.4 31.2 33.4
Absorbing Surface
Temperature
57.3 72 84.7 93 108 122 102.9 126.7 98.8 132
Average receiver temperature 45 70 82 100 112 116 75 115 85 110
Insulation Temperature 32 27.2 29.4 35 35.2 36 36.5 37 34 36
steam flow temperature 33 59 69.2 84.6 109 101 70 113 72 119
26 26 27 28.5 28.7 28.9 27.5
29.4 31.2
33.4
57.3
72
84.7
93
108
122
102.9
126.7
98.8
132
45
70
82
100
112
116
75
115
85
110
32
27.2
29.4
35 35.2 36 36.5 37
34
36
33
59
69.2
84.6
109
101
70
113
72
119
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
TEMPERATURE(oC)
TIME

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:40 11:55 12:05 12:25
SolarInsolation(W/m2)
Time
Solar Insolation

• CR:31.15 water inlet 25.2
Date: 15/2/2016
Time Solar
Insolation
(W/m2)
AMBIENT
Temperature
(oC)
Absorbing
Surface
Temperature
(oC)
Average
receiver
Temperature
(oC)
Steam flow
Temperature
(oC)
Pressure
(G)
(Bar)
11:00 672 26 81 75 36 0
11:15 799 28 110 108 112 0.5
11:30 822 30 104.5 85 79 0
11:45 920 32 119 115 117 0.8
12:00 860 32 94 85 65 0
12:15 887 35 109 95 60 0
12:30 900 36 142 120 124 1.2

Pressure
(abs)
(Kpa)
Latent Heat
of Steam
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Enthalpy of
Saturated
Steam
(KJ/Kg)
Specific
Enthalpy of
Saturated
Water
(KJ/Kg)
Specific Volume
of Saturated
Steam
(m3/Kg)
Specific Volume
of Saturated
Water
(m3/Kg)
0.0594 2415.6 2566.38 150 23.93 0.0010063
1.5327 2224.26 2589.54 469.83 1.13615 0.001053
0.117512 2384.29 2701.55 205.156 12.6 0.0010116
1.80509 2210.51 2701.55 491 0.9749 0.001057
1.2954 2357.69 2686.49 448.66 1.3366 0.001049
0.19945 2224.26 26868.8 251.55 7,667 0.001027
1.53277 2310.59 2310.59 469.8 1.1363 0.001053

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 1 : 0 0 1 1 : 1 5 1 1 : 3 0 1 1 : 4 5 1 2 : 0 0 1 2 : 1 5 1 2 : 3 0
TEMPERATUE(OC)
TIME
CR: 31.15
Ambient Absorbing Surface Temperature Average receiver Temperature Steam flow Water in

672
799
822
920
860
887 900
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 12:00 12:15 12:30
SOLARINSOLATION(W/M2)
TIME
CR: 31.15
Power

Comparison At different concentration
Ratios
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CR3 75 108
CR1 15 25 49 55 70 79 94 97 105 110
CR2 45 70 82 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120

Efficency
η=
̇
• η1= 5.7%
• η2 =11.3%
• η3 =20.17%

Safety Precautions
• Proper clothing should be worn.
• Avoid loose clothing and jewelry.
• Protective equipment must be worn when necessary (i.e.: hard hats, ear
plugs, goggles, gloves, safety shoes, etc.).
• Always covered hot receiver with insulation
• Don’t touch receiver from bottom side without gloves.
• Move Concentrator with Care.
• Don’t place concentrating mirror Adjacent ?
• Notice Temperature and pressure gauge reading time to time when system
is in running condition.

Future Work
• In this project different modification could be done.
• Our project based on Batch flow system it could be change in to continuous
flow.
• Steam could be superheated by placing a super heater.
• Molten salt is also used in Receiver or super heater.
• Tracking mechanism could be placed in concentrators.

THANK YOU