This document provides an overview of the scope and objectives of a course on watershed and its management using an integrated watershed approach. The course aims to discuss various technical, social, ecological and environmental aspects of watershed development and management. It will cover 10 modules over 40 lectures on topics like introduction to watershed concepts, sustainable watershed practices, integrated watershed management, watershed modeling, social aspects and more. The course is intended to be useful for students, teachers, NGOs and practitioners.

1. 1
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2. Scope of the Course
 To discuss various aspects of watershed &
it t I t t d W t h d
its management – Integrated Watershed
Management Approach.
 Watershed – ideal unit for multi-disciplinary
planning & management of land & water resources –
ensure continuous benefits – sustainable way
 Watershed Management (WM)–
– Sustainable Management of entire land &
resources.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

3. Course Objectives
 To discuss various aspects of watershed
development and management – resources:
technological, social, ecological,
environmental, sustainable issues.
 Focus - technical aspects of WM;
perspectives on land & water management;
l l
analyze complex issues in water
management and on specific knowledge on
i f WM
issues of WM.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

4. Course Objectives..
j
 Course will be very useful to
– Undergraduate & post-graduate
Undergraduate & post graduate
students,
T h NGO’ Fi ld E i
– Teachers, NGO’s, Field Engineers
and Practitioners.
– Number of field problems will be
discussed to illustrate
discussed to illustrate
the concepts clearly.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

5. Course Modules -10 (40L)
 1) Introduction and Basic Concepts - 3
Course Modules -10 (40L)
 2) Sustainable Watershed Approach &
Watershed Management Practices - 4
g
 3) Integrated Watershed Management - 4
4) W t h d M d li 7
 4) Watershed Modeling - 7
 5) Social Aspects of Watershed
Management - 3
P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i IIT B b
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

6. Course Modules – 10 (40L)
Course Modules – 10 (40L)
 6) Use of modern techniques in
watershed management -5
 7) Management of Water Quality 4
 7) Management of Water Quality -4
 8) Storm Water and Flood
Management -4
9) D ht M t 3
 9) Drought Management -3
 10) Water Conservation and Recycling -3
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

7. References
 1) Allam, Gamal Ibrahim Y., Decision Support System for
Integrated Watershed Management, Colorado State
University, 1994.
 2) Am Soc Of Agri Engr Hydrologic Modeling of Small
 2) Am. Soc. Of Agri. Engr., Hydrologic Modeling of Small
Watersheds, Am. Soc. Agri. Eng., Michigan, 1982.
 3) American Soc. of Civil Engr., Watershed Management,
American Soc. of Civil Engineers, New York, 1975.
g , ,
 4) Black Peter E., Watershed Hydrology, Prentice Hall,
London, 1991.
 5) Michael A.M., Irrigation Engineering, Vikas Pub.
h 1992
house, 1992.
 6) Rajesh Rajora, Integrated Watershed Management,
Rawat Publication, New Delhi, 1998.
7) Heathcote I W Integrated Watershed Management
 7) Heathcote, I.W., Integrated Watershed Management-
Principles and Practice, Jown Wiley & Sons, London,
1998.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

8. References…
 8) Murty, J.V.S. Watershed Management, New Age
Intl., New Delhi 1998.
 9) Gopal Iyer, K., & Roy U.N., (Eds.), Watershed
Management & Sustainable Development, Kanishka
Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.
, ,
 10) Purandare, A.P., Jaiswal A.K., Watersheds
Development in India, NIRD, Hyderabad, 1995.
 11) Vir Singh Raj Watershed Planning and
 11) Vir Singh, Raj , Watershed Planning and
Management, Yash Publishing House, Bikaner, 2000.
 12) Paul A. Debarry., Watershed, Processes,
Assessment & Management Wiley London 2004
Assessment & Management, Wiley, London, 2004.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

9. Module 1 (L1 L3)
Module 1 – (L1-L3)
 Introduction and Basic Concepts
 Concept of watershed, introduction to
watershed management different
watershed management, different
stakeholders and their relative
importance, watershed management
policies and decision making.
policies and decision making.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

10. L1
L1– Introduction to Watershed
Management
 Topics Covered
 Topics Covered

 Concept of Watershed; Watershed Approach;
Concept of Watershed; Watershed Approach;
C t h d bl I t d ti t
C t h d bl I t d ti t
Common watershed problems; Introduction to
Common watershed problems; Introduction to
Watershed Management (WM)
Watershed Management (WM)-
- WM necessity &
WM necessity &
principles; Case Study
principles; Case Study
principles; Case Study.
principles; Case Study.

 Keywords:
Keywords: Watershed management, Concepts,
Watershed management, Concepts,
Characteristics, Deterioration, Necessity, Principles.
Characteristics, Deterioration, Necessity, Principles.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

11. Concept of Watershed
Concept of Watershed
el
el
p
p
main
channe
main
channe
Watershed Concept
servoir
in
m
servoir
in
m
Rainfall
Overland
Res
Res
Land Hydrology
Groundwater
Infiltration
River
Groundwater
Flow towards Ocean
Hydrosphere & hydrological
Hydrosphere & hydrological
cycle
cycle –
– gives better concept
gives better concept
b t t h d
b t t h d
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
about watershed
about watershed

12. Condensation
Concept of Watershed
Concept of Watershed
Evaporation
Condensation
Rainfall
S f t G d t
H d h
H d h i h i l h
i h i l h
Concept of Watershed..
Concept of Watershed.. Surface water Groundwater

 Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere –
– in physical geography
in physical geography -
-
describes combined mass of waters found on,
describes combined mass of waters found on,
under and above the surface of the planet
under and above the surface of the planet
under and above the surface of the planet .
under and above the surface of the planet .

 Hydrosphere consists waters of land (rivers
Hydrosphere consists waters of land (rivers
and other water bodies, groundwater system
and other water bodies, groundwater system
and other water bodies, groundwater system
and other water bodies, groundwater system
etc.), oceans & atmosphere surrounding the
etc.), oceans & atmosphere surrounding the
land
land

 Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological Cycle -
- Change in phase
Change in phase
of water in the
of water in the hydrosphere.
hydrosphere.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

13. Concept of Watershed..
Concept of Watershed..

 Watershed:
Watershed: -
- topographically delineated area
topographically delineated area
p
p
p g p y
p g p y
that is drained by a stream system
that is drained by a stream system

 An area from which runoff resulting from precipitation
An area from which runoff resulting from precipitation
fl t i l i t i t t i l k
fl t i l i t i t t i l k
flows past a single point into a stream, river, lake or an
flows past a single point into a stream, river, lake or an
ocean.
ocean.

 Watershed
Watershed -
- drains from surrounding
drains from surrounding Watershed Rid
g
g
ridges to the common point
ridges to the common point
such as lake or stream
such as lake or stream

 Shares boundaries with
Shares boundaries with
Ridge
Ridge
Watershed
Valley
Overland
Ridge

 Shares boundaries with
Shares boundaries with
neighboring watersheds
neighboring watersheds.
. River
Ocean
River
Creek
Valley
Groundwater
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Fig. modified from
(www.fergusonfoundation.org/btw/
watershed.html )
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Ocean

14. Watershed characteristics
 Size
 Shape
 Shape
 Physiography
 Climate
 Drainage
 Land use
 Vegetation
 Geology and Soils
 Hydrology
 Hydrology
 Hydrogeology
 Socioeconomics
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Photos: Singh, 07. 2001
Photos: Singh, 07. 2001
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

15. Size of Watershed
Size
Size –
– vary from few sq.m to thousands of Sq.km.
vary from few sq.m to thousands of Sq.km.
•
• Main watershed, Sub
Main watershed, Sub-
-watershed, Milli
watershed, Milli-
-
,
, ,
,
watershed, Micro
watershed, Micro-
-watershed, Mini
watershed, Mini-
-watershed etc.
watershed etc.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

16. Watershed Approach
Watershed Approach

 Watershed approach
Watershed approach -
- appropriate to solve
appropriate to solve
various resources problems
various resources problems -
- for planning,
for planning,
i l t ti & t
i l t ti & t
implementation & management
implementation & management

 Managing Land & Water
Managing Land & Water -
- watershed scale,
watershed scale,
g g
g g ,
,
appropriate
appropriate-
- environmentally, financially &
environmentally, financially &
socially
socially
–
– Environmental scale
Environmental scale -
- watershed defined by natural
watershed defined by natural
hydrology
hydrology -
- Resources becomes a focal point in
Resources becomes a focal point in
order to understand factors that contributes the
order to understand factors that contributes the
problem.
problem.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

17. Watershed Approach
Watershed Approach contd..
contd..

 Financial and social benefits of
Financial and social benefits of
watershed approach
watershed approach
pp
pp

 Core of watershed approach
Core of watershed approach -
- better understanding
better understanding
of environmental factors.
of environmental factors.
of environmental factors.
of environmental factors.

 Tasks such as modeling, monitoring & reporting
Tasks such as modeling, monitoring & reporting
under watershed framework
under watershed framework -
- saves time and
saves time and
money
money
money.
money.

 People’s participation
People’s participation -
-pillar of watershed approach
pillar of watershed approach -
-
gives sense of ownership; greater public involvement
gives sense of ownership; greater public involvement
& ensures sustainability of interventions planned.
& ensures sustainability of interventions planned.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

18. Watershed
Watershed Deterioration
Watershed Deterioration Soil erosion
Watershed
Uncontrolled, unplanned,
Uncontrolled, unplanned,
unscientific land use
unscientific land use
Soil erosion

 Agricultural land:
Agricultural land:-
- faulty practices,
faulty practices,
erosion, shifting cultivation etc.
erosion, shifting cultivation etc.

 Forest & grass lands:
Forest & grass lands:-
- tree felling,
tree felling,
grazing, fire etc.
grazing, fire etc.

 Unscientific mining and quarrying
Unscientific mining and quarrying

 Bad road alignment and construction
Bad road alignment and construction

 Extension of industrial activities
Extension of industrial activities

 People apathy:
People apathy:-
- People participation
People participation
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

19. Watershed Deterioration
Watershed Deterioration-
- Consequences
Consequences
q
q

 Low productivity
Low productivity -
- agriculture, grasslands,
agriculture, grasslands,
f t
f t d ti i bi
d ti i bi
forests
forests -
- reduction in biomass
reduction in biomass

 Declination of groundwater level
Declination of groundwater level-
-
causing increase in cost of irrigation
causing increase in cost of irrigation
causing increase in cost of irrigation
causing increase in cost of irrigation

 Siltation of reservoirs, lakes and channels
Siltation of reservoirs, lakes and channels
F eq ent floods and d o ghts
F eq ent floods and d o ghts

 Frequent floods and droughts
Frequent floods and droughts

 Erosion and denudation
Erosion and denudation
W t lit & tit bl
W t lit & tit bl

 Water quality & quantity problems
Water quality & quantity problems

 Poverty
Poverty –
– social problems
social problems
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2008/aug/28/india.india?picture=337042017
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

20. Typical Watershed Problems
Typical Watershed Problems

 Physical problems
Physical problems
–
– steep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...
steep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...
steep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...
steep slope, bad lands, soil erosion...

 Resource use problems
Resource use problems
–
– shifting cultivation, fire,
shifting cultivation, fire,
shifting cultivation, fire,
shifting cultivation, fire,
deforestation etc.
deforestation etc.

 End problems
End problems

 End problems
End problems
–
– reduced yield, flood, drought
reduced yield, flood, drought

 Socio
Socio-
-economic and other problems
economic and other problems
–
– poverty, migration etc.
poverty, migration etc.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

21. Watershed Complications
Watershed Complications

 Influence of human on watershed
Influence of human on watershed
development
development Ph t Si h 07
Ph t Si h 07
development
development
Eg: Changing contour of land & use, pollution sources.
Eg: Changing contour of land & use, pollution sources.
Remedies:
Remedies: Land management, Stop pollution at
Land management, Stop pollution at
Photos: Singh, 07.
Photos: Singh, 07.
2001
2001
source; waste management, Reduce
source; waste management, Reduce -
- fertilizers.
fertilizers.

 Water related issues: Surface & groundwater
Water related issues: Surface & groundwater
& l
& l
quantity & quality.
quantity & quality.
Remedies:
Remedies: change in cropping pattern, agricultural
change in cropping pattern, agricultural
water management rainwater harvesting stopping
water management rainwater harvesting stopping
water management , rainwater harvesting, stopping
water management , rainwater harvesting, stopping
point and non
point and non-
-point sources of pollution
point sources of pollution
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

22. Necessity of Watershed Management
Necessity of Watershed Management
y g
y g
 For better water & land management
 For stability of land use in lower areas
 For stability of land use in lower areas
 For arresting soil erosion, improving soil
moisture reducing floods & droughts
moisture, reducing floods & droughts
 For developing water, land and biomass
resources with a focus on social and
resources with a focus on social and
environmental aspects
 For judicious use of natural resources -
j
active participation of stake holders, in
harmony with the ecosystem
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http://watershed.kar.nic.i
n/Photo Gallery
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

23. Principles of Watershed Management
Principles of Watershed Management

 Utilizes land according to capability
Utilizes land according to capability

 Maintain adequate vegetative cover for
Maintain adequate vegetative cover for
control of soil erosion
control of soil erosion

 Conserve maximum possible rainwater
Conserve maximum possible rainwater
at places where it falls
at places where it falls Contour farming
Contour farming
at places where it falls
at places where it falls -
- Contour farming
Contour farming

 Drain out excess water with a safe
Drain out excess water with a safe
velocity to avoid soil erosion and store it
velocity to avoid soil erosion and store it
velocity to avoid soil erosion and store it
velocity to avoid soil erosion and store it
for future use
for future use

 Preventing erosion & to increase
Preventing erosion & to increase
groundwater recharge
groundwater recharge

 Overall management of the available
Overall management of the available
resources in a sustainable way
resources in a sustainable way
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resources in a sustainable way
resources in a sustainable way
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

24. Case study: Upper Lake WM
Case study: Upper Lake WM
(Ref: Nandi P.K.
Nandi P.K. Management of Upper Lake Watershed.
Management of Upper Lake Watershed. First Interagency
First Interagency

 Upper
Upper Lake
Lake of
of Bhopal,
Bhopal, MP,
MP, India
India
(Ref: Nandi P.K.
Nandi P.K. Management of Upper Lake Watershed.
Management of Upper Lake Watershed. First Interagency
First Interagency
Conference on Research in the Watersheds, October 27
Conference on Research in the Watersheds, October 27-
-30, 2003, Benson, Arizona)
30, 2003, Benson, Arizona)

 Watershed
Watershed Area
Area -
- 361
361 km
km2
2

 Water
Water spread
spread area
area –
– 31
31km
km2
2

 Water
Water spread
spread area
area 31
31km
km

 Created
Created in
in the
the 11
11th
th century
century AD
AD

 By
By obstructing
obstructing natural
natural flow
flow of
of
Kolans,
Kolans, a
a rain
rain-
-fed
fed tributary
tributary of
of Betwa
Betwa
river
river by
by constructing
constructing an
an earthen
earthen dam
dam
river
river by
by constructing
constructing an
an earthen
earthen dam
dam

 Location
Location:
:Lat
Lat.
.23
23º
º12
12'
' to
to 23
23º
º16
16'N
'N &
&
24
24
Long
Long.
. 77
77º
º18
18'
' to
to 77
77º
º23
23'
' E
E
Ref: www.ramsar.org
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

25. Upper Lake Watershed –Land Use
(2003) - approximate
( ) pp
Built Up Area 21.0 km2
Crop Land 219 3 km2
Crop Land 219.3 km2
Open Forest 5.4 km2
Land with Scrub or 90.4 km2
Without Scrub
Barren Rocky/Stony 8.6 km2
Other Lakes/Ponds 16.3 km2
Total Watershed Area 361.00 km2
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Total Watershed Area 361.00 km2
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

26. Some information on Upper Lake
Some information on Upper Lake
Importance
Importance:
:
–
– Lifeline
Lifeline for
for farmers
farmers and
and fishermen
fishermen -
- about
about 500
500 families
families
–
– Principal source of potable water to the city of Bhopal
Principal source of potable water to the city of Bhopal
–
–more than 1.5 million people
more than 1.5 million people
Environmental Concerns affecting Upper
Environmental Concerns affecting Upper
lake:
lake:

 Deterioration
Deterioration of
of water
water quality
quality

 Reduction of storage capacity of the lake
Reduction of storage capacity of the lake

 Obstruction to smooth flow through the spill channel of
Obstruction to smooth flow through the spill channel of
the lake
the lake
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
 Growth of invasive aquatic plants
Growth of invasive aquatic plants
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

27. Some Problems - Upper Lake Area
pp
Ref:
www.ramsar.org
Flow of Sewage and Siltation in Upper
Lake from the Adjoining Colonies
Weed Growth in Upper Lake
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Lake from the Adjoining Colonies
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

28. Interventions
Interventions -
-Upper Lake conservation
Upper Lake conservation

 Initiation
Initiation -
- Ministry of Envi. & Forests, Gov. India &
Ministry of Envi. & Forests, Gov. India &
State Gov.
State Gov.
Designated
Designated as
as Bhoj
Bhoj Wetland
Wetland along
along with
with Lower
Lower lake
lake

 Designated
Designated as
as Bhoj
Bhoj Wetland
Wetland along
along with
with Lower
Lower lake
lake-
-
located
located d/s
d/s of
of Upper
Upper Lake
Lake
Interventions:
Interventions:

 50 m wide strip of land all along the FTL of the
50 m wide strip of land all along the FTL of the

 50 m wide strip of land all along the FTL of the
50 m wide strip of land all along the FTL of the
lake was demarcated for avoiding encroachment
lake was demarcated for avoiding encroachment

 Buffer Zone between lake and human settlements
Buffer Zone between lake and human settlements
FTL
FTL-
- Full Tank Level
Full Tank Level
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Ref: www.ramsar.org
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

29. Interventions
Interventions

 Intensive plantation in buffer zone
Intensive plantation in buffer zone
(1 7 million plants/ 10 km
(1 7 million plants/ 10 km2
2 )
)
(1.7 million plants/ 10 km
(1.7 million plants/ 10 km2
2 )
)

 Construction of 73 Check dams
Construction of 73 Check dams
across 28 inlet channels
across 28 inlet channels
across 28 inlet channels
across 28 inlet channels

 Development of sewerage
Development of sewerage

 Development of sewerage
Development of sewerage
system for managing 35 MLD domestic sewage
system for managing 35 MLD domestic sewage

 Solid waste management Practices
Solid waste management Practices

 Solid waste management Practices
Solid waste management Practices

 Organic farming instead of inorganic fertilizers
Organic farming instead of inorganic fertilizers
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

30. Stakeholder Participation
Stakeholder Participation

 Well Coordinated awareness programs
Well Coordinated awareness programs

 Reforestation of watershed area
Reforestation of watershed area
through participation of
through participation of
farmers
farmers

 Participation of political, religious leaders,
Participation of political, religious leaders,
Participation of political, religious leaders,
Participation of political, religious leaders,
district/city administration, local people,
district/city administration, local people,
NGOs, schools / colleges
NGOs, schools / colleges
NGOs, schools / colleges
NGOs, schools / colleges

 Promotion of organic farming in the watershed
Promotion of organic farming in the watershed
through participation of farmers
through participation of farmers
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g p p
g p p
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

31. Results of Implementations
Results of Implementations

 Reduced sedimentation due to
Reduced sedimentation due to
construction of silt traps and
construction of silt traps and
construction of silt traps and
construction of silt traps and
plantation
plantation
General ambience of the area
General ambience of the area

 General ambience of the area
General ambience of the area
improved due to buffer zone
improved due to buffer zone

 Ample job opportunities for the
Ample job opportunities for the
local people
local people

 No significant deterioration of the
No significant deterioration of the
water quality
water quality
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

32. WM Case Study– Lessons Learned
 Necessity of Integrated Watershed Approach
I t f ti ti
 Importance of conservation practices –
necessity of buffer zone
Overall environmental management
 Overall environmental management
 Necessity of legal framework to control
anthropogenic activities
anthropogenic activities
 Necessity of long term management plans
 People’s participation success of the project
 People s participation- success of the project.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

33. Tutorial – Questions?.
 A) Discuss watershed concept within
the perspective of holistic
the perspective of holistic
development of an area.
 B) Illustrate important watershed
 B) Illustrate important watershed
characteristics.
C) Describe watershed deterioration
 C) Describe watershed deterioration
and its consequences.
D) Wh h i
 D) What are the important water
related problems in a watershed?.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

34. Self Evaluation – Questions?.
Q
 A) What is a watershed?. What is the
importance of watershed based approach in
importance of watershed based approach in
water management?.
 B) Discuss watershed approach – planning
 B) Discuss watershed approach planning,
implementation & management.
 C) What are the important principles of
 C) What are the important principles of
watershed management?.
 D) Discuss watershed management as a
) g
part of sustainable development.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

35. Assignment – Questions?.
g Q
 A) Discuss the water management in a
watershed as a part of hydrologic cycle?
watershed as a part of hydrologic cycle?.
 B) What are the typical watershed related
problems?
problems?.
 C) Discuss the necessity of watershed
management by considering various
management by considering various
problems in an arid zone watershed?.
 D) With the help of a case study, show the
) p y,
importance of people participation in
Watershed Management?.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

36. Unsolved Problem!.
Unsolved Problem!.

 In your locality, identify your watershed area.
In your locality, identify your watershed area.
List out the sources of water for the area
List out the sources of water for the area
List out the sources of water for the area.
List out the sources of water for the area.

 Identify the nature of your watershed.
Identify the nature of your watershed.

 List out the water problems of your area
List out the water problems of your area

 List out the water problems of your area.
List out the water problems of your area.

 Develop a plan presenting how will you apply
Develop a plan presenting how will you apply
the principles of watershed management to your
the principles of watershed management to your
p p o a d a ag o you
p p o a d a ag o you
area?.
area?.

 List out both short term and long term benefits
List out both short term and long term benefits
from the interventions of your plan.
from the interventions of your plan.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

37. References
References
 Vir Singh, Raj , “Watershed Planning and
Management”, Yash Publishing House,
g , g ,
Bikaner, 2000.
 Murty, J.V.S. “Watershed Management”,
New Age Intl New Delhi 1998
New Age Intl., New Delhi 1998.
 Black Peter E., “Watershed Hydrology”,
Prentice Hall, London, 1991.

 Nandi P.K. “
Nandi P.K. “Management of Upper Lake
Management of Upper Lake
Watershed”.
Watershed”. First Interagency Conference on
First Interagency Conference on
Research in the Watersheds, October 27
Research in the Watersheds, October 27-
-30,
30,
,
, ,
,
2003, Benson, Arizona.
2003, Benson, Arizona.

 http://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/icrw/Proceedi
http://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/icrw/Proceedi
ngs/Nandi pdf
ngs/Nandi pdf
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ngs/Nandi.pdf
ngs/Nandi.pdf
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

38. Dr. T. I. Eldho
Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor,
Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Department of Civil Engineering,
p g g
p g g
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in
eldho@iitb.ac.in
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38
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in
eldho@iitb.ac.in
Phone: (022)
Phone: (022) –
– 25767339; Fax: 25767302
25767339; Fax: 25767302
http://www.
http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in
civil.iitb.ac.in