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Korean and Vietnam War Presentation
- 1. Objectives Understand how Cold War tensions finally erupted in a shooting war in 1950. The United States confronted a difficult challenge defending freedom halfway around the world.
- 2. The Korean War Caught between ideologies
- 3. Tensions 1949, China goes communist with the rise of Mao Zedong Japan had ruled Korea from 1910- 1945, but had been driven out by the United States and the Soviet Union. 1945-the Allies had divided Korea into two zones, the Soviets occupied the northern zone and U.S. troops occupied the southern zone.
- 4. North and South Korea
- 5. Divided Korea North Korea was led by communist leader Kim Il Sung South Korea was led by Syngman Rhee and called itself the Republic of Korea Syngman Rhee Kim Il Sung
- 6. U.S. Involvement South Korea was unstable economically The United States feared that South Korea would fall to communism U.S. government helped to build up the South Korean military Both the U.S. and the Soviets removed their troops from Korea in 1949.
- 7. Fighting Begins North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. The UN became involved and asked for an immediate cease fire The Soviets were boycotting the U.N. due to the denial of admittance of China to the world governing body
- 8. Support for South Korea June 27th-The U.N. Security Council labeled North Korea as an aggressor and offered support to South Korea The U.S. sponsored this resolution U.S. forces entered South Korea under the direction General MacArthur 15 other countries gave military and monetary support, however no other country gave the same support that the United States did.
- 9. By Split Power September the North Koreans had pushed the U.S. and South Korean forces into a retreat September 15, 1950, General MacArthur led a counterattack and recaptured Seoul, which is South Korea’s capital The UN and U.S. forces were hit with a counterattack from the North Koreans and eventually had to settle with a defensive line at the 38th parallel
- 11. China’s Involvement China aided North Korea in late November. Due to China’s involvement, General MacArthur called for a major expansion of the war. His proposal included: Blockading China’s coast Invading the interior of China Nuclear weapons proposed
- 12. Conflict Regarding the Plan Supporters of MacArthur’s plan said it would overthrow the Communist regime in China Opponents argued that blockading China could entice the Soviets to become involved
- 13. Truman’s Response President Truman opposed MacArthur’s plan Truman removed MacArthur from his position in April 1951 The war had reached a stalemate by the summer of 1951. The war became a hot button issue in election of 1952
- 14. Election of 1952 Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson Eisenhower promised to end the Korean war yet still resist the President spread of Eisenhower Communism Eisenhower won the electoral college
- 15. The War Ends Eisenhower stayed true to his word to end the war Bombing raids increased by the U.S. in North Korea in May of 1953 July 27th, 1953 an armistice was agreed upon. The outcome of the war was the same dividing line that was present before the start of the war, approximately around the 38th
- 17. Resources Holt, Rinehart and Winston. American Government. 2003. PBS. American Experience. www.pbs.org Whitehouse.gov. www.whitehouse.gov www.wikipedia.com
- 18. Objectives Analyze how the concern of communism led the United States to become increasingly involved in Vietnam
- 20. Causes Domino Theory Harsh French rule Vietnam Declares Independence Refusal to hold free elections Ho Chi Minh was a communist
- 21. Ho Chi Minh “He who enlightens” “He who enlightens” Real Name: Nguyen That Thanh Embraced Wilson’s 14 Points and was disappointed Believed a communist revolution in Vietnam would gain them freedom from foreigners
- 22. Vietnam Declares Independence Vietminh - communist group committed to independence Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945 Ho Chi Minh quoted from the Declaration of Independence at the capital city of Hanoi
- 23. The US supports France France looks to reclaim its colony Truman (US) supports the French to stop communist expansion Domino theory Despite US aid, France was defeated
- 24. Dien Bien Phu 40,000 Vietnamese surround 15,000 French soldiers France surrenders 1954 Vietnam gained fighting experience 300,000 dead so far
- 25. Geneva Conference France had to leave Vietminh would control the north 17th parallel a buffer zone
- 26. South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem anti-communist corrupt: elections, jobs, imprisoned political opponents 1955 “election” blocked 1956 election Open revolt by 1959
- 27. National Liberation Front (Vietcong) not necessarily communist, but wanted to overthrow Diem’s regime popular in the countryside others joined because they also feared the VC assassinations and presence of North Vietnamese Army
- 28. U.S. Involvement and Diem’s end 1956 supplies given “advisers” sent in early 1960s - 16,000 by 1963 Diem arrested and killed Buddhist protesters 1963, South Vietnamese plotters kill Diem
- 29. Tonkin Gulf Resolution Vietcong controlled about 40% of South Vietnam 4 August 1964, President LBJ appears on TV and says destroyer USS Maddox Claimed it was “unprovoked” spy mission and fired first “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States”
- 30. Senator Wayne Morse “I believe that history will record we have made a great mistake. We are in effect giving the President war-making powers in the absence of a declaration of war.”
- 31. Operation Rolling Thunder Bombed anything useful in North Vietnam in 1965 agent orange, napalm, cluster bombs, carpet bombing Vietcong supplies actually increased - did without roads/bridges, underground network More Vietcong emerged
- 32. American Strategy Gen. William Westmoreland Troop count: 1965 (185,000) and then 1967 (486,000) search-and-destroy missions air strikes pacification
- 33. Tet Offensive Khe Sanh siege was a diversion (1967) Main offensive Jan. 1968 - 12 U.S. military bases and 100 cities attacked during the holiday (Chinese New Year) retaken within a month with 45,000 VC killed labeled a communist defeat by Westmoreland
- 34. Dissatisfaction 1968 - My Lai Massacre, William Calley - 450 women, children, and elders killed (murder) 1968, college protests nationwide 1969, more than half of Americans opposed the war 1970 Kent State University shootings 1971, Vietnam War Veterans protested Pentagon Papers leaked secrets about U.S. involvement and its lies to the American people
- 35. 1972 Election Nixon stressed law and order and a quick end to the war and won Peace talks too slow so Christmas bombings were ordered on Hanoi and Haiphong Jan 1973 peace talks said America would get out of Vietnam and help rebuild it All POWs would be released
- 36. Outcomes 30 Apr. 1975 South Vietnam surrenders to the north and the country is united under communism (remains to this day) 58,000 Americans dead returning soldiers not welcomed home post-traumatic stress disorder led to mistrust in our government $150 billion spent War Powers Act 1973