This document provides an overview of key concepts in C++ including: - Similarities and differences between C and C++ and how that impacts language selection - Common C++ concepts like namespaces, functions, variables, statements, and data types - Object-oriented programming principles in C++ like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism - Additional C++ features like templates, the standard template library (STL), streams, and exceptions handling The document is intended as a high-level introduction and reference for C++ concepts.

1. Sayed Ahmed
Just E.T.C Technologies Inc.
Just E.T.C. Education Inc.

2.  C++ is based on and an extension to C
 Knowing similarities and dissimilarities between C
and C++ will help
 to select the right language for your application
development

3.  Comments:
 Header File: #include <iostream>
 Namespace: A defined collection of symbols and
variable names within an application
 The main () function: must have in a program
 Parentheses: A function/code block name is followed
by Parentheses ()
 Braces: Boundary of code blocks

4.  Variables: Used to contain values. Think about
variables in Mathematics
 Statements: An instruction to the computer hardware
to perform specific action.
 Statement Terminator: a semicolon
 Function calls:
 One function can call another function.
 It's just a transfer of control from one code block to
another code block.
 However, the control comes back to the caller again.

5.  #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int main() {
 int studentId;
 count << "what is your student ID" << endl;
 cin>> studentId;
 count << "Student Id " << studentId << endl;
 }

6.  A C++ program must have a namespace;
 C program ends with .c
 where C++ program ends with .cpp
 Information communication to and from c program is
treated as stream.
 cout and cin are used for the purpose
 cout and cin are practically objects

7.  To store values
 case sensitive
 must start with letter
 Supportted datatypes: char, int, float, double, boolean,
wchar_t
 float: usually 32 bits - 6 digit after decimam,
 double: 64 bits - 10 digit after decimal,

8.  Can be declared anywhere
 Local:
 inside functions
 Static:
 Inside functions but do not get destroyed after
 Global:
 Declared outside the functions
 can be accessed from anywhere in the program
 Formal/Parameter
 Hidden variable:
 if a local variable use the same name of a global variable the local
variable = hidden variable
 use scope operator :: to access the global variable inside that
function

9.  Group of variable
 A group of variables of the same type
 in c strings are null terminated arrays
 C++ also supports a predefined string class/data type;
 include <string>

10.  in c, define XYZ 100
 in c++, const int val=1000

11.  Enables Code Resuse
 Enables Data Security from Unauthorized Access
 Object:
 Attribute + behaviors
 Primary OOP Concepts
 Encapsulation:
 Inheritance:
 - reduce development time
 - reuse
 -increase maintainability of the code
 Polymorphism:
 assign different uses to an entity based onthe context
 Abstraction:
 simple representation of an objet.
 hide not essential attributes and behaviors

12.  Object Oriented Paradigm:
 Define objects - toughest
 define messages
 define properties
 --define attributes
 --define behaviors
 Object behavior analysis:
 Understand the application
 Derive Objects
 Categorize Objects
 Model process flow

13.  C++ Compliers Must Support: ANSI Standard
 Internationalization
 Template
 Locales
 Namespaces

14.  Friend Class
 Friend functions and inline functions provide faster, and
efficient application
 A function can be friend to any number of functions
 Use function declaration to declare friend functions
 Static Data Members and Static Members
 Function - create the common members of classes
(across objects)

15.  Constructor
 no return types
 called at object creation
 Destructor
 no return type

16.  Operator Overloading
 Compile time polymorphism
 runtime poly
 - inheritance
 virtual functions
 Operator Overloading:
 -unary
 -binary
 -arithmetic
 -assignment
 Note: C++ does not support overloading based on return
type

17.  Early Binding/Late Binding
 Access Modifiers absent = protected

18.  inheritance and destructors
 Diamond Problem: Virtual Base Class
 Overriding
 Pure Virtual Function

19.  manipulators
 COUT, setw, right, setfill, flush, endl
 fstreambase
 fstream
 ifstream
 ofstream

20.  Mode of file opening
 ios::in
 ios::out
 Sscanf
 Read formatted file data
 ifstream
 fin.getLine()
 Random File Reading
 seekg
 seekp

21.  I/O System
 Buffered file system
 Stream classes
 stream
 istream--_IO_istream_withassign
 ostream
 Iostream
 Cin is an instance of _IO_istream_withassign
 Instance of _IO_ostream_withassign
 cout
 cerr

22.  Stream formatting flags
 Can be used with setf(), unsetf()
 ios::left
 ios::dec
 ios::fixed
 ios::oct
 ios::right
 ios::scientific
 ios::showbase
 ios::showpoint
 ios::showpos
 ios::uppercase

23.  Unformatted input/output
 character
 character array
 strings
 use text buffer
 Can provide abstraction of the I/O device
 functions for unformatted input and output
 cin.read()
 cin.gcount()
 cout.write()

24.  Files
 fstreambase
 opening, manipulating, closing
 fstream, ifstream, ofstream
 mode ios::app, ios::ate, ios::binary, ios::in, ios::out, ios::trunc
 fin.getline()
 Get pointers
 Random Operation Put pointers
 pointers
 Seekg()
 Seekp()
 Tellg()
 Tellp()

25.  Handling Exceptions
 runtime errors
 Exceptions
 try and catch block
 throw statement
 Uncaught Exceptions
 Multiple Catch
 ----------
 identified by operating systems
 if not handled passed to op system exception as int, char ,class strings
 how it passes through functions
 Derived Class Exceptions
 catch block hierarchy
 place derived classes catch up

26.  runtime with virtual functions
 shape
 -draw
 rect
 tri
 define overriding by placing function in each
 Show why virtual function needed?
 virtual base
 pointer runtime polymorphism
 pure virtual function
 Late binding
 base point to base - call derive function - runtime-dynamic

27.  Templates create reusable code
 STL provides some foundational items
 --templatized functions and
 --classes
 These can be used to solve a variety of problems
 Some STL Elements
 Containers
 Algorithms
 Iterators
 STLs are compatible across operating systems

28.  Containers
 Vectors
 Lists
 Maps
 Containers
 Sequence
 Associative

29.  Algorithms
 function templates work with container templates of any type
 algorithm header file
 Iterators are objects to cycle through the containers
 iterator header file needs to be included if iterators are used
 Iterator type:
 Random Access
 Bidirectional
 Forward
 Input
 Output

30.  Vector and Array Comparison
 container - behave the same way - infinite

31.  Lists: class
 Bidirectional linear sequentially
 Functions
 begin()
 end()
 erase()
 insert(); (template)
 push_back();
 push_front();
 remove();
 splice();

32.  Associative Container
 Map templates take two parameters
 Functions:
 begin();
 clear();
 count();
 empty();
 end();
 erase();
 insert();
 size()

33.  Working with Templates
 Imagine a situation - complex + many data type
 Overload may help but time consuming
 template can help
 object creation define data type
 template overloading