1. International higher school of medicine
Name: srushti kiran barge
Group: 33
Topic: endocrine system in
children

2. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Series of glands that
produce hormones to help
maintain homeostasis.
⚫ Hormones: Chemical
regulators that affect other
parts of the body.
• Insulin
• Growth Hormone
• Gastrin

3. ● Contents-
●
● Short stature
● > Acromegaly and gigantism
● Diabetes insipidus
● Juvenile Diabetes mellitus
● Hypothyroidism
● Goiter
● Hypo parathyroidism
● Hyperparathyroidism
● Delayed puberty
● Cushing syndrome

4. ● Pituitary Gland.
● The pituitary secretes
hormones that are essential
to growth and reproduction
● The pituitary is located at the
base of the brain, in a small
depression of the sphenoid
bone (sella turcica).
● Purpose: control the activity
of many other endocrine
glands.
● Master gland"
● ADAM
● Has two lobes, the anterior &
posterior lobes

5. ● Synthesis and release of thyroid hormone
1. Iodide trapping and synthesis Thyroglobulin
2. Organisation of trapped iodide as iodotyrosines 3. Coupling
of the iodotyrosines to form the iodotyronines
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) 4. T3 and T4 is stored in
follicular colloid
5. Endocytosis of colloid droplets and hydrolysis of thyro-
globulin to release T4 and T3
6. T3 and T4 are associated with plasma protein in blood
(Thyroid-Binding Globulin/TBG)
7. T3 and T4 are free to implement their function, T4 is
converted to T3
8. T3 and T4 have affinity in target cells

6. HYPOTHYROIDISM
DEFINITION:
A CONDITION THAT IS CAUSED BY EITHER ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE
DECREASE OF HORMONE T3 AND T4 WITH ITS CONSEQUENCES, DUE TO
IMPAIRED THYROID GLAND FUNCTIONS
Hyperthyroidism is hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with
sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones

7. Pineal gland- Location
Location:
The pineal gland is located in
the center of the brain,
sandwiched between the left
and right hemispheres.

8. The parathyroid
glands are small
endocrine glands.
✓ They are
responsible for the
production of
parathyroid hormone.
Which acts to control
calcium levels in the
body.

9. Histology.
⚫ The parathyroid gland contain two kinds of
cells.
1- Chief Cells
⚫ The chief cells are the secretary cells
producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), these
cells have golgi apparatus and endoplasmic
reticulum. They also contain glycogen whose
level falls during their activity.

10. 2- Oxyphil Cells
⚫ The oxyphil cells appear after
puberty. These cells are larger and
have a granular cytoplasm. The
function of the oxyphil cell is not
known.oxyphil cell degenerated
chief cells. However, these cells may
secrete parathormone during
pathological condition,
parathyroid adenoma.

11. There are two adrenal
glands in the human,
each attached to the
upper portion of a
kidney..

12. The body has two adrenal (supra
renal) glands, each located on the
superior pole of each kidney. Each
adrenal gland is structurally and
functionally differentiated into two
regions or zones:
1. Adrenal cortex:
This is the outer or peripheral zone
of the adrenal gland, which makes
up the bulk of gland.
2. Adrenal medulla:
This is the inner zone of the adrenal
gland

13. Thymus gland-Location
Location:
It is located in the upper
front of chest, directly
behind your sternum and
between your lungs.

14. ● Primary lymphatic organ in the
body.
● Position: it is located over the
heart and/or in the neck area,
anterior to the ascending aorta
and posterior to the sternum.
● The thymus consists of two
lobes enclosed in a capsule
and is further divided internally
● Weight:-10-15 gm at birth &
grows until puberty