important parts of an automobile...

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A PRESENTATION ON
SUBMITTED BY:
SAURABH NEGI
B.TECH (M.E.)
2061443
SUBMITTED TO:

2. ENGINEERING

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4. INTRODUCTION

5. Automobile Engineering is the sub-branch of Mechanical
Engineering, also known as automotive engineering or
vehicle engineering.
The Automobile engineering course provide knowledge of
maintenance of automobiles, right from designing the
vehicles to manufacturing components, assembling them,
testing them for safety, repairing and maintaining.
It also enables the engineers to explore new areas, create
new avenues in the fields of R&D and develop their talent
in new technologies.
Automobile Engineering

6. HISTORY
1. The first automobile powered by I.C. engine was
invented and designed in Germany during the 1880s.
2. Henry ford founded the ford motor company and started
an era of US leadership in auto production.
3. Ford introduced the highly model T , which by 1913 was
being manufactured through assembly line techniques.
4. By1920 general motors has become the world’s largest
auto manufacturer.
5. In 1897 first car ran on Indian roads.
6. Hindustan motors was launched in1942.
7. Mahindra and Mahindra was established by two
brothers in 1945.

7. CLASSIFICATIONS

8. CLASSIFICATION OF
VEHICLES :
Automobiles or vehicles can be
classified on different bases as
given below :
On the Basis of Load :
(a) Heavy transport vehicle
(HTV) or heavy motor vehicle
(HMV),
e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
(b) Light transport vehicle (LTV)
e.g. pickup, station wagon, etc.
(c) Light motor vehicle (LMV),
e.g. cars, jeeps, etc.
On the Basis of Wheels :
(a) Two wheeler vehicle,
for example : Scooter, motorcycle,
scooty, etc.
(b) Three wheeler vehicle,
for example : Auto rickshaw, three
wheeler scooter and tempo, etc.
(c) Four wheeler vehicle,
for example : Car, jeep, trucks,
buses, etc.
(d) Six wheeler vehicle,
for example : Big trucks with two
gear axles each having four wheels.

9. On the Basis of Fuel Used :
(a) Petrol vehicle,
e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc.
(b) Diesel vehicle,
e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
(c) Electric vehicle,
e.g. battery drive
(d) Steam vehicle,
(e) Gas vehicle,
On the Basis Transmission :
(a) Conventional vehicles with manual
transmission, e.g. car with 5 gears.
(b) Semi-automatic
(c) Automatic : In automatic transmission,
gears are not required to be changed
manually. It is automatically changes as per
speed of the automobile.

10. On the basis of body:
Hatchback : 2box constructed body.
Sedan: 3 box constructed body.
Notchback : 3 box constructed body where third box is smaller than sedan.
Coupe: 3 box constructed with very less space for rear passengers.
Roadsters: open two seated car with sporty characteristics.
Fastback: cars whose roofline slope continuously down at the back.
SUV : sporty utility vehicle having big body built with high body clearance.
Crossover : combination of hatchback and SUV.
Compact sedan : sedan with reduced length.
Pickup : 3 body type extension UV/SUV with an open trailer attached at back.
Lorry: A truck with large trailer for heavy loads.
ATV: all terrain vehicle, special purpose vehicle designed use on any terrain.

11. COMPONENTS

12. CLUTCH
A clutch is a mechanical device which engages and disengages
power transmission especially from driving shaft to driven
shaft or provides interrupted power.
Clutches are used whenever the ability to limit transmission of
power and motion need to be controlled either in amount or
over time.
During disengagement of transmission gear can be changed
to alter the torque on the wheels.

13. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
•The principle is based on friction .
When two friction surfaces are bought in
contact with each other and pressed they
are united due to friction between them.
•The driving member of clutch is flywheel
mounted on crankshaft ,the driven member
is pressure plate mounted on transmission
shaft.
•If now one is revolved the other will also
revolve.

14. FRICTION MATERIAL
1.Mill boarded type friction material- This is made up of
asbestos . It is cheap and perfect for operation of clutch.
2.Moulded type friction material - it is made up of matrix of
asbestos fibre and starch or any other suitable binding
material.
3. Woven type friction material - Made up of cloth
Impregnating​ with certain binder or by wearing thread of
brass or cooper wire.
Other are leather, Cork, fabric.

15. GEAR
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part
having cut like teeth, or cogs, which mesh with
another toothed part to transmit torque.
Geared devices can change the speed, torque,
and direction of a power source.
Two or more meshing gears working in a
sequence is called a gear train or a transmission.

16. GEAR BOX
The mechanism that transmits engine
power to the rear wheels or to the front
wheels is known as transmission system.
Gear box consists of various gear of
different gear ratios.
A gear box changes the engine speed into
torque when climbing hills and when the
vehicle required. Sometimes it is known
as torque converter.

17. HOW GEAR RATIO WORKS
Neutral: all the gears are continuously in mesh . The gear on
output shaft revolve freely around it while those on layshaft
are fixed.
No drive is being transmitted.
First gear : the smallest gear on layshaft passing drive
through largest gear on main shaft.
Fourth gear : biggest gear on layshaft is connected to
smallest gear in mainshaft.largest speed possible.
Reverse: for reversing an idler gear is interposed between
gear on two shafts.

18. DIFFERENTIAL
The differential is a device that splits the engine torque
two ways, allowing each output to spin at a different
speed.
Function of a differential:
1. To aim the engine power at the wheels.
2. To act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle,
slowing the rotational speed of the transmission
one final time before it hits the wheels.
3. To transmit the power to the wheels while allowing
them to rotate at different speeds.

19. DIFFERENTIAL WORK:
Power is transferred to the ring gear through a pinion
gear.
Ring is connected to spider gear.
The spider gear is made 2 kinds of rotation:
One along ring gear and second in its own axis.
The spider gear is meshed with 2 side gears
Power flows from drive shaft to the driven shaft.

20. Let vehicle moves straight:
In this case the spider rotates along the ring gear but
doesn’t rotates on its own axis.
So spider gear will push and makes side gear turn and both
will turn at same speed.
Now vehicle takes a right turn:
here the spider gear is rotating along the ring road
as well as rotating about its own axis.
Peripheral velocity on left side of spider gear is sum
of spinning and rotational velocities. But on right
side it is the difference of two.
This means left side gear will have a higher velocity
than left side gear.

21. STEERING SYSTEM
Front wheel can be turned to left and right by
steering system.
The steering wheel is placed in front of driver.
The primary function is to control or provide angular
motion to the wheels.
Now-a-days many vehicles are equipped with power
steering which uses pressure as a fluid to reduce
steering effort.

22. How steering system works:
The steering system converts the rotation of steering
wheel into a turning movement of road wheels in such a
way that steering system rim turns to move the road
wheels.
The system allows a driver to use only light forces to steer
a heavy car.
There are mainly two types of steering system:
The rack and pinion steering system.
The steering box.

23. The rack-and-pinion system
At the base of the steering column there is a small pinion
(gear wheel) inside a housing. Its teeth mesh with a
straight row of teeth on a rack - a long transverse bar.
Turning the pinion makes the rack move from side to side.
The steering-box system
At the base of the steering column there is a worm
gear inside a box.
A worm is a threaded cylinder like a short bolt
turning the worm moves anything fitted into its
thread.

24. Power-assisted steering
Power steeing makes it easier to take sharp turns.
It is fitted not only to heavy commercial vehicles but
also to medium weight cars.
In power steering a valve directs the working fluid
To the appropriate sides of power cylinder and this
results in steering wheel being turned to desired
positions.

25. BRAKING SYSTEM
Automotive braking system is a device used to
slow or stop moving vehicles usually achieved by
friction.
Disc brake on a motorcycle
A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits
motion by absorbing energy from a moving
system
A brake system is an important part of any
vehicle to ensure the safety as the demand of
speed is increasing steadily.

26. Modern cars have brakes on all four wheels, operated by
a hydraulic system. The brakes may be disc type or drum
type.
The front brakes play a greater part in stopping the car
than the rear ones, because braking throws the car
weight forward on to the front wheels.
Many cars therefore have disc brakes, which are generally
more efficient, at the front and drum brakes at the rear.

27. A hydraulic brake circuit has fluid-filled
master and slave cylinders connected by
pipes.
When you push the brake, pedal depresses
a piston in the master cylinder, forcing fluid
along the pipe.
The fluid travels to slave cylinders at each
wheel and fills them, forcing pistons out to
apply the brakes.
Fluid pressure distributes itself evenly
around the system.
The combined surface 'pushing' area of all
the slave pistons is much greater than that
of the piston in the master cylinder.
hydraulic brake:

28. A disc brake has a disc that turns with the wheel. The
disc is straddled by a caliper, in which there are small
hydraulic pistons worked by pressure from the master
cylinder.
The pistons press on friction pads that clamp against
the disc from each side to slow or stop it.
disc brake:

29. A drum brake has a hollow drum that turns with
the wheel. Its open back is covered by a stationary
backplate on which there are two curved shoes
carrying friction linings.
The shoes are forced outwards by hydraulic
pressure moving pistons in the brake's wheel
cylinders, so pressing the linings against the inside
of the drum to slow or stop it.
drum brake:

30. ABS is an safety system that allows the wheels on
of a vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the
road surface according to driver inputs while brake
is applied, preventing the wheels from locking up
and avoiding uncontrolled skidding..
ABS will provide good vehicle control and small
stopping distance on dry road while on wet or
snow covered it's give increase stopping distance
but better Steering compared to conventional.
anti lock braking system:

31. Thank you….