2. Mechanisms of renal injury
(Depending on the species and strain/ on the host’s resistance and genetic background)
Direct invasion of the renal parenchyma
Induce an immune reaction
Injure the capillary endothelium
Provoke a nonspecific humoral hematologic response.
3. Bacterial Cause Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Shigellosis
Leptospirosis
Cholera
Scrub typhus
.
Tuberculosis
Pylonephritis
Salmonellosis
Melioidosis
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Leprosy
Parasitic Cause Schistosomiasis
Trichinosis
Onchocercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Malaria
Filaria
Echinococcosis
Leishmaniasis
Fungal cause
Disseminated Candidiasis
Mucormycosis
Ochratoxicity
Virus Cause
Dengue haemorrhagic fever
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
.
6. Postinfectious / Poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram negative cocci
Complication -streptococcal pharyngitis / impetigo
Immune complexes- lodged in the glomerular basement membrane
Complement activation leading to basement membrane destruction
Disorder of the glomeruli or small blood vessels in the kidneys.
7. Pyelonephritis
Escherichia coli
Gram negative bacilli
.
Pyelonephritis -type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or
both kidneys.
Route- from the bladder/ through the bloodstream from other parts of the
body.
kidney damage.
8. Salmonellosis
Salmonella typhi
Gram-negative ,motile bacilli
Renal involvement - Oliguria and azotemia
Shigellosis
Shigella dysenteriae type 1
Gram-negative non motile bacilli
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)kidney failure with anemia and clotting
problems
9. Cholera
Vibrio cholera
Gram negative ,motile,curved bacilli.
Renal failure- loss of filtering ability
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Anaerobic ,gram positive,non motile bacilli
Renal involvement (severe cases of tetanus)
Dehydration,Urinary stasis ,infection and
Renal failure
15. Filaria
Wuchereria bancrofti
Mode of Infection-mosquito bite
Definitive host-man
Intermediate host-Mosquito(culex,Aedes,Anopheles)
Infective form-larvae
Recurrent infections associated with
damaged lymphatic abnormalities of the
renal functions.
16. Leishmaniasis
Promastigote
Leishmania donovani
Mode of transmisson-bite of sandfly
(Phlebotomus)
Definitive host-Man
Intermediate host-sandfly
Infective form-Promastigote
Cloudy swelling of kidney-albuminuria
Amastigote form
17. Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)
Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium,S.japonicum.
Source of infection - contaminated freshwater
Infective form – cercariae
Definitive host -humans
Intermediate host-Snail
Renal granulomas
18. Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst)
Echinococcus granulosus
Mode of infection - contaminated food
and drink
Infective agent - embryonated eggs.
Definitive host - dog
Intermediate host – man
Glomerulonephritis
19. Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
Mode of infection-Uptake of cyst by
inhalation, followed by ingestion .
Infective form-cyst
Primary host – cat
Intermediate host - human
Disseminated infection of Kidney occurs
21. Onchocercosis
Onchocerca volvulus
Mode of infection-bite of black flies
Definitive host-Man
Intermediate host-female black flies(simulium)
Infective form-larvae
Progressive glomerulonephritis.
24. Mucormycosis
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia, and Cunninghamella
Occurs in underdeveloped tropical regions
Immunocompromised patients
Renal infarction and thrombosis of
renal vessels.
25. Ochratoxicity
Group of mycotoxins produced by some Aspergillus sp. and
some Penicillium sp.
Occur in commodities such as cereals, coffee, dried fruit and red wine
Toxic-Nephropathy
Carcinogenic
29. Hepatitis B
DNA Virus
Source of infection- Blood/blood derived body
fluid
Route of transmission- :
Parenterally
low vertical
sexual transmission
Renal necrosis occurs due to the body’s reaction
to the virus rather than due to the virus itself.
30. Hepatitis C
RNA virus
Source of infection-Blood/blood derived
body fluid
Route of transmission
Parenterally
low vertical
sexual transmission
Renal carcinoma