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Effect of light on reproduction and sleep
1. Effect of light on reproduction
and sleep
By
Tay Lee Huay
D10a038
2. Objectives
• To understand the differences of photoperiod in
different region on earth,
• To review the light stimulatory pathway in
animals, the photosensitive cells and organ
involved,
• To know the important mechanism involves in
regulating sleep and reproduction,
• To allow better understanding of the effect of
light on reproduction and sleep,
• Understand the role of light in regulating the
reproduction and sleep of animals.
3. Pineal gland
Photoperiod Other
& Effect of light Photosensitive
on organs
Seasonality
reproduction
and sleep
Effect of light
Light
on
regulation
reproduction
pathway
& sleep
5. Photoperiod & Seasonality
• Photoperiod:
– the period of daily illumination received by an organism
• Circadian rhythm:
– daily rhythmic activity cycle based on 24-hours intervals
exhibited by an organism in an constant conditions.
– Not found in short-lived organism such as protist.
• Entrain:
• Synchronize
• Free-running:
– Not entrained to the circadian rhythm
6. Photoperiod & Seasonality
• Differences in photoperiod depending on:
– latitude
• Generally,
– High latitude: short spring and autumn
– Temperate, subpolar region: 4 seasons
– Low latitudes & other regions: (tropical & sub-tropical) dry
& wet seasons instead of 4 seasons
– Temperate country: has obvious difference in
photoperiod(SDP & LDP)
– Light – most accurate environment clock
– For animals not influenced by light, temperature and
electromagnetic field are better indicator for this case.
8. 4seasons….
Vary in light intensity
Vary in food availability
Dramatics fluctuations of temperature…
18. Pineal gland
• Pinecone-shaped
• Located caudally to the roof of the third ventricle
of the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) .
• Consists of:
– pinealocytes
– glial cells
– perivascular phagocyte
– pineal neurons
– peptidergic neuron-like cells
19. Pineal gland cont.
• Avian:
– On the surface of brain, located ventrally to the skull.
• Main function:
– Secretes melatonin, serotonin, pineal peptides.
(*melatonin=darkness hormone suppressed by light)
• Lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles):
– Similar to photoreceptor cells in retina
– Known as parietal organ (fx: endocrine)
22. Melanopsin
• Photopigment.
• Non-visual.
• Sensitive to blue light – inhibition of melatonin
secretion.
• Found in:
– Retinal ganglion cells (mammals)
– Widely distributed outside retina (non-mammals).
• Function:
– Detects light
– unconscious visual reflexes, e.g. pupillary constriction
– regulating circadian rhythm
23. Parietal eye
• Embryologically, arises from the cranial
evagination of pineal organ/ epithalamus
(instead of encephalon which give rise to
pineal gland)
• Fx: photoreceptive organ
• Absent in birds and mammals.
• Present in some reptiles, amphibians,
lampreys and some fish.
• Connects to pineal gland by parietal nerve.
30. Introduction
• Reproduction:
– Biological process where organism propagate its
offspring.
• Most important hormone involved:
– Melatonin
1
• Secretion= photoperiod
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31. Effect of light on reproduction
• Low light/ in dark: Melatonin secreted.
– Inhibits secretion of LH and FSH (act on pineal
gland) - Suppress libido, reproductive ability.
– Binds to reproductive organ and causes gonadal
regression – presence of melatonin receptors.
(Testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate of male
and ovary and mammary gland of female)
• SDP: suppress breeding state of animals.
• LDP: stimulate animals into breeding seasons.
32. Effect of light on reproduction cont.
• LDP:
– Lower level of melatonin.
– Serotonin –Inclination to leave food and search for
a mate; Sexually receptive.
– LH surge oestrus
– Changes in ornamental pigmentation - ↑appeals
– Reduced antigonadotrophic effect.
↓ gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), ↑
gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIHR), ↑
testestrone
33. Animals not affected?
• Some hamster
• Humans – only continuous long duration of
expose to melatonin– weeks-change in
hypothalamic sensitivity to malatonin.
• Deer- breeding phase stimulated by SDP
35. Introduction
• Sleep:
• Regularly recurring condition of body and mind in which the
nervous system is inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles
relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended.
(Consise Oxford English Dictionary 11th ed.)
• Melatonin:
– Binds & activates peripheral receptors – vasculature of
heart.
– No significant change in heart rate
– Alters autonomic activity - ↑ peripheral temp., ↓
body core temp.
– ↑ sleep propensity
36. Light effect on sleep
• Melatonin secretion declines with age.
• Factors affecting distorted in light entrainment:
– blindness,
– short-sightedness which reduces sensitivity to light
– stress
– endocrine disorders
– sleep disorders
– stress
– adolescene
– Artificial light
– Lesions on retinal pathway
– Etc
(free-running sleep can be observed. i.e. sleep-wake cycle doesn’t
entrained to environmental light)
37. Dawn:
• Resets circadian rhythm.
• Suppress melatonin secretion > evening.
• Serotonin ↑- initiates animals to wake up.
38. Dusk:
• Resets circadian rhythm in opposite direction.
• Delay in melatonin secretion shorter than of in
dawn.
39. Afternoon nap???
• Increase awareness.
• light during the day has little effect
on the resetting the circadian clock.
• will not influenced circadian clock
unless the animals sleep too much.
40. Blue & Green light
• Blue light: 435- 530 nm (480nm)
– Detected by melapnosin
– Increase in awareness – circadian rhythm most effected
(melanopsin)
– Suppress melatonin production
• Green light:
– Detected by cone receptors.
– Suppress melatonin production – not as efficient as blue
light.
– Effect dies off quickly then blue light
• Since serotonin is the intermediate product of
melatonin from tryptophan, serotonin level ↑,
↓sleepiness, ↑ alertness.
41. Adaptive changes?
• Hibernation
– dormant state of animal to spend throughout
the winter period.
• Physical & physiological changes according to
environment.
• Changes may be abrupt – like new spp.
42. Hibernation
• Siberian hamster:
– Grows fatter & bigger in size – deposition of
fats
– Changing of fur colour – camouflague
– Exhibit dead during hibernation.
• Bear
– hard to migrate.
– bulkier, short and compact body, large
appetites. Thus, hibernate.
43. Conclusion
• Light is a important “time-telling” clock indicator
that entrains animal’s biological cycle according
to its environment to enhance the chances of
survival and well-being of animals.
• Animals is evolved in such a way that they can
live and adapt to their environment through with
the help of photoperiod.
• Melapnosin is responsible for the detection of
‘light’ needed to entrain biological clock.
• Light is important indicator for reproduction and
sleep-wake cycles of animals.