This document summarizes various protozoan groups. It describes trypanosomes, their life cycle and diseases they cause. It discusses amoeboid protozoans including their locomotion using pseudopodia and important genera like Entamoeba, Arcella and Difflugia. It also covers shelled protozoans like foraminiferans and radiolarians. Important apicomplexan groups discussed are Plasmodium, Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium. It briefly describes ciliates including their nutrition, reproduction and important symbiotic relationships.

1. Protozoans
Zoomastigophoras

2. Introduction
• Animals having flagellum
• Unicellular
• Marine or freshwater
• Single nucleated
• Mostly parasites
• Example: Trypanosoma brucei

3. Trypanosoma
• Three subspecies
i. T. b. brucei
ii.T. b. gambiense T. b. Complex
iii.T. b. rhodesiense

5. Life cycle

6. Sub-phylum: Sarcodina
• Ameobiod organisms
• Locomotion through pseudopodia
• Temporary cell extension
• For feeding and locomotion

7. Types of pseudopodia

8. • Lobopodia: enclose ecto and endoplasm,
used for locomotion and ingestion
• Filopodia: ectoplasm only, two-way
streaming of food
• Reticulopodia: net like, working jxt like
filopodia
• Axopoda: main central axis, movaable and
adhesive cytoplasm

9. Class: Lobosea
• Superclass rhizopoda; true amoeba
• Naked without test or shell
• Shallow-water substrate living
• Feed on other protists and bacteria
• Engulf food by phagocytosis

10. • Binary fission with no sexual reproduction
• Test or shell is present in other members
• Protective structure secreted by cytoplasm
• Made of: Calcareous, proteinaceous,
siliceous, chitinous, sand or debris
• One or more opening for pseudopodia in
test

11. Arcella
• Freshwater and shelled
• Brown, proteinaceous test with flattened
one side while domed on other side
• Pseudopodia projected out from flattened
side

12. Difflugia
Freshwater
Shelled
Vase shape test
Composed of
embedded
mineral particles
in secreted matrix

13. Entamoeba histolytica
• Pathogenic
• Cause dysentery in humans
• Inflammation and ulceration in lower
intestinal area
• Common type of disease worldwide

14. Life cycle
• Symptoms not detectable
• Lives in folds of intestinal walls
• Feed on starch and mucoid secretions
• Pass from one host to other through cyst
formation with contamination of food and
fecal material
• In new host, leave cyst and resident itself
in intestinal wall

15. Subphylum: Actinopoda
• Foraminiferans marine amoeba
• Posses reticulopoda
• Calcareous test
• With growth, secrete new chamber which
attach with older chamber
• Test enlargement resembles like shell of
snail
• Mermaid’s pennies, shell, several
centimeter in diameter in AUS

17. Heliozoans
• Aquatic amoeba
• Planktonic or attached
• Naked or enclosed in shell
• Presence of Axopodia

18. Radiolarians
• Planktonic marine or freshwater amoeba
• Large in size
• Some colonies as large as many
centimeters
• Siliceous test
• Test drifts to bottom
• Oldest known fossil of invertebrates

19. Phylum: Labryinthomorpha
• Smallest phylum
• Most of them are marine
• Spindle-shaped, non-amoeboid,
vegetative cells
• Gliding motion in mucus tracks
• saptozoic and parasitic on algae and
seagrass
• Labyrinthula killed many seagrasses

20. Phylum: Apicomplexa
• All are parasites
• Apical complex
• Single type of nucleus
• No cilia and flagella
• Alternation of generation

21. Class: Sporozoea
• Produce a resistant spore
• Include plasmodium and coccidians
Life cycle:
• Merogony: multiple fission, merozoites
• Gametogony: micro and macro, zygote to
oocyst
• Sporogony: rodlike sporozoites, infect the
host

22. Life cycle of Plasmodium

23. Malarial Species
• P. vivax (48 hrs)
• P. falciparum (virulent)
• P. malariae (72 hrs)
• P. ovale (rarest)

24. Imp. Diseases
• Coccidiosis: pultry, sheep, cattle and
rabbits
• Cryptosporidium advent of AIDS
• Toxoplasmosis: Mammals, including
humans and birds
• Mainly effect cats
• Poor sanitary conditions spread it

25. • Congential toxoplasmosis: cause still birth
• Effecte the women during pregnancy and
may develop in fetus
• Survived embryo show mental retardation
and elliptical sreizures

26. Phylum: Microspora
• Commonly called microsporidia
• Obligatory parasites of beneficial insects
• Nosema bombicus parasitizes silkworm
cause pebrine
• N. apis parasitizes honeybees and cause
dysentery
• Biological control agents
• EPA approved N. locustae to control
grasshopper

28. Phylum: Acetospora
• Small, obligatory extracellular parasites
• Spores lacking polar caps or polar
filaments
• Parasite in cell, tissues and body cavities
of molluscs

29. Phylum: Myxozoa
• Commonly called myxosporeans
• Obligatory extracellular parasites of fish
• Resistant spores with 1-6 polar filaments
• Myxosoma cerebralis infects CNS and
auditory organs of trout & salmon, cause
whirling and tumbling

30. Phylum: Ciliphora
• Complex protozoa
• Marine as well as freshwater
• Few are symbiotic
• Cilia for locomotion
• Rigid pellicle
• Cytostome
• Dimorphic nuclei

31. Cilia
• Similar to flagella but small, numerous and
spread all over
• Ciliary movements coordinated
• Reverse cell movement due to ciliary
movement
• Basal bodies anchor cilia
• Cilia may develop into cirri by their joining

32. Trichocysts
• Pellicular structure
• Used for protection
• Rodlike or oval shaped organelles
• Pellicle discharge them
• Connected to body by sticky thread

34. Nutrition
• Cytostome for ingestion
• Food vacuole formation in cytopharnx
• Free living predate other protists and small
animals
• Dndiniun feeds on Paramecium, make
temporary opening to consume it
• Attached ciliates (suctorians) paralyze
prey with secretions of tentacles

36. Suctorians ingestion

37. • Tentacles form an opening in pellicle of
prey
• Prey’s cytoplasm drawn through tiny
channels in tentacles
• Mechanism involves tentacular
microtubules

38. Reproduction
• Two kinds of nuclei
• Micronuclei, one or more, genetic reserve
• Macronuclei, polyploid, for metabolic
activities
• Ciliates through binary fission, sometimes
by budding in suctorians
• Free living offspring attached to substrate

39. • Sexually by Conjugation, conjugants
• Initial contact is random
• Sticky secretions of pellicle facilitate
adhesion
• Plasma membrane fuse and remain for
many hours
• Macronucleus don’t participate in genetic
exchange

40. • Macronucleus breaks during conjugation

41. Symbiotic Ciliates
• May be commensalistic, mutualistic or
parasitic
• Balantidium coli parasitic ciliate in large
intestine of humans, pigs
• Produce proteolytic enzyme, digest host
epithelial, flask shaped ulcer
• Cyst formation, fecal contamination of
food
• Mostly distributed in Philippines
• Mutualistic present in rumen of hoofed