2. Autism--- Developmental Disability
• Disabilities attributable to mental or physical
impairments
• Manifested prior to age 18.
• CAUSES:
1. Brain injury or infection before, during or after
birth
2. Growth or nutrition problems
3. Abnormalities of chromosomes and genes
4. Premature birth or birth after expected date
5. Diet and Health care
6. Intake of drugs and Alcohol during pregnancy
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3. 7. Physical maltreatment
8. Neglect
9. Sexual abuse
• Other sensory disabilities can coexist with
developmental disabilities
• PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
PDD:
• Characterized as severe and pervasive impairment in
several areas of development
• Apparent difficulties in reciprocal social interactions,
communication skills, and stereotyped behavior,
interest and activities. 3
4. • PDD become evident in the first few years of life
• PDD can be observed with some degree of Mental
Retardation & sometimes cab observed with other
medical conditions like ( chromosomal
abnormalities, congenital infections, structural
abnormalities of the CNS.
• PDD can occasionally may develop schizophrenia.
• Autism in the umbrella of PDD.
• Autisms term coined by Leo Kenner,
• Autism is modern term, previously known as
childhood schizophrenia.
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7. • What is Autism?
• Definition:
• According to the IDEA “Autism” is:
• A developmental disability significantly affecting
verbal & non-verbal communication,
• Social interaction,
• Generally evident before age three, or manifested
prior to 30 months of age,
• Engagement in repetitive activities,
• Stereotyped movements,
• Resistance to change in environment, n in daily
routine,
• Unusual response to sensory experiences.
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8. • It is a syndrome, not a disorder,
• The term autism not apply if child’s behavior
primarily affected by emotional disturbance.
(U. S deptt. Of Education)
• Capacity to relate to people, events & objects.
• Disturbances in developmental rates may include:
1. Delays
2. Arrests
3. Regressions in motor, cognitive and social
behaviors.
• Over or under reactivity auditory, visual, tactile, or
olfactory stimuli's.
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9. • Children with autism never make eye contact
• Inside a child with autism is a genius
• Children with autism can't show affection
• Progress means a child does not have autism
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10. • Autism can be outgrown
• Bad parenting causes autism
• Children with autism cannot learn
• Autism is rare
• DSM CRITERIA:
Traits of Autism
• No or little speech
• Non-speech vocalizations
• Delayed development of speech
• Echolalia: speech consisting of literally repeating
something heard
• Delayed echolalia: repeating something heard at an
earlier time
• Confusion between the pronouns "I" and "You 10
11. • Lack of interaction
• Lack of eye contact
• Lack of response to people
• Aggressive behavior due to anxiety and/or
frustration
• When picked up, offering no "help" ("feels like lifting
a sack of --potatoes")
• Preoccupation with hands
• Flapping hands/ this may be accompanied by
jumping up and down with excitement
• Spinning
• Balancing, e.g. as if standing on a fence
• Walking on tiptoes
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12. • Extreme dislike of touching certain textures
• Dislike of being touched / close contact
• Either extremely passive behavior or extremely
nervous, active behavior
• Extreme dislike of certain foods
• Behavior that is aggressive to others
• Lack of interest
• Desire to follow set patterns of behavior / interaction
• Desire to keep objects in a certain physical pattern
• Repetitive behavior
• Self-injurious behavior
• Ritualistic behavior
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13. • Prevalence:
• In U.S now, one in 88, previously one in 10, 000.
• CAUSES:
• Chromosomes/ genetics
• CNS
• PKU
• Chemicals
• Brain
• COMMON Tools to Diagnose:
• ABC
• CARS
• Other Checklists 13
14. • Programs to Treat:
• ABA Method: Focuses on adaptive behavior training
techniques or behavior counseling by ADL criteria.
• TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and
Related Communication-Handicapped Children):
• Developed by psychologist Eric Schopler at the
University of North Carolina in the 1960s; it is used
by many public school systems today.
• A TEACCH classroom is structured, with separate,
defined areas for each task, such as individual work,
group activities, and play. It relies heavily on visual
learning, a strength for many children with autism
and PDD. 14
15. • Son- Rise program:
• Son-Rise is a home-based program for children with
autism spectrum disorders and other developmental
disabilities, which was developed by Barry Neil
Kaufman and Samahria Lyte Kaufman for their
autistic son
• The program is a parent-directed, relationship-based
play therapy.
• Parents are trained at an institute on how to be
aware of their attitudes—a core principle of the
therapy—for bonding and relationship building
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16. • Sensory Integration Therapy:
• Sensory integration therapy is driven by four key
principles
• 1. The child must be able to successfully meet the
challenges that are presented through playful
activities (Just Right Challenge);
• 2. The child adapts her behavior with new and
useful strategies in response to the challenges
presented (Adaptive Response)
• 3. The child will want to participate because the
activities are fun (Active Engagement)
• 4. The child's preferences are used to initiate
therapeutic experiences within the session (Child
Directed). 16
17. • The aim of sensory integration therapy is to improve
the ability of the brain to process sensory
information so that the child will function better in
his daily activities.
•
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