4. Past of CALL
What has been CALL? (1960-1990)
Learning language is an old habit of Human Nature, but the history
of CALL started with the invention of COMPUTER. It was not planned for a
language so the invention of computer plays main role in the history of
CALL. Because computer attracted the attention of some teachers by using
computer for a learning purpose. And that attention became the beginning
of the CALL.
First Phase of CALL:
The first phase of CALL is called BEHAVIORISTIC CALL, because it
follows the principles of Behaviorism. The duration of this phase is from
1960s to 1980, but in some books it started from 1960s and ends in 1970s.
5. Behavioristic phase
Repetitive language drills:
consisted of drill-and-practice materials in which the computer
presented a stimulus and the learner provided a response. At first, both
could be done only through text. The computer would analyze students'
input and give feedback, and more sophisticated programs would react to
students' mistakes by branching to help screens and remedial activities.
Based on the behaviorist learning model
First designed and implemented in the era of PLATO System (Mainly used
for extensive drills, explicit grammar instruction, and translation tests)
6. COMMUNICATIVE CALL
Emerged in the 1970s and 1980s
A reaction to the Behaviorist approach to language learning
Focusing more on using forms rather than on the forms themselves
Grammar should be taught implicitly, students should create original sentences
Corresponds to cognitive theories
Cognitive theories:
Creative process of discovery, expression, and development
Personal computers.
Software used in the era included text reconstruction programmers and
simulations
7. Present of CALL
The most recent stage of CALL is integrative CALL.
As the previous stage of CALL was concerned With before Internet. More new
technologies were introduced to the field of CALL.
As teachers moved away from a cognitive view of communicative teaching to a
more social or
socio-cognitive view, they placed more emphasis on language use in authentic
social context.
Integrate language skills: listening, speaking,reading and writing.
Integrate technology more fully into the language learning process.
Two Basic things are important:
1. MULTIMEDIA CALL
2. WEB_BASED CALL
8. MULTIMEDIA CALL
Characteristics:
1. They create a more authentic learning environment using different
media.
2. Language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking) are easily
integrated through multimedia.
3. Students have a high degree of control over their learning
through. hypermedia.
4. It facilitates a principle focus on the content without sacrificing a
secondary focus on language form
9. WEB-BASED CALL
Students can search through millions of files around the world
within minutes to locate and access authentic materials exactly
tailored to their own personal interests.
Students can use the Web to publish their texts or multimedia
materials to share with partner classes or with the general public.
Language learners can communicate directly, inexpensive and
conveniently with other learners or speakers of the target language
from school, home, work, etc.
10. COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION (CMC)
It provides authentic synchronous (e.g.chatting) and asynchronous
(e.g. email)communication channels.
Language learners can communicate directly, inexpensively, and
conveniently with other learners or native speakers of the target
language at any time and in any place.
CMC can be carried out in several forms; it can be one-to-one, one-
to-many, or many-to-one.
11. Intelligent CALL
Speech recognition.
Electronic conversation with the computer chat robot.
A chatter robot or chatbot is a computer programdesigned to
simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users
via auditory or textual methods, primarily for engaging in small talk.
12. Virtual Technologies for Education
The Virtual Classroom is a teaching and learning
environment constructed in software, which supports
collaborative learning among students who participate at
times and places of their choosing, through computer
networks.
13. Future of CALL
To know about the Future of CALL we can imagine it from the
concept of Normalization.
NORMALIZATION:
the process of bringing or returning something to
a normal condition or state….
This concept is relevant to any kind of technological innovation and
refers to the stage when the technology becomes invisible,
embedded in everyday practice and hence ‘normalised’.
14. Future of CALL
To take some commonplace examples, a wristwatch, a pen, shoes,
these are all technologies which have become normalized to the
extent that we hardly even recognize them as technologies.
Normalization is therefore the stage when a technology is invisible,
hardly even recognized as a technology, taken for granted in
everyday life.
CALL has not reached this stage, as evidenced by the use of the
very acronym 'CALL’—we do not speak of PALL (Pen Assisted
Language Learning) or of BALL (Book Assisted Language Learning)
because those two technologies are completely integrated into
education, but CALL has not yet reached that normalized stage.
15. Future of CALL
CALL will reach this state when computers are used every day by
language students and teachers as an integral part of every lesson,
like a pen or a book.
Teachers an d students will use them without fear or inhibition, and
equally without an exaggerated respect for what they can do.
They will not be the Centre of any lesson, but they will play a part
in almost all.
They will be completely integrate d into all other aspect s of
classroom life, alongside course books, teachers and notepads. They
will go almost unnoticed.
16. Stages of Normalization in CALL
Early Adopters. A few teachers and schools adopt the technology
out of curiosity.
Ignorance/scepticism. However, most people are sceptical, or
ignorant of its existence.
Try once. People try it out but reject it because of early problems.
They can’t see its value—it doesn’t appear to add anything of
‘relative advantage’
(Rogers, 1995).
Try again. Someone tells them it really works. They try again. They
see it does in fact have relative advantage.
