SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 39
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
CEMENT
Kardan University
Uploaded BY: Engr.Ahmad Sameer
CEMENT
Introduction
Popular as building material.
Material with adhesive & cohesive
properties.
To bind the fine & coarse aggregate
together
To fill voids in between fine & coarse
aggregate particle form a compact mass.
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
• Calcium Oxide (CaO) = 60 – 65%
• Silica (SiO2) = 20 – 25%
• Aluminum Oxide = 4 - 8%
• Ferrous Oxide = 2 – 4 %
• Magnesium Oxide = 1 – 3 %
CEMENT
There are 3 kind of mixture/concrete can be created using cement
that are:
Cement Grout
- A mixture of cement & water
Cement Mortar
- A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste.
Cement concrete
- A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
water, inert matrix of sand and gravel / crushed stone.
CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made by mixing substances containing Calcium Carbonate such as chalk /
limestone,
with substances containing silica , alumina and iron oxide such as clay/ shale.
•Clay/shale:
SiO2 Silica (silicon oxide) abbreviated S
Fe203 Ferrite (iron oxide) abbreviated F
Al203 Alumina (aluminium oxide) abbreviated A
•Limestone/chalk
CaC03 Calcium carbonate abbreviated C
•then the mixture heated and became clinker.
•Clinker then grounded to powder.
•The hardening Portland cement is a chemical process during which heat is evolved.
Why is it called "portland" cement?
Joseph Aspdin, an English mason who patented the product in 1824, named it portland
cement because it produced a concrete that resembled the color of the natural limestone
quarried on the Isle of Portland, a peninsula in the English Channel
Types of Cement
Depending upon our requirements i.e. using it at a suitable place, we use
different types of cement.
• Rapid Hardening or High early strength Cement
• Quick setting Cement
• High Alumina Cement
• Portland Slag Cement
• Low Heat Cement
• Air Entraining Cement
• White Cement
• Coloured Cement
• Portland Pozzolona Cement
Rapid Hardening Cement
This type cement gets the strength faster than OPC, However its
Initial and Final setting is same as those of OPC. It contains more
of Tri-Calcium Silicate and is more finely grounded. It gives out
more Heat while setting so it is as such unsuitable for massive
concrete. It is Used for the Structures which are Subjected to
loads early e.g. Roads, Bridges.
Quick Setting cement
It sets faster than the Ordinary Portland Cement. Its Initial Setting
Time is 5 minutes and the Final Setting Time is not more 30
minutes. It is required for making concrete that is required to set
early as for lying under water or in running water. Initial setting
being very little there is always the danger of concrete having
undergone its initial setting. Thus this type of cement is used in
more special cases.
• High Alumina Cement
It is manufactured by the burning of bauxite ore and lime stone in correct
proportions and at high temperature. The resulting product is then ground
finely. It develops Strength Rapidly. It is of black colour and resists well the
attack of chemicals especially of sulphates and sea water. Its ultimate
strength is much higher than OPC. Its initial setting takes more than 2 hours
and the final set takes place immediately thereafter. Most of the heat it gives
in the first 10 hrs as a result it can be conveniently used in freezing
temperatures. At ordinary temperature it is used in thin layers.
• Portland Slag Cement
It is obtained by mixing clinker, gypsum and granulated slag in a proper
proportion. The Properties of this cement is very similar to that of OPC which
are as under. It has lesser heat of hydration and has better resistance of
soils, sulphates of alkali metals, alumina and iron. It has better resistance to
acidic water. This type of cement is mostly used in Marine Works.
• Low Heat Cement
The Heat Generated by cement while setting may cause the structure to
crack in case of concrete. This Heat generation is controlled by keeping the
percentage of Tri-Calcium Silicate and that of Tri-Calcium Aluminate low. Its
initial setting and Final setting times are nearly the same as those of OPC. It
is not very suitable for Ordinary structures because the use of cement will
delayed time of drying. It will also need more curing.
• Air Entraining Cement
It is the OPC mixed with some air entraining agents. The
common air entraining agents are oils, fats and fatty acids
etc. These materials have the property of entraining air in
the form of fine air bubbles. The bubbles render the
concrete to become more plastic, workable and more
resistant to freezing. However because of air entrainment
the strength of concrete reduces and as such the quantity
of air so entrained should not exceed 5%.
• White Cement
It is the cement of pure white colour and having same
properties as those of Ordinary Portland Cement. Greyish
colour of cement is due to iron oxide (FeO). White cement
is manufactured from chalk and clay free from Iron Oxide.
Oil fuel and not the coal is used for the burning of this
cement.It is much more costly than ordinary cement. .
• Coloured Cement
Various coloured cement are prepared when required in special
cases. Suitable pigments are added with OPC to get red or
brown cement but for other colours 5 – 10% of desired pigments
are grounded with white cement. Pigments used should be
chemically inert and also durable so as they must not fade due to
the effect of lights sun or weather.
• Portland Pozzolona Cement
Portland Pozzolona cement is produced by grinding together
Portland cement and Pozzolona. This cement has properties
similar to those of OPC and can therefore be used for all general
purpose. Portland Pozzolona cement produces less heat of
hydration and offers greater resistance to attack of aggressive
water or sulphates bearing than OPC. Portland Pozzolona
cement are particularly used in marine works. It takes a little
longer to gain strength. Ultimate Strength of this cement is more
than OPC
HYDRATION
 It's a process of chemical reaction between
cement and water.
 It results first in setting (the concrete become
solid) and then hardening (increase of
strength and stiffness).
 Heat is liberated during hydration process.
 Thus, during the hardening process, the
concrete is being continually warmed by
internal heat generated
WHAT IS SETTING ?
 When cement is mixed with sufficient water, within 1 or 2
hr after the mixing, the sticky paste losses its fluidity ;
within a few hours after mixing, noticeable stiffening
commences.
 Setting can be divided to 2 stage that is:
 a) Initial Set b) Final Set
 Initial set is when the paste begin to stiffen
 Final set is when the paste beginning to
harden and able to sustain some loads.
 Initial Setting Time is the time lapse from
the addition of water in the mix to the initial
set.
 Initial Setting Time and Final Setting Time
can be determine by using Vicat Apparatus
in laboratory.
 They are measure at lab. As the time required
for the cement paste to withstand a certain
arbitrary pressure.
 The time taken for a 1-mm diameter needle in
the Vicat apparatus to penetrate a depth of
25mm into the cement past sample is the initial
setting time.
 The final setting time is reached when in
the modified Vicat apparatus only the
needle penetrates the surface, while the
attachment fails to do so.
 The rate of setting is also a measure of the
rate of heat of hydration.
Test of Cement
•Consistency test
•Compressive strength test
•Tensile strength test
VICAT’S APPARATUS
VICAT APPARATUS
Consistency Test
• It is used to determine the % of water required for
preparing cement pastes for other tests
• Procedure:
1. Take 300g cement, add 30% or 90g of water
2. Mix water and cement on a non-porous surface. Mixing
should be done.
• Fill the mould of Vicat apparatus.
• The interval between the addition of water to the
commencement of filling the moulds is known as the time
of gauging.
Cement
 Among the factors affect the setting time are:
 a) Fineness of cement
 b) Chemical composition
c) Amount of water
 Gypsum added to clinker to retard setting and
prevent flash set.
 Flash set is defined as the rapid development
of permanent rigidity of the cement paste
along with high heat.
 False set is the rapid development of rigidity
without the evolution of heat .
Compressive strength
• Mortar of cement & sand is prepared, 1:3.
• Water is added, water cement ratio 0.4:1
• It is placed in moulds & form cubes of sides 70.6
or 76 mm.
• The cement required is 185 or 235g
• Compacted in vibrating machine in 2 min.
• Moulds placed in damp cabin for 24 hrs
• Specimens are removed & placed in water for
curing.
•It is tested in compressive testing
machine after 3 and 7 days.
•Every side is calculated and average
is taken.
•For 3 days: > 115 kg/cm2 or 11.5
N/mm2
•for 7 days: > 175 kg/cm2 or 17.5
N/mm2
Tensile Strength
• Procedure:
1. Mortar is prepared cement(1) : Sand (3)
2. Water is added 8%
3. Mortar is placed in briquette moulds
Cement
Cement
Cement
• Typical briquette is formed.
• A small heap is formed at its top.
• It is beaten down by a standard spatula till
water appears on the surface.
• Same procedure is repeated for other sides
of briquettes.
• 12 standard briquettes are prepared
• The quantity of cement may be 600g for 12
briquettes
• It is kept in damp cabin for 24 hrs.
• It is carefully removed from mould and
submerged in clean water for curing.
• It is tested in testing machine after 3 and 7
days
• The cross section of briquettes at least
section is 6.45 cm2
• Ultimate tensile stress = failing load
6.45
• After 3 days: > 20 kg/cm2
• After 7 days: > 25 kg/cm2
HARDENING
Hardening is the development of strength over an
extended period of time, is completed for months or
years.
 Hydration is the key for strength development in
concrete.
 Hydration process are gradual and require
continuous presence of water.
 Adding water to the cement would cause
temperature of the mixture rise rapidly due to
reaction between Tricalcium Aluminate and
water that is initially quite rapid.
 This is because of since it takes some time
for
the gypsum to dissolve sufficiently to control
the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate.
 Gypsum prevents flash setting that happen
due
to the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate.
 Thereafter, setting and gradual hardening take
place by the reaction of Tricalcium Silicate
and Dicalcium Silicate with water.
 Atmosphere doesn't take part in hydration
process
 Hydration process can't take place completely
without enough water in the mixture.
 Hydration rate depends surface area of clinker
expose and fineness of grinding.
 Rate of hydration decreases continuously with
age as the resistance to water penetration of
unhydrated cement grains progressively rises.
Characteristics of Cement
• Color
• Physical properties
• Presence of lumps
• Strength
Colour should be uniform
Typical cement colour (gray colour
with light greenish shade)
It gives an indication of excess of
lime or clay and the degree of
burning.
Physical properties
Feel smooth when touched or rubbed in between
fingers.
If felt rough, indicates adulteration with sand.
If hand is inserted in cement bag, hand feels cool
and not warm.
If it immersed in water, it should sink and should
not float
A paste of cement feel sticky
 If it contains clay & silt as adulterant, it give
earthy smell.
Presence of Lumps
•It should free from hard lumps.
•It is due to the absorption of moisture
from atmosphere.
•If a bag contains lumps it should be
rejected.
Strength
• It is tested by three methods:
1. Briquettes with a lean or weak mortar are made
(75mm x 25mm x 12mm).
The proportion of cement & sand is 1:6.
Immersed in water for 3 days.
• If cement is good it will not be broken easily and difficult to
convert powder form.
2. A block is prepared (25 x 25 x 200) and
immersed in water for 7 days.
• Then it is placed on supports 150 mm
apart and loaded 340N.
• It should not show signs of failure.
3. Thick paste of cement with water is made
on thick glass and kept in water for 24
hours.
• It should set and not crack
THE END

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
1. cement ppt
1. cement ppt1. cement ppt
1. cement ppt
 
Types and properties of cement
Types and properties of cementTypes and properties of cement
Types and properties of cement
 
Properties of Cement
Properties of CementProperties of Cement
Properties of Cement
 
Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
Cement test
Cement testCement test
Cement test
 
Cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacturing processCement manufacturing process
Cement manufacturing process
 
Cement .pptx
Cement .pptxCement .pptx
Cement .pptx
 
Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
cement ppt
cement pptcement ppt
cement ppt
 
CEMENT
CEMENTCEMENT
CEMENT
 
Lime
LimeLime
Lime
 
Building materials cement
Building materials cement Building materials cement
Building materials cement
 
types and manufacturing of cement
types and manufacturing of cement types and manufacturing of cement
types and manufacturing of cement
 
2. testing of cement ppt
2. testing of cement ppt2. testing of cement ppt
2. testing of cement ppt
 
Cement
Cement Cement
Cement
 
Ordinary portland cement
Ordinary portland cementOrdinary portland cement
Ordinary portland cement
 
CEMENT
CEMENTCEMENT
CEMENT
 
Cement- presentation
Cement- presentationCement- presentation
Cement- presentation
 
Lime - Classification, Properties, Uses
Lime - Classification, Properties, UsesLime - Classification, Properties, Uses
Lime - Classification, Properties, Uses
 

Andere mochten auch

STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTSTUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTIAEME Publication
 
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...IAEME Publication
 
Stabilization of Soil Through Chemical Alteration
Stabilization of Soil Through Chemical AlterationStabilization of Soil Through Chemical Alteration
Stabilization of Soil Through Chemical Alterationjoliverreu
 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...Journal For Research
 
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
 
Presentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregates
Presentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregatesPresentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregates
Presentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregatesShanu Aggarwal
 
XRF ( x-ray fluorescence )
XRF ( x-ray fluorescence  )XRF ( x-ray fluorescence  )
XRF ( x-ray fluorescence )nanatwum20
 
XRF Theory and Application
XRF Theory and ApplicationXRF Theory and Application
XRF Theory and ApplicationSirwan Hasan
 
Concrete Mix Design Report
Concrete Mix Design ReportConcrete Mix Design Report
Concrete Mix Design ReportZakaria Yahya
 
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%Rajput Praveer
 
Concrete lab s5 procedure
Concrete lab s5 procedureConcrete lab s5 procedure
Concrete lab s5 procedureSHAMJITH KM
 
Concrete Compressive Strength
Concrete Compressive Strength Concrete Compressive Strength
Concrete Compressive Strength Mahmoud Hassan
 
XRF & XRD Analysis Principle
XRF & XRD Analysis PrincipleXRF & XRD Analysis Principle
XRF & XRD Analysis PrincipleNohman Mahmud
 

Andere mochten auch (19)

STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTSTUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT
 
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...
 
Stabilization of Soil Through Chemical Alteration
Stabilization of Soil Through Chemical AlterationStabilization of Soil Through Chemical Alteration
Stabilization of Soil Through Chemical Alteration
 
Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
Portland cement 1
Portland cement 1Portland cement 1
Portland cement 1
 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...
 
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...
 
Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
cement ppt
cement pptcement ppt
cement ppt
 
Presentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregates
Presentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregatesPresentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregates
Presentation on Comparative study Of concrete using Recycled coarse aggregates
 
Soundness test
Soundness testSoundness test
Soundness test
 
XRF ( x-ray fluorescence )
XRF ( x-ray fluorescence  )XRF ( x-ray fluorescence  )
XRF ( x-ray fluorescence )
 
XRF Theory and Application
XRF Theory and ApplicationXRF Theory and Application
XRF Theory and Application
 
Concrete Mix Design Report
Concrete Mix Design ReportConcrete Mix Design Report
Concrete Mix Design Report
 
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%
 
Construction material cement
Construction material cementConstruction material cement
Construction material cement
 
Concrete lab s5 procedure
Concrete lab s5 procedureConcrete lab s5 procedure
Concrete lab s5 procedure
 
Concrete Compressive Strength
Concrete Compressive Strength Concrete Compressive Strength
Concrete Compressive Strength
 
XRF & XRD Analysis Principle
XRF & XRD Analysis PrincipleXRF & XRD Analysis Principle
XRF & XRD Analysis Principle
 

Ähnlich wie Cement

Ähnlich wie Cement (20)

New microsoft office word document (3)
New microsoft office word document (3)New microsoft office word document (3)
New microsoft office word document (3)
 
Classification, manufacturing & uses of cement
 Classification, manufacturing & uses of cement Classification, manufacturing & uses of cement
Classification, manufacturing & uses of cement
 
Cement intro
Cement introCement intro
Cement intro
 
Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
Cement pptx
Cement pptxCement pptx
Cement pptx
 
Introduction of Concrete.pdf
Introduction of Concrete.pdfIntroduction of Concrete.pdf
Introduction of Concrete.pdf
 
CEMENT.pptx
CEMENT.pptxCEMENT.pptx
CEMENT.pptx
 
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...
 
Cement
Cement Cement
Cement
 
Is 456 codal provisions
Is 456 codal provisionsIs 456 codal provisions
Is 456 codal provisions
 
CEMENT Lecture Note.pptx
CEMENT Lecture Note.pptxCEMENT Lecture Note.pptx
CEMENT Lecture Note.pptx
 
CT unit1.pdf
CT unit1.pdfCT unit1.pdf
CT unit1.pdf
 
1.4 1.8
1.4 1.81.4 1.8
1.4 1.8
 
2. Concrete.pptx
2. Concrete.pptx2. Concrete.pptx
2. Concrete.pptx
 
Types of cement
Types of cementTypes of cement
Types of cement
 
2. TYPES OF CEMEMT.ppt
2. TYPES OF CEMEMT.ppt2. TYPES OF CEMEMT.ppt
2. TYPES OF CEMEMT.ppt
 
RCC lecture shivang 2.pdf
RCC lecture shivang 2.pdfRCC lecture shivang 2.pdf
RCC lecture shivang 2.pdf
 
CE 6506 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES EQUIPMENTS & PRACTICE
CE 6506 CONSTRUCTION  TECHNIQUES  EQUIPMENTS  & PRACTICE CE 6506 CONSTRUCTION  TECHNIQUES  EQUIPMENTS  & PRACTICE
CE 6506 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES EQUIPMENTS & PRACTICE
 
Concrete
ConcreteConcrete
Concrete
 
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY an introduction to concrete
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY an introduction to concreteCONCRETE TECHNOLOGY an introduction to concrete
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY an introduction to concrete
 

Mehr von Sameer Nawab

Types, importance and uses of rocks in
Types, importance and uses of rocks inTypes, importance and uses of rocks in
Types, importance and uses of rocks inSameer Nawab
 
How to attract clients for your own business
How to attract clients for your own businessHow to attract clients for your own business
How to attract clients for your own businessSameer Nawab
 
Why foreign exchange rates change
Why foreign exchange rates changeWhy foreign exchange rates change
Why foreign exchange rates changeSameer Nawab
 
Risk and uncertainty in construction projects
Risk and uncertainty in construction projectsRisk and uncertainty in construction projects
Risk and uncertainty in construction projectsSameer Nawab
 
History of apple incorporation
History of apple incorporationHistory of apple incorporation
History of apple incorporationSameer Nawab
 
Surfactants in water
Surfactants in waterSurfactants in water
Surfactants in waterSameer Nawab
 
Defects Of Foreign Architectures In Afghanistan
Defects Of Foreign Architectures In AfghanistanDefects Of Foreign Architectures In Afghanistan
Defects Of Foreign Architectures In AfghanistanSameer Nawab
 
Hydro electric power
Hydro electric powerHydro electric power
Hydro electric powerSameer Nawab
 

Mehr von Sameer Nawab (20)

Types, importance and uses of rocks in
Types, importance and uses of rocks inTypes, importance and uses of rocks in
Types, importance and uses of rocks in
 
Types of rock
Types of rockTypes of rock
Types of rock
 
How to attract clients for your own business
How to attract clients for your own businessHow to attract clients for your own business
How to attract clients for your own business
 
Why foreign exchange rates change
Why foreign exchange rates changeWhy foreign exchange rates change
Why foreign exchange rates change
 
Risk and uncertainty in construction projects
Risk and uncertainty in construction projectsRisk and uncertainty in construction projects
Risk and uncertainty in construction projects
 
Paint
PaintPaint
Paint
 
History of apple incorporation
History of apple incorporationHistory of apple incorporation
History of apple incorporation
 
Nanotechnology
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
Nanotechnology
 
Burje-khalifa
Burje-khalifaBurje-khalifa
Burje-khalifa
 
Dams
DamsDams
Dams
 
Stones
StonesStones
Stones
 
Energy
EnergyEnergy
Energy
 
Metals
MetalsMetals
Metals
 
Concrete
ConcreteConcrete
Concrete
 
Surfactants in water
Surfactants in waterSurfactants in water
Surfactants in water
 
Defects Of Foreign Architectures In Afghanistan
Defects Of Foreign Architectures In AfghanistanDefects Of Foreign Architectures In Afghanistan
Defects Of Foreign Architectures In Afghanistan
 
Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
Hydro electric power
Hydro electric powerHydro electric power
Hydro electric power
 
Paint
PaintPaint
Paint
 
Paint
PaintPaint
Paint
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 

Cement

  • 2. CEMENT Introduction Popular as building material. Material with adhesive & cohesive properties. To bind the fine & coarse aggregate together To fill voids in between fine & coarse aggregate particle form a compact mass.
  • 3. COMPOSITION OF CEMENT • Calcium Oxide (CaO) = 60 – 65% • Silica (SiO2) = 20 – 25% • Aluminum Oxide = 4 - 8% • Ferrous Oxide = 2 – 4 % • Magnesium Oxide = 1 – 3 %
  • 4. CEMENT There are 3 kind of mixture/concrete can be created using cement that are: Cement Grout - A mixture of cement & water Cement Mortar - A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste. Cement concrete - A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement, water, inert matrix of sand and gravel / crushed stone.
  • 5. CEMENT PORTLAND CEMENT Made by mixing substances containing Calcium Carbonate such as chalk / limestone, with substances containing silica , alumina and iron oxide such as clay/ shale. •Clay/shale: SiO2 Silica (silicon oxide) abbreviated S Fe203 Ferrite (iron oxide) abbreviated F Al203 Alumina (aluminium oxide) abbreviated A •Limestone/chalk CaC03 Calcium carbonate abbreviated C •then the mixture heated and became clinker. •Clinker then grounded to powder. •The hardening Portland cement is a chemical process during which heat is evolved. Why is it called "portland" cement? Joseph Aspdin, an English mason who patented the product in 1824, named it portland cement because it produced a concrete that resembled the color of the natural limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, a peninsula in the English Channel
  • 6. Types of Cement Depending upon our requirements i.e. using it at a suitable place, we use different types of cement. • Rapid Hardening or High early strength Cement • Quick setting Cement • High Alumina Cement • Portland Slag Cement • Low Heat Cement • Air Entraining Cement • White Cement • Coloured Cement • Portland Pozzolona Cement
  • 7. Rapid Hardening Cement This type cement gets the strength faster than OPC, However its Initial and Final setting is same as those of OPC. It contains more of Tri-Calcium Silicate and is more finely grounded. It gives out more Heat while setting so it is as such unsuitable for massive concrete. It is Used for the Structures which are Subjected to loads early e.g. Roads, Bridges. Quick Setting cement It sets faster than the Ordinary Portland Cement. Its Initial Setting Time is 5 minutes and the Final Setting Time is not more 30 minutes. It is required for making concrete that is required to set early as for lying under water or in running water. Initial setting being very little there is always the danger of concrete having undergone its initial setting. Thus this type of cement is used in more special cases.
  • 8. • High Alumina Cement It is manufactured by the burning of bauxite ore and lime stone in correct proportions and at high temperature. The resulting product is then ground finely. It develops Strength Rapidly. It is of black colour and resists well the attack of chemicals especially of sulphates and sea water. Its ultimate strength is much higher than OPC. Its initial setting takes more than 2 hours and the final set takes place immediately thereafter. Most of the heat it gives in the first 10 hrs as a result it can be conveniently used in freezing temperatures. At ordinary temperature it is used in thin layers. • Portland Slag Cement It is obtained by mixing clinker, gypsum and granulated slag in a proper proportion. The Properties of this cement is very similar to that of OPC which are as under. It has lesser heat of hydration and has better resistance of soils, sulphates of alkali metals, alumina and iron. It has better resistance to acidic water. This type of cement is mostly used in Marine Works. • Low Heat Cement The Heat Generated by cement while setting may cause the structure to crack in case of concrete. This Heat generation is controlled by keeping the percentage of Tri-Calcium Silicate and that of Tri-Calcium Aluminate low. Its initial setting and Final setting times are nearly the same as those of OPC. It is not very suitable for Ordinary structures because the use of cement will delayed time of drying. It will also need more curing.
  • 9. • Air Entraining Cement It is the OPC mixed with some air entraining agents. The common air entraining agents are oils, fats and fatty acids etc. These materials have the property of entraining air in the form of fine air bubbles. The bubbles render the concrete to become more plastic, workable and more resistant to freezing. However because of air entrainment the strength of concrete reduces and as such the quantity of air so entrained should not exceed 5%. • White Cement It is the cement of pure white colour and having same properties as those of Ordinary Portland Cement. Greyish colour of cement is due to iron oxide (FeO). White cement is manufactured from chalk and clay free from Iron Oxide. Oil fuel and not the coal is used for the burning of this cement.It is much more costly than ordinary cement. .
  • 10. • Coloured Cement Various coloured cement are prepared when required in special cases. Suitable pigments are added with OPC to get red or brown cement but for other colours 5 – 10% of desired pigments are grounded with white cement. Pigments used should be chemically inert and also durable so as they must not fade due to the effect of lights sun or weather. • Portland Pozzolona Cement Portland Pozzolona cement is produced by grinding together Portland cement and Pozzolona. This cement has properties similar to those of OPC and can therefore be used for all general purpose. Portland Pozzolona cement produces less heat of hydration and offers greater resistance to attack of aggressive water or sulphates bearing than OPC. Portland Pozzolona cement are particularly used in marine works. It takes a little longer to gain strength. Ultimate Strength of this cement is more than OPC
  • 11. HYDRATION  It's a process of chemical reaction between cement and water.  It results first in setting (the concrete become solid) and then hardening (increase of strength and stiffness).  Heat is liberated during hydration process.  Thus, during the hardening process, the concrete is being continually warmed by internal heat generated
  • 12. WHAT IS SETTING ?  When cement is mixed with sufficient water, within 1 or 2 hr after the mixing, the sticky paste losses its fluidity ; within a few hours after mixing, noticeable stiffening commences.  Setting can be divided to 2 stage that is:  a) Initial Set b) Final Set
  • 13.  Initial set is when the paste begin to stiffen  Final set is when the paste beginning to harden and able to sustain some loads.  Initial Setting Time is the time lapse from the addition of water in the mix to the initial set.  Initial Setting Time and Final Setting Time can be determine by using Vicat Apparatus in laboratory.  They are measure at lab. As the time required for the cement paste to withstand a certain arbitrary pressure.
  • 14.  The time taken for a 1-mm diameter needle in the Vicat apparatus to penetrate a depth of 25mm into the cement past sample is the initial setting time.  The final setting time is reached when in the modified Vicat apparatus only the needle penetrates the surface, while the attachment fails to do so.  The rate of setting is also a measure of the rate of heat of hydration.
  • 15. Test of Cement •Consistency test •Compressive strength test •Tensile strength test
  • 18. Consistency Test • It is used to determine the % of water required for preparing cement pastes for other tests • Procedure: 1. Take 300g cement, add 30% or 90g of water 2. Mix water and cement on a non-porous surface. Mixing should be done. • Fill the mould of Vicat apparatus. • The interval between the addition of water to the commencement of filling the moulds is known as the time of gauging.
  • 20.  Among the factors affect the setting time are:  a) Fineness of cement  b) Chemical composition c) Amount of water  Gypsum added to clinker to retard setting and prevent flash set.  Flash set is defined as the rapid development of permanent rigidity of the cement paste along with high heat.  False set is the rapid development of rigidity without the evolution of heat .
  • 21. Compressive strength • Mortar of cement & sand is prepared, 1:3. • Water is added, water cement ratio 0.4:1 • It is placed in moulds & form cubes of sides 70.6 or 76 mm. • The cement required is 185 or 235g • Compacted in vibrating machine in 2 min. • Moulds placed in damp cabin for 24 hrs • Specimens are removed & placed in water for curing.
  • 22. •It is tested in compressive testing machine after 3 and 7 days. •Every side is calculated and average is taken. •For 3 days: > 115 kg/cm2 or 11.5 N/mm2 •for 7 days: > 175 kg/cm2 or 17.5 N/mm2
  • 23. Tensile Strength • Procedure: 1. Mortar is prepared cement(1) : Sand (3) 2. Water is added 8% 3. Mortar is placed in briquette moulds
  • 27. • Typical briquette is formed. • A small heap is formed at its top. • It is beaten down by a standard spatula till water appears on the surface. • Same procedure is repeated for other sides of briquettes. • 12 standard briquettes are prepared • The quantity of cement may be 600g for 12 briquettes
  • 28. • It is kept in damp cabin for 24 hrs. • It is carefully removed from mould and submerged in clean water for curing. • It is tested in testing machine after 3 and 7 days • The cross section of briquettes at least section is 6.45 cm2 • Ultimate tensile stress = failing load 6.45
  • 29. • After 3 days: > 20 kg/cm2 • After 7 days: > 25 kg/cm2
  • 30. HARDENING Hardening is the development of strength over an extended period of time, is completed for months or years.  Hydration is the key for strength development in concrete.
  • 31.  Hydration process are gradual and require continuous presence of water.  Adding water to the cement would cause temperature of the mixture rise rapidly due to reaction between Tricalcium Aluminate and water that is initially quite rapid.  This is because of since it takes some time for the gypsum to dissolve sufficiently to control the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate.  Gypsum prevents flash setting that happen due to the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate.
  • 32.  Thereafter, setting and gradual hardening take place by the reaction of Tricalcium Silicate and Dicalcium Silicate with water.  Atmosphere doesn't take part in hydration process  Hydration process can't take place completely without enough water in the mixture.  Hydration rate depends surface area of clinker expose and fineness of grinding.  Rate of hydration decreases continuously with age as the resistance to water penetration of unhydrated cement grains progressively rises.
  • 33. Characteristics of Cement • Color • Physical properties • Presence of lumps • Strength
  • 34. Colour should be uniform Typical cement colour (gray colour with light greenish shade) It gives an indication of excess of lime or clay and the degree of burning.
  • 35. Physical properties Feel smooth when touched or rubbed in between fingers. If felt rough, indicates adulteration with sand. If hand is inserted in cement bag, hand feels cool and not warm. If it immersed in water, it should sink and should not float A paste of cement feel sticky  If it contains clay & silt as adulterant, it give earthy smell.
  • 36. Presence of Lumps •It should free from hard lumps. •It is due to the absorption of moisture from atmosphere. •If a bag contains lumps it should be rejected.
  • 37. Strength • It is tested by three methods: 1. Briquettes with a lean or weak mortar are made (75mm x 25mm x 12mm). The proportion of cement & sand is 1:6. Immersed in water for 3 days. • If cement is good it will not be broken easily and difficult to convert powder form.
  • 38. 2. A block is prepared (25 x 25 x 200) and immersed in water for 7 days. • Then it is placed on supports 150 mm apart and loaded 340N. • It should not show signs of failure. 3. Thick paste of cement with water is made on thick glass and kept in water for 24 hours. • It should set and not crack