the threat to health of the future is here

1. BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO
SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON
CHILDHOOD OBESITY : THREAT TO HEALTH
BY SAMBO,NICKY MARIAH
MSC NURSING, MED-SURGE
SPS/19/MNS/00012
COURSE: NUR 8332
DATE 30 TH JULY 2021

3. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Causes of obesity
• The vicious circle of obesity
• Relationship between poverty and obesity
• Relationship between obesity and education
• Obesity between settlements in Nigeria
• Health implications
• Complications

4. OUTLINE cont...;
• Prevention/control
• Medical and surgical management
• Myths and facts about childhood obesity

5. INTRODUCTION
Pediatric obesity is
currently one of the most
important global public
health challenges.
In fact, the World Health
Organization (WHO)
describes pediatric
obesity as "one of the
most serious public
health challenges of the
21 st century."

6. INTRODUCTION CONT;
The prevalence of overweight and obesity
in pediatrics has supposedly increased
alarmingly, not only in economically
advanced countries, but also in
developing countries of Africa, Asia,
Oceania and South America. A 2012
estimate of the WHO reports that globally
40 million children younger than 5 years
are overweight

7. DEFINITION
• Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.
• Body mass index (BMI) is the index of weight-for-
height that is commonly made used of to classify
overweight and obesity in adults.
• BMI It is defined as a person's weight in kilograms
divided by the square of his height in meters
(kg/m2).

8. DEFINITION CONT....
For adults, WHO defines overweight and obesity
as follows:
• Overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to
25; and
• Obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.

9. DEFINITION CONT…
• For children, age needs to be considered
when defining overweight and obesity.
• Children under 5 years of age
• Overweight is weight-for-height greater
than 2 standard deviations above WHO
Child Growth Standards median; and
• Obesity is weight-for-height greater than 3
standard deviations above the WHO Child
Growth Standards median.

10. DEFINITION CONT…
Children aged between 5–19 years
• Overweight is BMI-for-age greater than 1
standard deviation above the WHO Growth
Reference median; and
• Obesity is greater than 2 standard deviations
above the WHO Growth Reference median

12. Determining BMI Percentiles for
Children and Teens (Age 2-20)
Weight Status Category
• Underweight
• Healthy weight
• Overweight
• Obese
• Less than the 5th percentile
• 5th percentile to less than the
85th percentile
• 85th to less than the 95th
percentile
• Equal to or greater than the
95th percentile
Percentile Range

13. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY
• In 2019, an estimated 38.2 million children
under the age of 5 years were overweight or
obese.
• Once considered a high-income country
problem, now on the rise in low- and
middle-income countries, particularly in
urban settings.
• In Africa, the number of overweight children
under 5 has increased by nearly 24% percent
since 2000.

14. EPIDEMIOLOGY cont…
• Almost half of the under 5 who were overweight or
obese in 2019 lived in Asia.
• Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-
19 were overweight or obese in 2016.
• While just under 1% of children and adolescents
aged 5-19 were obese in 1975, more 124 million
children and adolescents (6% of girls and 8% of
boys) were obese in 2016.

15. CAUSES OF OBESITY
Behavioral Factors
• Eating bigger portions,
eating foods that are
calorie-rich but nutrient
poor
• Spending lots of time in
front of the television or
computer
• Spending too little time on
physical activities

16. Environmental
Factors
Easy access to high-
calorie junk foods
Few opportunities for
physical activity
Lack of parks and
playgrounds in some
communities

17. Genetic Factors
A child is at increased
risk for obesity when
at least one parent is
obese.

18. Certain
Medications
steroids, some
antidepressants,
and others

19. Medical Conditions:
Genetic syndromes
like Prader-Willi,
and hormonal
derangement
like hypothyroidism
can cause obesity

20. Socio-cultural
Factors
Our society tends to
use food as a
reward, as a means
to control others,
and as part of
socializing

21. Family Factors
The types of food
available and the food
preferences of family
family mealtimes
family habits, whether
they are sedentary or
physically active
having an overweight
mother and living in a
single parent household

22. Psychological factors
Depression and anxiety
Self-esteem
Body dissatisfaction
Eating disorder

24. POVERTY AND OBESITY
•Buy cheaper, less healthy food
•Poor being less educated
•Families choose high-fat foods
dense with energy
•The fresh vegetables and fruits
and lean meats and fish might be
more expensive and don’t last
long

25. POVERTY AND OBESITY cont…
•Those adult with low wages had
increased BMI as well as increased
chance of being obese concluded
Kim & Leigh, (2010).”
• In another study by singh in 2007,
children from lower income
households had more than two times
higher odds of being obese than
children from higher income
households

26. Relationship Between Childhood Obesity And Obesity In Adults

27. Relationship Between Childhood Obesity
And Educational
According to a study conducted by Marion Devaux in 2011
he following were her findings
 Obese children has low self-esteem and poor social
connection.
 They are more prone to being bullied by schoolmates.
 Poor academic performance is higher among them.
 Affect academic performance and education attainment
later on in life.

28. Relationship between obesity and educational performance

29. OBESITY IN NIGERIAN CITIES
AND RURALAREAS
Obes Metab
1983-2013

30. COMPLICATIONS OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY

31. OTHER COMPLICATIONS
• Economic Consequences : $14.1 billion,29 plus
inpatient costs of $237.6 million.3 in USA only
• Academic consequences
• Socio-emotional consequences

32. CONTROL OF OBESITY ( 192KG > 87KG)

34. Exercise
lead by example

35. OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Choose nonfood rewards
Have healthy snacks available.
Reduced sedentary activity
Be sure your child gets enough sleep.
Keep the fridge and pantry stocked with healthy
foods and drinks
Encourage children to eat only when hungry.
Drink Water not carbonated drinks

36. Weight Loss Medications in the
Treatment of Pediatric Obesity
• Sibutramine, an appetite suppressant, is a
nonselective reuptake inhibitor. cause
vasoconstriction
• Orlistat is a reversible lipase inhibitor. It binds lipase
in the lumen of the stomach and intestine, making
it unavailable to hydrolyze dietary fat (triglycerides)
and cholesterol to free fatty acids and glycerol.
Intact triglycerides and cholesterol cannot be
absorbed; they pass through the intestine and are
excreted in the feces.

37. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Bariatric surgeries
Bariatric weight loss procedures can be divided
into 3 main categories, that is,
 malabsorptive,
restrictive, and
combination

38. TYPES OF BARRIATRIC PROCEDURES

39. COMPLICATIONS OF THE
PROCEDURES
Early complications
leaks, stenoses, bleeding, and venous
thromboembolic events
Balloon complications
reflux, nausea, and abdominal discomfort
Late complications
band erosion, acute obstruction, ischemia, and
megaesophagus or pseudoachalasia.

40. MYTH AND FACTS ABOUT
CHILDHOOD OBESITY

41. SUMMARY
• Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels
in developed as well as in developing countries.
• Overweight and obesity in childhood are known
to have significant impact on both physical and
psychological health.

42. CONCLUSION
• The growing issue of childhood obesity can be slowed,
if society focuses on the causes.
• A combined diet and physical activity intervention
conducted in the community with a school component
is more effective at preventing obesity.
• Parentsshould enforce a healthier lifestyle at home
• Focusing on these causes may, over time, decrease
childhood obesity and lead to a healthier society as a
whole.

43. For listening

44. REFERENCES
• Abdullah, A. et al. (2011), “The number of years
lived with obesity and the risk of all-cause and
cause-specific mortality”, International Journal of
Epidemiology, Vol. 40/4, pp. 985-996,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr018
• Anderson, A. and D. Good (2017), “Increased body
weight affects academic performance in university
students”, Preventive Medicine Reports, Vol. 5,
pp. 220-223,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.12.020

45. REFERENCES
• Bustillo, A. et al. (2016), “Relationship between Low
School Performance and Obesity in Adolescents: An
Article Review”, World Journal of Nutrition and
Health, Vol. 4, 2016, Pages 10-15, Vol. 4/1, pp. 10-
15, http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/JNH-4-1-3
• OECD (2017), Obesity Update 2017, OECD, Paris,
http://www.oecd.org/health/obesity-update.htm
• OECD (2017), Obesity Update 2017, OECD, Paris,
http://www.oecd.org/health/obesity-update.htm