Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.

1. 02/13/17 04:04 AM 1
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

2. Activity
• Topic
– Morality and Ethics
• Instruction
– Differentiate Morality
and Ethics
02/13/17 04:04 AM 2
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

3. Moral and Ethical
02/13/17 04:04 AM 3
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

4. !Ethics
• Ethikos (Greek)
– Origin
– Right or Wrong
– Character (Ethos)
– Practical science of
human conduct
– Implies Rules and
Direction
– Code of Conduct
– System in Society
– Doctrine of Morality
(Ethike)
02/13/17 04:04 AM 4
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

5. !Ethics Synonyms
• Character
– Behavior and acts of man
– Acts that one is used to do
– One continuously does to the
point that it already become his
distinctive mark
– Free and deliberate use of free
will
• Custom
– Beliefs and practices whose roots
are buried too deeply in time or in
one’s memories to the point that
they have already lost their
meaning and significance
– We do them even if they do not
make sense but because they are
just traditional
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
5

6. Ethics
• Ethics
• Subjective depending on the place
• USA
– PDA
• Europe
– Frank
• UAE
– Patriarchal
• Japan
– Soup
• China
– Communist
• Alaska
– Wife
• Filipino
– Hospitable
02/13/17 04:04 AM 6
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

7. !Objects of Ethics
• Material Object
– Human Act
– Human Conduct
• Stealing
• Formal Object
– Deals with the Rightness
or Wrongness of the Act
• Moral justification of
stealing
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
7

8. Non-applicability of Ethics
• Alone
• Asleep
• Coma
• Animal
• Dead
02/13/17 04:04 AM 8
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

9. !Morality
• Mos/ Moris (Latin)
– Mores
– Good or Evil
– St. Thomas Aquinas (Law)
• Hurting others
• Breaking Hearts (No Law)
• Disappointments to
parents
• Sin of Omission
• Happens even when
alone
02/13/17 04:04 AM 9
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

10. Morality
• Sources of Morality
– Holy Scriptures
• Bible
– Philosophy – Ethics
• Natural Law of St. Thomas
Aquinas
– Church Tradition
• Church Scholars
– Magisterium
• Pope and Church Council
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
10

11. Morality
• Determinants of
Morality
– End of the Act
• Intrinsically Evil Act
– Wrongfulness is part of
nature
» Stealing
• Extrinsically Evil Act
– Wrongfulness comes
from an outside factor
» Giving alms
(Intrinsically good)
for publication
purposes to win
the election
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
11

12. !Morality
• Determinants of Morality
– End of Doer
• Purpose of motive of the
doer
• Absence of Motive makes
the act involuntary or
accidental
• The end does not justify
the means
– Do not do evil even the
result is good
» Robbin Hood
» Cheating to pass
» Stealing for food
» Torture for truth
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
12

13. !Morality
• Determinants of Morality
– Circumstances of the Act
• Elements surrounding the
commission of an act
– Who e.g. Insane, young
children is exempting
circumstances and Killing an
oppressor is mitigating
circumstance
– What e.g. Item stolen like
medicine is mitigating
circumstances
– Where e.g. Church
aggravating circumstance
– How e.g. Mutilation is
aggravating circumstance
– When e.g. Victim is Sleeping
is aggravating circumstance
and death of debtor is
exempting circumstances
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
13

14. !Morality
• Norms of Morality
– Standard of
measurement for the
Criteria of Judgment
• Quality of the Act
• Quality of Character
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
14

15. !Morality
• Moral Distinctions
– Moral Action
• Conforms with Norms
– Immoral Action
• Evil and prohibited action
– Amoral Action
• Neutral
• Not good or evil
• If too much becomes evil
– E.g. Disciplining a child
and Drinking wine
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
15

16. Morality
• Christian Morality
– Revolves around the
Christian principle of
Love
– The Way of Jesus
• Christ, our Way, the
Truth, and the Life
– (John 14:6)
02/13/17 04:04 AM 16
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

17. Morality
• Christian Morality
– Values
• Respect
• Openness
– Undisclosure of the
true goodness
02/13/17 04:04 AM 17
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

18. Morality
• Christian Morality
– Takes us away from the
negative effects of the
modern world.
• Fast pace
• Mass Media
• Luxury
• Power
02/13/17 04:04 AM 18
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

19. Morality
• Theology
• Fundamentals of Christianity
and Basic Catechism
• Scriptures
• Christology
• Sacraments and Liturgy
• Ecclesiology
• Christian Morality
02/13/17 04:04 AM 19
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

20. Morality
• Christian Love
– Fullness of Life with
others in community
– Being with the friend
and even the enemy
– Imitation of Jesus Christ
02/13/17 04:04 AM 20
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

21. Morality
• Relationship with SONG
– Self
– Others
– Nature
– God
02/13/17 04:04 AM 21
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

22. Morality
02/13/17 04:04 AM 22
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
• Steps in making Moral
Decision
– Is there a moral dilemma?
– What are the significant
facts?
– Who are the stakeholders?
– What are the available
options?
– Evaluating the choices
• Weighing
– Double checking your
decision
• Go back to step 1

23. Activity
• Topic
– Christian Morality
• Situation
– Contemporary Era
• Instruction
– Essay
• Question
– How can I uphold a
moral community that
reflects Christian vision?
02/13/17 04:04 AM 23
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

24. Activity
• Topic
– Relationship with the SONG
• Situation
– Human Person to Society
• Instruction
– Essay
• Maxim
– Person’s morality must
identify itself with public
welfare.
• Thomas Hill Green (1836 –
1882)
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
24

25. Approaches to Study the
Phenomenology of the Human Person
• Science
– From outside of Man
• Philosophy
– From within Man
• Man is capable of
thinking that he is
thinking and thinking
the word “think” itself
• Self-awareness
• Self-conscious
02/13/17 04:04 AM 25
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

26. Human Person
• What is a Human
Person?
• Rational Animal?
• Body and Soul
02/13/17 04:04 AM 26
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

27. Soul
• Kalooban
– Affective
• Kabubut-un
– There is meaning
• Human – Rational Being
– Giver and Source of
Meaning
• Carabao for a Farmer.
• Pen to a Student
02/13/17 04:04 AM 27
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

28. Soul
• Hierarchy of Soul
– Divine Soul
• God
– Spiritual Soul
• Angels
– Rational Soul
• Human Person
– Sentient Soul
• Animals
– Vegetative Soul
• Plants
02/13/17 04:04 AM 28
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

29. Human Person
• As the Catechism of the
Catholic Church affirms,
“the human person, made
in the image of God, is a
being at once corporeal and
spiritual” (no. 362). The
human body is
human and living precisely
because it is animated by a
spiritual soul (ibid, no. 364).
So closely united are body
and soul in the human
person that one must
consider the soul to be the
“form” of the “body.”
02/13/17 04:04 AM 29
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

30. Human Person
• Res Extensa (Body)
– Dies
– Decomposes
• Res Cogitans (Soul)
– Eternal
– Continues to live
02/13/17 04:04 AM 30
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

31. Human Person
• Hylomorphic
– Embodied Res Cogitans
– Substantial Unity of Res
Extensa and Res
Cogitans
• St. Thomas Aquinas
• Thomism
• Thomistic Philosophy
02/13/17 04:04 AM 31
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

32. Human Person
• It is only because it is
animated by a spiritual soul
that the body in question is
a living, human body. As
Pope John Paul II has said,
the human person’s
“rational soul is per se et
essentialiter the form of his
body,” and the “person,
including his body, is
completely entrusted to
himself, and it is in the unity
of body and soul that the
person is the subject of his
own moral acts.”
02/13/17 04:04 AM 32
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

33. Human Person
• Unique
• Irreducible
• Sacred
• Inviolable
• Irreplaceable
• Unrepeatable
• The Giver of meaning
02/13/17 04:04 AM 33
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

34. Human Person
• I and it
– I and an object
• Martin Buber
– Human Person should
not
» Utilitarian
» Use
• I and thou
– I and a Human Person
• Paul Ricoeur
– Human Person should
» Communicate to
and respect others
as Human Person
02/13/17 04:04 AM 34
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

35. Human Person
• Human Being
– Tao
• Tao lamang ako
nagkakamali rin.
– Wrong justification
• Human Person
– Pagpapakatao
• Being able to go beyond
instincts and
temperament.
02/13/17 04:04 AM 35
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

36. Human Person
• Human Being
– Only becomes Human
Person when he helps
and guides others.
– Only becomes a person
when he sacrifices his
time, money,
disposition, effort and
commit to love.
– You can only give
yourself to others when
you are complete.
02/13/17 04:04 AM 36
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

37. Human Person
• Characteristics of
Human Being
– Need to preserve life
– Need to procreate
– Need to know the truth
– Need to live in society
02/13/17 04:04 AM 37
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

38. Human Person
• Characteristics of
Human Person
– Natural insight to be
able to distinguish moral
and immoral
– Feels himself obliged to
do good and avoid evil
– Feels accountable for his
action
02/13/17 04:04 AM 38
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

39. Moral Agent
• Human Person
– Intellectual Being
– Cognitive-Intellection
(Think)
– Capable of
understanding
– Ability to Know
– Aware of the world
– Cognitive-Volition (act)
– Evaluative Knowledge
02/13/17 04:04 AM 39
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

40. Moral Agent
• Moral Being
– Nature before original
sin
02/13/17 04:04 AM 40
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

41. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Burrhus Frederic
Skinner
– absolutely determined
• External Forces or Stimuli
– Birth, time, place and
parents
– Physical limitation
– Culture
– Family and Friends
– Expectations
• Conditioning Factors
– Government
– Church
– School
• Activity (Critic)
02/13/17 04:04 AM 41
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

42. !Phenomenology of Freedom
• Jean Paul Sartre
– absolutely free
– “existence precedes
essence.”
– Man creates his essence thus
no God who created pre-
essence
– Man is not yet not he is thus
man must create values and
standard of morality using his
freedom
– Freedom and responsiblity
– Deciding not to be free is
already freedom
02/13/17 04:04 AM 42
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

43. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Maurice Merleau Ponty
– Studied in Ecole
Normale Superieure
– French Philosopher
– Neutral
– Situated Freedom
02/13/17 04:04 AM 43
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

44. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Pillars of Freedom
– The truth about Jesus
the Savior
• Jesus died for your sin.
– The truth about the
Church
• Reminds us to use
freedom morally.
– The truth about man and
his dignity
02/13/17 04:04 AM 44
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

45. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Acts on Freedom
– Imputable to its author.
• This is my action
– Impregnate
• Man
– Has given freedom by
God.
– Is free but he is not free
of the consequences
02/13/17 04:04 AM 45
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

46. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Acts of Freedom
– Good Acts
• Salvation
• Peace of Mind
• Tranquility
– Bad Acts
• Sin
• Misery
• Bad Karma
– God: Mine is the
vengeance
02/13/17 04:04 AM 46
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

47. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Freedom
– We are all connected
because our soul came
from the same source
02/13/17 04:04 AM 47
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

48. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Christian view on
Freedom
– Instilled by God along
with the Intellect
– Not absolute
– Must lead to more
freedom
– Real freedom does not
limit one after doing
such
• E.g. Impregnate
02/13/17 04:04 AM 48
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

49. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Freedom
– Saying and Doing what I
want
• Wrong notion
– Shared Freedom
• Authentic Freedom
• Having no hindrance with
others
02/13/17 04:04 AM 49
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

50. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Freedom
– Power rooted in reason
and will to act or not to
act and to do or not to
do.
– Do bad/ evil
• Leads to being unfree
– Stealing, Impregnate
– Do good
• Leads to more freedom
– Imposition of Trust
02/13/17 04:04 AM 50
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

51. Phenomenology of Freedom
• Voluntariness
– Voluntas (Latin) Will
• Perfect Voluntariness
– Full knowledge and
complete freedom
• Imperfect Voluntariness
– Without full
understanding what he
is doing or doing what
he dislike
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
51

52. !Human Acts
• Human acts
– Done intentionally
– Done freely
– Done willfully
– Done with
knowledge and
consent
– Done deliberately
– Done voluntarily
– Man is conscious of
02/13/17 04:04 AM 52
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

53. !Human Acts
• Classification of Human Acts
– Adequate Elicited
• Wish
– Impossible
– I long to be a cum laude
• Intention
– Possible
– I am going to be a cum
laude
• Consent
– Enumerate actions
• Election
– Choose among actions
• Use
– Actualize chosen action
• Fruition
– Being a cum laude
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
53

54. !Human Acts
• Classification of Human
Acts
– Adequate Commanded
Acts
• Internal Acts
– Performed Mentally i.e.
reasoning and reflecting
• External Acts
– Performed Bodily i.e.
talking and writing
• Mixed Acts
– Simultaneous act of will
and action
– All external acts are
coming from Internal
acts
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
54

55. !Human Acts
• Impairments/ Modifiers of
Human Acts
– Ignorance
• Invincible
– Imposed by society
• Vincible
– Can be dispel by inquiry
• Affected
– Refuse to dispel ignorance
– Concupiscence
• Passion
– Antecedent (Voluntarily arose
– Acts of Man) Precedes
– Consequent (Willed) Follows
– Fear (From and With)
– Violence
– Habit
02/13/17 04:04 AM 55
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

56. Human Acts
• Ends of Human Act
– End of the Doer
• Reason for the act
– Proximate and Remote
» Doer accomplishes
immediately e.g.
Eating for hunger
– Intermediate and Ultimate
» Ceases upon
completion of the act
e.g. Saving for
commodity
– End of the Act
• Natural completion of the
act
– Eating for nourishment
– Talking for communication
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
56

57. Activity
• Topic
– Impairments of Human Acts
• Ignorance
• Situation
– Man married his unknowingly
long lost sister
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Is the immoral act of
marrying his sister
extinguished by ignorance?
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
57

58. Activity
• Topic
– Impairments/ Modifiers of Human Acts
• Affected Ignorance
• Situation
– Despite her parents disapproval, Diana, a
3rd year college student went to the party
with her boyfriend. At first she did not
want to take any hard drink but because
her boyfriend insisted, she did and got
drunk. Something inevitable happened
after. She had sex with her boyfriend
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Does Diana did not commit any sin for she
was drunk during the sexual act?
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
58

59. Activity
• Topic
– Impairments/ Modifiers of Human
Acts
• Fear
• Situation
– A first year college student came
home late after having fun with
his friends the night before the
examination day. Afraid to fail
and be scolded by his father, the
student cheated during the exam
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Is cheating here justifiable?
02/13/17 04:04 AM 59
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

60. !Acts of Man
• Acts of Man
– Instinctive
– Unfree
– Senility (Infant activities)
– Acts of the insane
– Nature and commonality
of man and animal
• Natural Voluntary
– Sleeping
• Natural Involuntary
– Beating of Heart
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
60

61. !Indirect Voluntary Act
• Indirect Voluntary Act
– One action with possible
unintended willed
consequence
• Putting up a mall but
consequently displacing
(pesky) squatters
• Media man documenting
prostitution with the
intention to help these
women get out of indecency,
ended up having sexual
activities with them
• Mall owner and media man
are responsible for their act
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
61

62. Activity
• Topic
– Indirect Voluntary Act
• Situation
– Queenie and Amy were best
friends. Amy fell in love with
Rick, Queenie’s boyfriend. When
Queenie went for a week
vacation with her parents, Amy
chased Rick and went to bed
with him
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Is Rick absolved from Sin since it
was Amy who chased him?
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
62

63. !Double Effect
• Double Effect
– One Action with Both Good
and unintended Evil
consequences
– These effects may not be
directly intended by the
person who performs the
action, but they are foreseen
and therefore, indirectly
willed as a consequence of
his action
– US Nuclear Bombing Japan,
Aborting Ectopic Pregnancy
and Standardization of
Grading System
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
63

64. !Normative Ethics
• Consequentialism
– Teleological ethics
• Telos (Latin) End
– Act is good if the result is good
– Act is bad if the result is bad
– Elaborations
• Egoism
• Hedonism (Eudaimonia)
• Pragmatism
• Utilitarianism
– Jeremy Bentham
» Act must benefit the
majority
– John Stuart Mill
» Quality pleasure by
following rules
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
64

65. !Normative Ethics
• Deontology
– Deon (Greek) Duty
– Immanuel Kant
• Categorical
Imperative
• Act is good if it is
universal and binding
to all men
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
65

66. !Virtue Ethics
• Virtue Ethics
– Plato and Aristotle
– What kind of person
should I be?
– Essential character to
attain virtues
– Focus on the person not
the act
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
66

67. !Virtue Ethics
• Moral/ Cardinal Virtues
– Pertain to the will of being
moral.
• Temperance
– Self-control and moderates
emotions
• Prudence/ Wisdom
– Knowing the pros and cons of
the act to employ
• Fortitude
– Courage to stand for Good
– Strength to face dangers and
problems in life
• Justice
– Gives what is due
02/13/17 04:04 AM 67
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

68. !Moral Virtue
• Moral Virtue
– Friedrich Nietzsche
– Restore master-morality
– Produce dominant morality
– Develop aristocracy of human
race who will assure a better
future for humankind
– Self Reliance, high-
mindedness and creative
leadership
– Good is everything that
enhances the feeling of
power; bad is all that
proceeds from weakness
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
68

69. Activity
• Topic
– Virtue Ethics
• Situation
– Some students are very diligent
in their studies but still did not
reach the standard passing grade
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Should Professors grant
considerations to students who
did not passed but have shown
clear diligence in studies in class?
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
69

70. Law
• Law
– Reasonable decision,
promulgated by
competent authority,
towards the common
good
– Dura lex, sed lex
• The Law is harsh, but it is
the law
02/13/17 04:04 AM 70
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

71. Law
• Hierarchy of Law
– Eternal Law
• Law of the Absolute
• Law and Order in the
Universe
– Natural Law
• Law of Human Nature
– Divine Law
• Promulgated by God
– Moral Law
• Inner Law
– Human Positive Law
• Promulgated by Man
02/13/17 04:04 AM 71
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

72. !Authoritarian Ethics
• Natural Law Theory
– Human nature is
governing standard of
morality
– Aristotle
• Man is geared towards
happiness particularly on
mind and body
– St. Thomas Aquinas
• Man is geared towards
happiness not only for
mind and body but also
for soul and can only be
achieved with God
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.
72

73. !Authoritarian Ethics
• Authoritarian Ethics
– Morality of an act is
determined by authority
• Divine Command
Theory/ Divine Law
– Authority resides in God
– Will of God can be found
in Holy Scriptures
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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73

74. Authoritarian Ethics
• Decalogue
– Deca
• Ten
– Logos
• Words
– Constitution of the
Church
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

75. Authoritarian Ethics
• Decalogue (Exodus 20:2-13)
– 1. I, the Lord, am your
God. Thou shall not have
other gods beside me.
– 2. Thou shall not take
the name of the Lord,
your God, in vain.
– 3. Remember to keep
holy the Sabbath Day.
– 4. Honor your father and
mother.
– 5. Thou shall not kill.
• Decalogue (Exodus 20:14-17)
– 6. Thou shall not commit
adultery.
– 7. Thou shall not steal.
– 8. Thou shall not bear
false witness against
your neighbor.
– 9. Thou shall not covet
your neighbor’s wife.
– 10. Thou shall not covet
your neighbor’s goods.
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.
75

76. Authoritarian Ethics
• Jesus’ Greatest
Commandments
– Love the Lord your God
with all your heart and
with all your soul and
with all your mind.
– Love your neighbor as
yourself.
• Matthew 22:36-40
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

77. Authoritarian Ethics
• Ascension
– The risen Lord (Body and
Divine Soul) ascended to
heaven
• Jesus
– Gave a new
commandment: Love
one another as I have
loved you.
02/13/17 04:04 AM 77
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

78. !Authoritarian Ethics
• Legalism/ Human
Positive Law
– Laws of the state
– Morality is dictated by
the laws created by man
– Constitution is the
highest law of the land
– Article 3 of Civil Code
• Ignorance of the law
excuses no one from
compliance therewith
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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78

79. Authoritarian Ethics
• Legalism/ Human
Positive Law
– Kinds of Right
• Natural Rights
• Human Rights
• Civil Rights
• Ecclesiastical Rights
• Alienable rights
• Inalienable Rights
• Juridical Rights
• Non-juridical Rights
• Jurisdiction Rights
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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79

80. Activity
• Topic
– Natural Law
• Situation
– Homosexuality
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Is homosexuality immoral
according to natural law?
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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80

81. !Moral Responsibility and Care
• Emmanuel Levinas
– January 12, 1906 – December
25, 1995
– Born in Kaunas Lithuania
– European Jewish Philosopher
– Worked on “Totality and
Infinity” and “Otherwise than
Being”
– Philosophizes that the “I”
must conform with “others”
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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81

82. !Existentialism
• Existentialism
– Soren Kierkegaard
– Blaise Pascal
– Karl Jaspers
– Jean Paul Sartre
– Reaction to dehumanization
• Subject not Object
• Soren Kierkegaard
– 1813 AD – 1855 AD
– Born in Copenhagen,
Denmark
– Father of Existentialism
– Consciousness leads to
responsibility
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

83. !Existentialism
• Soren Kierkegaard
– Consciousness leads to
responsibility
• Good action leads to
Freedom
• Evil action leads to Guilt
– Leap of Faith
• Aesthetic
– Beauty and Ugliness
• Ethical
– Conscience
• Submission to God
– Emptiness without God
02/13/17 04:04 AM
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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83

84. !Intuitionism
• Intuitionism
– Man can sense the right or
wrong
– Objective moral truth that are
independent of human beings
• George Edward Moore
– Worked on “Principia Ethica”
which contends the “good”
cannot be broken down in
simpler form because it is
simplest by itself
apprehended by moral
intuition
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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84

85. !Emotivism
• Emotivism
– Morality as response to a
situation
– Morality is innate to man’s
emotional awareness
– Giving alms and feeling good
about it
• A.J. Ayer
– Logical Positivism
• Adheres Science and rejects
metaphysics
– Meaningful Statements
• Analytic
– Logic and Mathematics
• Empirical
– Sense experience
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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85

86. !Emotivism
• C.L. Stevenson
– American Philosopher
• Emotivism
– Persuading the other to
adopt one’s attitude,
thoughts and conduct
– By not drinking and
smoking can influence
friends to slowly quit
drinking and smoking
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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86

87. Temptation
• Bad?
– Wrong notion
• Is good
• Opportunity to do
good
• Open paper of seatmate
• Money on floor
• Undressed woman in
front
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

88. Sin
• Sin
– Rejection of the call of
conscience to do good
– Is offense against
reason, truth and right
conscience.
– Failure in genuine Love
for God and neighbor
caused by a perverse
attachment to certain
goods.
– Evil Act violating God’s
will and therefore
offending God
02/13/17 04:04 AM 88
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
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89. Classification of Sin
• Original Sin
– Sin committed by Adam
and Eve
– Sin that makes man
mortal
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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90. Classification of Sin
• Seven Capital/ Deadly Sins
– Pride
• Excessive belief in self
– Avaries/ Covetousness
• Crime against chastity
– Envy/ Jealousy
• Desire for other’s situation
– Lust
• Inordinate sexual pleasure
– Gluttony/ Greediness
• Too much consumption
• Desire for material wealth
– Anger/ Wrath
• Spurning of Love
– Sloth/ Idleness
• Laziness
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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91. Classification of Sin
• Mortal Sin
– Evil act in violation of
the Decalogue
– Requisites:
• Grave
• Planned
• Free will
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

92. Classification of Sin
• Venial Sin
– Any sin not mentioned
in 7 Capital Sin and
Mortal Sin
– Do not break one's
friendship with God, but
injure it
– Requisites:
• Unserious
• Unaware
• Not deliberate
• Not willful
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

93. Classification of Sin
• Sin of Omission
– Omitting to do
something good
02/13/17 04:04 AM 93
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

94. Conscience
• Conscience
– Inner voice that is always
summoning us to love good and
avoid evil
– Voice of God
– Whisper of admonition
– Practical judgment of reason
telling us what should be done
because it is good and what
should be done because it is evil
– Actions in accordance with the
dictate of reason
– Punishes doer with remorse or
rewards him with peace of mind
– (Activity)
• Experience
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

95. Conscience
• Types of Conscience
– Correct Conscience
• Corresponds to objective
moral values and
percepts
– Erroneous Conscience
• Mistakenly judges some
things as morally good
which is objectively evil
– Doubtful Conscience
• Vacillating/ Unsure for its
goodness or evilness
– Not including the name
of a person in group
work though he
sometimes works on it
02/13/17 04:04 AM 95
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
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96. Conscience
• Responsibility to
Conscience
– Develop a properly
formed conscience and
to correct any erroneous
conscience we may have
had
02/13/17 04:04 AM 96
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.

97. Conscience
• Developing Correct
Conscience
– Attending to the Word
of God and the teachings
of the Church
– Responsiveness to the
dwelling of the Holy
Spirit
– Critical reflection on our
concrete moral choices
and experiences of daily
life
02/13/17 04:04 AM 97
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

98. Conscience
• Levels of Conscience
– Fear Conscience
• Scared of Punishment
– Moral/ Ethical
Conscience
• Acts based on Values
– Religious Conscience
• Gives up everything for
God
02/13/17 04:04 AM 98
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

99. Moral Demand
• Moral Demand
– Repentance
– Conversion
– Reconciliation
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

100. Moral Demand
• Beatitudes
– Foundation of Christian
Morality
– Blessed are
• the poor in spirit: for theirs is
the kingdom of heaven. (5:3)
• those who mourn: for they will be
comforted. (5:4)
• the meek: for they will inherit the
earth. (5:5)
• those who hunger and thirst for
righteousness: for they will be filled.
(5:6)
• the merciful: for they will be
shown mercy. (5:7)
• the pure in heart: for they will see God.
(5:8)
• the peacemakers: for they will be
called children of God. (5:9)
• those who are persecuted for
righteousness' sake: for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven. (5:10)02/13/17 04:04 AM 100
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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101. Moral Demand
• Corporal Works of
Mercy
– Feed the Hungry
– Give drink to the thirsty
– Clothe the naked
– Shelter the homeless
– Comfort the imprisoned
– Visit the sick
– Bury the dead
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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102. Moral Demand
• Spiritual Works of
Mercy
– Admonish sinners
– Instruct the uninformed
– Counsel the doubtful
– Comfort the sorrowful
– Be patient with those in
error
– Forgive offenses
– Pray for the living and
the dead
02/13/17 04:04 AM 102
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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103. Moral Demand
• Eschatology
– Study of the End
– Last things
– Final events in the history of
the world or of humankind
– End times
– End of the World
– Parousia
– Last judgment
– Apocalypse
– Ultimate consummation of all
of God's purposes.
– Ultimate destiny of
humankind
– New earth/ Heaven
02/13/17 04:04 AM 103
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

104. Moral Demand
• Ultimate Purpose of
Moral Demand
– Ultimate Union with God
02/13/17 04:04 AM 104
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
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105. Human Values
• Values
– Anything which enriches
our experience of life
and bring happiness
– The “good” of Aristotle
– Makes us Human Person
by creating symbol out
of the ordinary thing
such as gifts and time
such as anniversaries,
birthdays, fiestas, et al.
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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105

106. Human Values
• Hierarchy of Values
– Moral Values
• Spiritual Values e.g.
Character
– Intellectual Values
• Truth, education
– Psychological/ Social/
Cultural
• Community, religion, et al
– Biological Values
• Basic Values e.g. Food,
shelter, et al.
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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106

107. Human Values
• Dilemma on Values
– Permanent over
Temporary
• Education over leisure
– Essential over Accidental
• Reputation over beauty
• Duties over parties
• Food over accessories
– Moral over Physical
• Religion over sports
• Charity over luxury
• Dignity over lust
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107

108. Human Values
• Filipino Values
– Pananalig sa Maykapal
• Filipinos put their trust entirely
in God’s hand
– Bahala na ang Diyos
– Ipapasa-diyos na lamang
• Call on God on trying times and
praising God for all His goodness
– Magpaka-lalaki
• (Activity)
– Ano ang nagpapaka-lalaki sa
lalaki?
– Magpaka-babae
• (Activity)
– Ano and nagpapaka-babae sa
babae?
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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108

109. Human Values
• Faith
– Certainty of the Absolute
– To be certain of the
uncertain.
– Implied in Human Love
– Unconditional trust in the
Absolute
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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110. Human Values
• Hope
– Love and Faith depends
– The Kindling Fire in Love
– The Light in Faith
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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111. Human Values
• Faith
– Revelation in the past
• Love
– Present commitment
• Hope
– Fulfillment in the future
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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112. Human Values
• Honesty
– Dishonesty
• Forms of Dishonesty
– Lying/ Cheating
» Saying false to someone
who is entitled to know
the truth
– Slander/ Gossip
» Malicious statements
that injure person’s
reputation
– Fraud/ Falsification/
Fabrication
» Deceiving others
– Stealing
» Taking property from a
person without
permission
– Counterfeiting/ Forging
» Faking items to look like
original for original use
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113. Human Values
• Rewards of Honesty
– Clean Conscience
– Peace of Mind
• Do not lie to others and
for others
– Self-respect
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113

114. Phenomenology of Responsibility
• Responsibility
– Roots in the objective
awareness characteristic
of the human being.
– Environment calls
Human
• Max Scheler
02/13/17 04:04 AM 114
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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115. Responsibility
• Human Being
– Human Nature will be
accomplished.
– Stewards of the Creation
• (Activity)
– Great power comes
great responsibility.
• Spiderman
02/13/17 04:04 AM 115
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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116. Phenomenology of Work
• Work
– Is the means by which
man can preserve his life
– Both right and duty
– Legitimate use of our
mental and bodily powers
for economic gain or
profit
• Stealing, Killing Prostitution
are not work because they
are illegitimate and
immoral
02/13/17 04:04 AM 116
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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117. Phenomenology of Work
• Work
– Essence is just
compensation of wage
or salary
– Any unjust wage, slavery
or forced labor is
immoral
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

118. Phenomenology of Work
• Karl Marx
• Man (has Body) Physical
– Needs to struggle for
work
– Imprints his personhood
to work
– Liberates himself from
the dictates of nature
02/13/17 04:04 AM 118
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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119. Phenomenology of Work
• Work
– Makes man social (Field
of Specialization)
– Gives meaning to Man’s
being
– Makes man a changer of
the World
02/13/17 04:04 AM 119
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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120. Phenomenology of Work
• Evolution of Work
– Primitive
• Sacred
– Greeks
• Order and Harmony in
Nature
– Limited to Slaves
– Medieval
• God Works
• Man’s Punishment
• Energy
– Modern
• Machines
Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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121. Phenomenology of Work
• Animal
– Survival
– Unconscious
– No development (Ants)
• Human Person
– Surplus
– Conscious
– Develops (Buildings)
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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122. Phenomenology of Work
• Dehumanizing Work
– Boring
• Doing nothing E.g. Security Guard
– Routine/ Repetitive
• Single type of work E.g. Driver,
Dishwasher
– Meaningless
• No achievement E.g. Office worker
– Anti-social
• Competing Work E.g. Lawyer
– Overly Stressful
• Draining Work E.g. Surgeon
– Impersonal
• Like machine E.g. Accountant
– Non-creative
• Nothing to improve E.g. Office
Worker
– No personal relationship
• Persons of authority E.g. Police
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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122

123. Phenomenology of Work
• Types of Work
– Entrepreneur
• Businessmen
– Inventor
• Scientists
– Intellectual
• Artists
• Writers
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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124. Phenomenology of Work
• Hierarchy of Work
– Professional
• Postgraduate
• Physician
• Lawyer
– Management/
Administrative
• Overseer
– Clerical
• Specialized Skill
– Manual
• Physical
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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125. Occupational Stratification
• Government Executive
• Lawyer/ Cabinet Secretary
• Doctor
• Clergy/ Nun/ Administrator
• Professor
• TV Personality
• Professional Athlete
• Architect/ Engineer
• Military Official/ Pilot/ Captain
• Accountant/ Manager
• Businessman/ Chef
• Grade/ High School Teacher
• Office Worker/ Bank Teller
• Police/ Army
• Nurse/ Social Worker
• Receptionist/ Stewardess
• Bartender/ Waiter
• Security Guard/ Bodyguard
• Driver/ Mailman/ Barber
• Helper/ Janitor/ Portman
• Newspaper boy/ Car washer
• Vendor/ Shoe shiner
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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125

126. Activity
• Topic
– Phenomenology of Work
• Situation
– Future Career
• Instruction
– Essay
• Maxim
– We live in order to work,
and not work in order to
live
• Karl Marx
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

127. Activity
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.
127
• Topic
– Phenomenology of Work
• Situation
– Future Career
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Family or Work

128. Work Ethics
• Work Ethics
– A set of values based on the
moral virtues of hard work
and diligence.
– Determines how that person
relates to occupational
responsibilities such as goal-
setting, accountability, task
completion, autonomy,
reliability, cooperation,
respect,
communication, honesty,
effort, timeliness,
determination, leadership,
volunteerism and dedication.
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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129. Work Ethics
• Making Ethical
Decisions
• Is it legal?
• Will it harm anyone?
• If you were the
client, how would
you feel?
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

130. Work Ethics
• Basic Duties of Worker
– Work honestly and
diligently
– Comply with all rules of
the workplace
– Respect the employer
and coworkers
– Do not cheat or steal
– Do not waste time
– Do not bring problems
from home
– Love your work
02/13/17 04:04 AM 130
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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131. Work Ethics
• Basic Duties of Employer
– Compensate workers justly
– Treat workers as your equal
– Provide safe and healthy
environment
– Allow time for vacation
– Do not impose unjust rules
– Respect the dignity of the
workers
– Never treat them as slaves for
making money
02/13/17 04:04 AM 131
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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132. Work Ethics Cases
• Exploitation of Person
• Enticing or inducing a
person to act in a manner
prejudicial to his interest
– Direct
• Inducing a child to steal
– Indirect
• Inducement is
unintentional but
nonetheless harmful e.g.
violent TV programs or
computer games
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132

133. !Bioethics
• Bioethics
– Ethics and morality
which deals with the
problem of life, health
and death
• Van Potter
– Introduced the study of
Bioethics being a bridge
of scientific fact and
ethical value
02/13/17 04:04 AM 133
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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134. Bioethics
• Health
– Bodily fitness, consisting
in the absence of pain or
illness.
– Includes bodily, psychic
and spiritual dimension
of man.
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

135. Bioethics
• Healthy Person
– Physically fit,
emotionally balanced,
mentally alert and
morally upright
02/13/17 04:04 AM 135
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

136. Bioethics
• Human Life
– Must be preserved and
protected by all
necessary means
02/13/17 04:04 AM 136
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
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137. Bioethics
• Medical Practitioners
– Should seek the
promotion of life and
health in every way
possible, motivated not
by monetary gains or
fame but by
appreciation of the gift
of life
02/13/17 04:04 AM 137
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

138. Bioethics
• Genetic Engineering
– Genesis – Origin
– Allows desirable genes
from one plant, animal
or microorganism to be
incorporated into an
unrelated species, thus,
avoiding the constraints
of normal cross
breeding.
02/13/17 04:04 AM 138
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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Jr.

139. Bioethics
• Genetic Interventions
– Genetic Control
• In Vitro Fertilization
– Within Glass
– Conception outside the
womb
• Surrogate Motherhood
– Substitute Motherhood
• Sperm Banking
– Freezing and
preservation of sperm
02/13/17 04:04 AM 139
Ethics, Morality with Character Education
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140. !History of Bioethics
• Ancient
– Hippocrates’ Juramento
• Hippocratic Oath
– Forbid Abortion
– Avoid Euthanasia
– Maintain Professional
Secrets
– Decorum and honesty
dictated life
– Patients be not harmed
but goal on well-being
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140

141. !History of Bioethics
• Medieval
– St. Thomas Aquinas’
Summa Theologica
discusses in the light of
natural law issues of
homicide, suicide, pain
of death and mutilation
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141

142. !History of Bioethics
• Modern
– Bioethical Strands:
• Medical Deontology
– Immanuel Kant’s
emphasis on
elaboration of the
duties of the doctor to
patient
• Teleology
– Jeremy Bentham’s
utilitarian perspective
on autonomy of patient
in decision for himself
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142

143. !History of Bioethics
• Contemporary
– Ambivalence of Bio-medical
Progress
• Technological progress must be
accompanied by values
– Human Rights
• Forbid experimentation on man
– Crisis regarding the myth of
ethical neutrality of science
• Ethics in scientific project
– Environmental crisis
• Bioethics united the world of
science and ecology with human
values
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143

144. !Bioethical Principles
• Autonomy
– Auto Nomos (Greek) Self
Governance
– Freedom/ Liberty
– Qualifications:
• Sanity
• Minors and dying
represented by guardians
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144

145. !Bioethical Principles
• Veracity
– Truthfulness of the medical
practitioner
– Binds medical practitioner
and patient into agreement
• Beneficence
– Every action has good effect
to doer
• Non-maleficence
– Avoidance of harmful way in
treating patient
– Ahimsa
• Buddhist Tradition of “Do no
harm”
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146. !Bioethical Principles
• Confidentiality
– Privacy
• Place
– Secrecy of the patient’s
health information
• Role Fidelity
– Professionally complying
but not overlapping the
scope of Job Description
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147. !Bioethical Principles
• Justice
– Retributive
• Justice observed if justice served
• Merit during Ancient period
– Distributive
• Equity
– Consequential
• Utility
• Jeremy Bentham
– Act is good if it produced
happiness to majority
• John Stuart Mill
– Act according to rule
– Equal
• Liberty
– Enjoyed by society
• Difference by John Rawls
– Affluent helps the poor
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148. !Bioethical Cases
• Abortion
– Termination of pregnancy
– Spontaneous
• Miscarriage
– Induced
• Deliberately done
• Violation of the sanctity of life
• Barry’s view:
– Conservative view
» Justified if it endangers
the life of mother
– Liberal view
» Mary Anne Warren
» Absolutely allowed
» Fetus are not human like
us
– Intermediate view
» Justified in rape cases
» Justified in deformity
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149. Activity• Topic
– Abortion
• Situation
– Thousands of women and girls captured by
Boko Haram have been raped. Over 200 of
these women are clearly pregnant, but
many more may be carrying the unwanted
children of militants. Some of the girls
subjected to sexual violence were as
young as 8. Many contracted HIV.
– Many sought for abortion to help them
forget the horror of Boko Haram
• Instruction
– Discussion
– Essay
• Minimum of 20 Sentences
• Three paragraphs
• Question
– Should these rape victims be allowed to
have abortion?
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150. !Bioethical Cases
• Organ Mercantilization
– Body Organ
Commercialization
– Republic Act (RA) No.
9208
• Anti-trafficking in Person
Act of 2003
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151. !Bioethical Cases
• Contraception
– Prevention of
Conception
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152. !Bioethical Cases
• Euthanasia
• James Rachel
– Literally means Good/ Happy
Death
– Mercy Killing
– Deliberate extinction of
human life to prevent further
pain and suffering
– Active
• Voluntary
– Employs lethal injection
upon patient’s request
• Non-voluntary
– Employs lethal injection
upon relative’s request of
a mentally ill or brain dead
patient
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153. !Bioethical Cases
• Euthanasia
– American Medical
Association
• Against Active Euthanasia
– Passive
• Voluntary
– Not doing anything
allowing person to
naturally die by
patient’s request
• Non-voluntary
– Not doing anything
allowing person to
naturally die by
relative’s request of
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154. !Bioethical Cases
• Challenge of the
doctrine
– Active euthanasia
• Is more humane than
passive
– Killing and allowing to
die
– Daniel Callahan
• Have no difference
• Not distinct
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155. !Bioethical Cases
• Immorality of
Euthanasia
– Gay-Williams
• Against natural law and
process of life
• Against self-interest
– Resort of severely sick
people
• Against physician’s ought
to save life
• Upholds Palliative care
– Taking care of patient/
parents until their death
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156. Bioethical Cases
• Suicide
– Intentional killing of
oneself by one’s own
volition and hands
– Kinds of Suicide
• Egoistic Suicide
– Little Social Interaction
• Altruistic Suicide
– Self Sacrifice for others
• Anomic Suicide
– Unable to fulfill the
needs
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157. Bioethical Cases
• Suicide
– Kinds of Anomic Suicide
• Acute Economic Anomie
– Unreligious
• Chronic Economic Anomie
– Wealthy but unhappy
• Acute Domestic Anomie
– Inability to adapt e.g.
Widowhood
• Chronic Domestic Anomie
– Bachelor tended suicide
than married
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158. Bioethical Cases
• Drug Addiction
– State of psychological or
physical dependence on
a dangerous drug
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159. Bioethical Cases
• Alcoholism
– State of dependence on
liquor
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160. Advanced Ethics
• Famine, Affluence and
Morality
– Peter Singer
• Utilitarian
• Consequentialist
– Do good = happiness
– Do bad = pain
– To be moral, the affluent
should aid the famined
– Government Dole-out
• Must be given to the poor
and not be withheld to
corrupt government officials
– NGO
• 40 to personal and 60 for
operation
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161. Advanced Ethics
• Famine, Affluence and
Morality
• Peter Singer
– Corruption
• Becomes structural
(Government/NGO)
– Global Ethics
• One world
– Famine
• Is not lack of food supply
• Being able to eat
available food but having
no means of attainment
– E.g. Market
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162. Advanced Ethics
• Famine, Affluence and
Morality
• Peter Singer
– Intelligent people
• Took advantage on people
instead of helping them
• There is money in poverty
– E.g. Government hands
money to official
(Pocketed) before reaching
to the poor
– Affluence
• Individual Duty
– Donate
• Institutional Duty
– Aid
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163. Advanced Ethics
• Property and Hunger
• Amartya Sen
– Property Rights
• Must not for starvation
• Intrinsic value is to make us
human
– Minimum moral entitlement
• Result to famine
– Policy
• Kai Nielsen
– Some facts about famine
» Poverty and
economic policies are
causes of famine
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164. Advanced Ethics
• Development as Freedom
– Amartya Sen
• Different Person
– Same Income
– Different Needs
• E.g. P1000 given to Pregnant
Woman and Bachelor will
have different satisfaction
• Policy
– Police power of the state
– Ensure that rights of people
are protected
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165. Advanced Ethics
• Development as
Freedom
• Amartya Sen
– Rights
• Have intrinsic value
• Makes us human
– Right to own property
• Gives a certain level of
satisfaction towards
happiness
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166. Advanced Ethics
• Development as Freedom
– Amartya Sen
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Socialist Liberal Libertarian
Status Equality Treatment Equality Right Equality
No right to own property Opportunity for the
common good of society
Have right to own property

167. Advanced Ethics
• Development as
Freedom
• Amartya Sen
– Laws
• Meant to protect the right
of majority
• Utilitarian
• Must protect people
because it is what they
deserve
– Entitlement
• Endowment
– Inheritance
• Exchange
– Bought
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168. Advanced Ethics
• Development as
Freedom
• Amartya Sen
– Famine
• No purchasing power
– No capacity of buying
• Supply movement
– Crop owners export the
crop
– Farmer (Plants)
» Loss
– Middleman (Sells)
» Gains
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169. Advanced Ethics
• History is an Illusion
• Adam Smith
• Michel Foucault
– History
• Written by the rich and
powerful
– Knowledgeable
– E.g.
» Azkals are famous
but dropouts,
» Hospital to
medicate but hell
» Mantas being
unloved but loved
by satan
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170. Advanced Ethics
• Forms of Oppression
• Iris Marion Young
– Exploitation
• Have nots maintains the
haves
• Worker
– Cheaper hour
– Called as a “boy” because
never grows up as a “man”
who can defend his well
being by reason
• Capitalist
– Gains from the production
of the worker
– Marginalization
• Widening gap between rich
and poor
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171. Advanced Ethics
• Forms of Oppression
• Iris Marion Young
– Powerlessness
• Working class to capitalist
• No opportunity to grow
• No autonomy
– Cultural Imperialism
• Double Consciousness
– Dominant culture
» Prevails
– Subordinate culture
» Natives were judged
according to our own
standard
» Black in the eyes of
white
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172. Advanced Ethics
• Forms of Oppression
• Iris Marion Young
– Systematic Violence
• Physical damage
– Women abuse
• Terrorism
– Seen as too harsh
– Jews
• Legitimated
– Tolerated
– Social practice
» Asians
» Gays
» Blacks
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173. Advanced Ethics
• All animals are equal
• Peter Singer
– Being
• Can feel pain and pleasure
– Animals
• Have the capacity to suffer
• Interest is not suffering
• Have right to equal
consideration
– Speciesm
• Rejected by Peter Singer
• Bias in favor of one’s own specie
• Another sexism and Racism
– Right
• Inherent, entitled and
demanded by reason
• Duty
– Welfare
• Moral Concern02/13/17 04:04 AM
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174. Advanced Ethics
• All animals are equal
• Peter Singer
– Human Person
• Has intelligence/ dominion
therefore use his dominion
not to self convenience but
to be a steward
• Has moral obligation to give
equal consideration to the
interests of animals.
– Equality
• Does not mean equal or
identical treatment but
equal consideration
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175. Advanced Ethics
• The Case for Animal
Rights
• Tom Regan
– Advocate of total
abolition of:
• Animal use in science
• Commercial animal
agriculture
• Commercial and sport
hunting and trapping
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176. Advanced Ethics
• Moral Vegetarianism
• R.G. Frey
– Moral Rights
• Food violates moral right
to life
– Killing Animals
• Evil because it is killing
– Pain and Suffering
• Farm animals are wrongly
treated
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177. Advanced Ethics
• Deterrence and the
Death Penalty
– Louis P. Pojman
• Eradicating murderers is
better than risking
innocent people to be
victims of those
murderers
• Death penalty is most
feared therefore it is
superior deterent
– Jeffrey Reiman
• The higher the cost, the
fewer will choose
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178. Advanced Ethics
• Global Warming
• Robert Hood
– Kyoto Protocol
• Inter-generation
– Past (Pollution) Present
(Stewardship) Future
• Intra-generation
– International
– Stockholm University
• Agriculture Industry
– Acts as Carbon Sinks and
other country has quota on
carbon emission
– Climate Change
• Utilitarian
• Distributive
• Compensatory
• Libertarian
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179. Advanced Ethics
• Terrorism
• Louise Richardson
• Abbas (Moslem)
– Terrorism
• Political Motive
• Political Message
– USA
• World legemony
– Middle East
• Resentment on the west
• Loss middle class
– Became sub-state
which later on became
terrorist
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180. Advanced Ethics
• Terrorism
• Richardson
• Abbas (Moslem)
– Terrorism
• Deliberate targeting of
civilians for political reason
• Must be violent
– Surprising clear message
• Must not defeat enemy
– Must weaken, embarrass,
destroy the will implying
enemy is weak
– Point is to send message
– Act and victim has
symbolic significance
• Act of sub-state group
• Attack will leave civilian
worry
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181. Advanced Ethics
• Terrorism
• Richardson
• Abbas (Moslem)
– Bin Laden
• Terrorism is the last resort
– Terrorism
• No strategy available
– Cannot fight military powers
• Works!
– Protesting
• Would not work
– 9/11 World Trade Center Attack
• 3000 Americans died
– World has changed
• 10,000/year Africans dying
– No body cares
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182. Advanced Ethics
• Terrorism
• Richardson
• Abbas (Moslem)
– Terrorism
• Emotional distress
– E.g. Wife making love with
another man in front of
abusive husband
– Bombing
• Cheap
– Suicide Bomber
• Well motivated
• Want to be martyr for religion
• Used politically by religious
leaders
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183. Advanced Ethics
• Terrorism
• Richardson
• Abbas (Moslem)
– Wahhabi Cult
• Offshoot is terrorism
• Fundamentalism
• Extremism
• One Truth
– Same with teaching of
Islam
– One Faith (Islam)
towards One World
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184. Advanced Ethics
• Terrorism
– Addressing terrorism
• Claudia Card
– Questions regarding
war on terrorism
» Trials by
International
Tribunal
• David Luban
– War on Terrorism, End
of Human Rights
» Hybrid War Law
Model
» Maximize lethal
force eliminating
rights
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185. Advanced Ethics
• Lifeboat Ethics
• Garreth Hardin
– Utilitarian
• Responsibility is with the
global poor
– Global Justice
• Distributive
• Unjust structures
• Responsibility is with the
affluent
– Right and Responsibility
• Positive Duty (Give)
• Negative Duty
(Compensate)
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186. Advanced Ethics
• Lifeboat Ethics
• Garreth Hardin
– Brain drain
• Poor Country provides raw
materials to rich country
– Resources and Talents
– Tragedy of the Commons
• It is not my responsibility
• Refuse to help the needy
countries because they have
no limit on population
growth
• Supplying needy countries
means continuing on
population growth that is a
threat on human species
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187. Consumatum Est
• It
• Is
• Finished!
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188. 10-188
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Published in the Republic of
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Ethics, Morality with Character Education
Prof. Sam Bernales,
Jr.