Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Noise pollution, E Pollution

1. Environmental
Pollution
(Dr.) Mirza Salman Baig
Assistant Professor (Pharmaceutics)
AIKTC, School of Pharmacy,New Panvel
Affiliated to University of Mumbai (INDIA)

2. Pollution
• Pollution is accummulation of
harmful matter in the environment;
rate of flow of which exceed capicity
of ecosystem to nutralize or disperse
them below harmful levels.

3. Air Pollution

4. AIR
• Troposphere> Stratosphere >
Mesosphere> Thermosphere
• Innermost layer of atmosphere (17
km high)is troposphere with 75% of
mass of air.
• An average human need 12Kg of
fresh air daily for breathing.

5. Air pollution
• Air pollution defined as the presence
of one or more contaminants or
combinations in such quantities and
of such durations whish may be
injurious to human, animal or plant
life, or property, or which
unreasonably interferes with normal
functioning of life.

6. Composition of
dry atmosphere, by volume
• Nitrogen (N 2 ) 780,840 ppmv (78.084%)
• Oxygen (O 2 ) 209,460 ppmv (20.946%)
• Argon (Ar) 9,340 ppmv (0.9340%)
• Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 375 ppmv
• Neon (Ne) 18.18 ppmv
• Helium (He) 5.24 ppmv
• Methane (CH 4 ) 1.745 ppmv
• Krypton (Kr) 1.14 ppmv
• Hydrogen (H 2 ) 0.55 ppmv

7. Source of Air Pollution
•  Natural- pollen grains, volcanic
eruptions, forest fires, dust storms,
spores, bacteria, volcanic eruption
•  Man- made- industrial units,
thermal power plants, automobile
exhausts, fossil fuel burning, mining,
nuclear explosions

8. Pollutants
• Primary (identifiable source):-
Carbondioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide,
Sulphur Dioxide
• Secondary:- Produced in atmosphere
by reaction. Nitric acid, Carbonic
acid, Sulphuric acid

9. Air Quality Index
Respiratory illness on
prolonged exposure201-300Very poor
Breathing discomfort to
most people on prolonged
exposure
151-200Poor
Breathing discomfort to
people with lungs, heart
diseases
101-150Moderate
Minor breathing discomfort
to sensitive people51-100Satisfactory
Minimal Impact0-50Good
Protect Your Health
Air Quality
Index
Air Quality

10. Global Warming
• The earth heats up (the
temperature rises)
• It happens when greenhouse
gases (carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide, and methane)
trap heat and light from the
sun in the earth’s
atmosphere, which
increases the global
temperature.

11. Green house effect
• The greenhouse effect is when the
temperature rises because the sun’s
heat and light is trapped in the
earth’satmosphere.
• The heat and light can get through
the atmosphere, but it can’t get out.
As a result, the temperature rises.
• Sometimes the temperature can
change in a way that helps us.

13. Green house effect
• Without it, the earth would be
freezing at night because the sun
would be down. We would not get
the sun’s heat.
• On the other hand, because of it
would be burning hot during the day,
especially during the summer.

14. What is global warming doing
to the environment?
• Rise in sea water level because of
melting ice on south and notrh pole
• The water covers many low land
islands, and because rising sea level
human and animal lose a source of
food, along with their habitat
• Global warming, is harming and
killing algae in the ocean which is
responsible for photosynthesis.

15. Ozone layer Depletion
• Upper stratosphere consist higher
concentration of ozone.. this region is
called ozone layer
• From earth surface this layer is
between 20-25 Km
• Ozone os O3
• It is produced by photodissociation of
oxygen in atmosphere
• Presence of certain pollutent
accelerate breakdown od ozone

17. Ozone layer Depletion
• In 1985 large scale of ozone
destruction (ozone holes) came into
light by british researchers
• It was established that CFCs are
mainly responsible for depletion of
ozone
• CFCs are highly useful in aerosoles,
airconditioners, refregirators
• Chlorine is released from CFCs
because of direct UV which attac O3
molecule and destroy it
• Ozone over countries like Australia
New Zealana is depleted, South africa

18. Effects of ozone layer depletion
Ozone is responsible for absorption of
harmful UV rays comming fron sun
• Effect on human- sun burns
• Plant- affect photosynthesis
• Climate- global warming
• Effect on microorganism

19. Acid Rain
• Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from
industrial operations and fossil fuel
combustion
• In atmosphere these gases convert
into sulfuric and nitric acid
• These acids cause acid rain

20. Acid Rain
• Rainwater turn acidic when pH fall
below 5.6
• Sulfuric acid form major component
of acid rain
• In urban area Ca, Mg and ammonium
ion help to nutralize the acidity of
rain
• In absence of rain dry deposition of
rain may occur
• A unit decrease in pH causes 10 fold
increase in acidity (H+)

21. Effect of Acid rain
• It causes deterioration of buildings
specially made of marble Eg. Taj
Mahal
• Damage stone statues
• It damages metal and car finish
• Aquatic animal suffer from toxicity of
metal which leak due to acid rain
• Lakes of Norway, Sweden, Canada
become fishless
• Weakens trees

22. Control
• Control emission of sulfur dioxide
and Nitrogen dioxide
• Liming of lakes should be done to
restore pH of water
• Coating of inert polymer should be
given to water pipes and metal
objects

23. Photochemical smog
• Photochemical smog form by
interaction of hydrocarbon and
oxidant like NOx, CO, O3.
• It cause eye irritation, visibility
reduction and damage to crops.
• O + O2 --> O3
• NO + O --> NO3

24. Characterstic of phytochemical smog
• Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) irritation in
lungs and cancer
• SO2 and H2S are readily oxidised to
sulphate in in smoggy atmosphere
• Nitric acid react with ammonia in smoggy
atmosphere to form ammonium nitrate
• Nitrogen oxides responsible for cancer and
cardiac disorder
• Ozone cause reduction in plant growth
• Occur in big cities like Mumbai, Delhi,
Chicago etc..

25. Control of air pollution
• Source control
• Adsorption
• Absorption
• condensation
• Baghouse
• Scrubbers

26. Baghouse Filters
• Vacuum cleaner
effect
• Particulate air pass
through the bags
to escape as clean
air through top
• 1.5-2.0 KPa
pressure drop
• Synthetic fabric

27. Venturi Scrubber
• Entrain particulate
matter in water
droplet
• Concurrent and
cross current flow
• Water flow from
bottom and
particle settle
down and clarified
water recirculated
• Reduce risk of
explosion

28. Water Pollution

29. Defination
Water pollution
• Alteration in physical, chemical or
biological characterstic of water
making it unsuitable for designated
use in natural state.
• Any foreign material from natural or
other source that may contaminate
water supply and make it harmful for
life.

30. Source of water pollution
• Natural
– Soil erosion
• Man-made
– Domestic
– Sewage
– Industrial effluents
– Agricultural effluents
– Radioactive waste
– Thermal pollution

31. Domestic effuluents
Discharge of domestic waste
• Biodegradable
– Vegetables
– Waste food
– Paper waste
• Non Biodegradable
– Plastic
– Polythene bags

32. Industrial waste
Chemical, paper, pulp industries
produce waste material like heavy
metals cadmium lead mercury
• Lead
– Lead can enter water bodies from many
sources like mining, lead plumbing, lead
zinc batteries
• Mercury
– Methyl mercury is common for found in
aquatic environment

33. Sewage
• Fluid containing faecal matter, urine
and organic content in dissolve state
or disperse in solid state is called
sewage.
• Sewage disposal is serious problem
in big cities and major pollutant of
inland water, soil and ecosystem

34. Radioactive waste
• Waste water fron nuclear power
stations
• Waste generated during nuclear
wepon testing
• Research laboratories where
radioisotopes are used
• Waste from hospitals where
radioisotopes are used

35. Oil spills
• Exploring oil and gas at sea bed involve risk of marine
ecosystem
• Oil spillage during transportation
• The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound,
Alaska, March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker
struck and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (41,000 m3) of
crude oil over the next few days.

36. Thermal pollution
• Thermal power plant near river use water
for cooling purpose
• They recycle hot water into river leading
to thermal pollution
• Rise in temprature endanger aquatic
ecosystem
• Warm water does not have good oxygen
holding capicity
• Anaerobic condition generate foul gases
• Blue green algae grow in such condition
and produce toxins

37. Effects of water pollution
On Human
• Pathogens- Cholera, Hepatitis,
typhoid
• Toxic compounds- Heavy metals,
pesticides, cyanide

38. Effects of water pollution
On Animals
• Marine Vegetation- photosynthesis
obstruction, Excessive growth of
algae cause toxin - Cirrosis of liver
and CNS

39. Effects of water pollution
• Eutrophication- due to fertilizers -
growth phytoplankton, reduce
penetration of oxygen
• Depletion of oxygen

40. Effects of water pollution
• Biomagnification
• Increase in concentration of toxic
material in food chain
• Ex. DDT
(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

41. Noise Pollution

42. • Sound is physical disturbance in air
• Noise is unwanted and unplesant
sound affecting human lives adversly.
• Sound is integral part of our life but
its intensity has physical and
physiological effect

43. Source
• Gadgets like grinders, vacuum
cleaners, TV etc
• Noise produced by machines in
factories
• Loudspeakers
• Fire crackers

44. Effects
• High intensity (80-100 dB)
– CNS, CVS
• Explosive sounds (110 dB)
– Crackers
– vistibular symptoms/ vomiting
• Loud and sudden noise (sonic boom)
• Intermittent sound (Aeroplane/train)
• Low noise
– Highway, Radio
– Insomnia
• Absolute silence (0-5 dB)
– Uncomfortable

45. Control
• At source
• Modify path of transmission
• Provide receiver with protection

46. Control
• Reduce noise pollution by industries
Lubrication/ replacement/Ear muffs/ear
plug)
• Community noise (loud speaker)
• Reduce traffic noise
• Reduce aeroplane noise
• Planning of cities
• Legal control of noise pollution
– Silence zone
– Silencer in vehicles
– green belts

47. E Pollution

48. E Pollution
• Electronic waste
• Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment
• E waste may cause serious health
problems
• Cathod ray tube (CRT) contain
elements like Lead, Cadmium,
Beryllium

49. Source of E Waste
• Rapid change in technology,
(software, tapes)
• Falling price and falling obsolence
• Display units, processor, RAM, CPU
become outdated
• Sometimes E-waste contain valuable
material

50. • An estimated 50 million E-Waste
produce each year
• USA discard 30 million computer
• Europe dispose 100 million phones
each
• only 15-20% of E-waste is recycled
rest goes in landfills

51. • According to UNEP (United Nations
Environment Programme), "Recycling
from E-Waste to Resources"
• Amount of E-waste from countries
like India could increase upto 500%
in next decade
• USA produce 3 million ton each year
while China produce 2.3 million ton
• In USA 70% of metal in landfills come
from E-waste

52. Hazardous Effect
• Mercury- (Found in fluroscent tubes)
Sensory impairment, dermatitis,
memory loss, muscle weakness
• Sulphur- (Found in lead acid
batteries) Health effects include liver
damage, Kidney damage
• Americum- (smoke alarms,
radioactive) carcinogenic

53. • Cadmium- (Light sensitive resistors,
Nickel Cadmium batteries ) Lungs
and kidney damage
• Lead- (Lead acid batteries, paints)
severely affect mental and physical
development

54. E-Waste management
• Recycling
• Refurbish
• Reuse
• Consumer Awareness
• In US (Consumer Electronics
Association)
• Processing techniques
• Dismantelling, Shredding

55. Benefits
• Prevent pollution
• Sustainable utilization of resources