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Phrase
 A phrase is collection of words that may have nouns or
verbs , but it doesn’t have a subject doing a verb.
 A phrase is a small group of words that forms meaningful
unit within a clause but doesn’t express the complete idea.
 It doesn’t contain verb and subject at the same time and
doesn’t make a complete sense, hence phrase can’t stand
as a sentence on its own.
contants
 Phrase
 Clause
 Sentence
 Subject
 Verb
 Examples :
 He is laughing at a joker.
 The boy in red shirt is my cousin.
 He is standing near the wall.
 A phrase functions as noun , adverb and adjective in a
sentence so it can also be defined as “ group of words (lacking
subject and verb), that function as a single part of speech , in a
sentence.
 The man in the room is our teacher.
 As an adjective, modifies a noun man
 He returned in a short while.
 As an adverb, modifies verb return
 On the basis of constructions and functions phrases are having
following types.
 Noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase.
Types of phrases
 Noun phrase:
 It’s built around a single noun. E.g. A vase of roses placed
on the table.
 Noun phrase= noun + modifier
 He is wearing a nice red shirt. (as noun/ object)
 Verb phrase :
 It’s verbal part of a clause. E.g. She had been living in
London.
 Verb phrase=verb + auxiliaries
 He is eating an apple.
 According to generative grammar a verb phrase can
consist of main verb, its auxiliaries, its complements and
other modifiers. Hence it can refer to the whole predicate
of a sentence.
 Example:
 You should study for the exams.
Adjective phrase
 It’s built around an adjective. E.g. He led a very
interesting life.
 It’s a group of words that function like adjective.
 Adjective phrase=adjective + modifier (modifying noun
and pronoun)
 He is wearing a nice red shirt.
 Here it modifies shirt.
Adverb phrase
 It’s built around an adverb by adding words
before and/or after it.
 The group of words that functions as an adverb in
a sentence
 Example :
 The economy recovered very slowly.
 He always behaves in a good manner.
 Here it modifies verb behave.
Sentence
 A set of words that is complete in itself,
typically containing a subject and predicate,
conveying a statement, question, exclamation,
or command, and consisting of a main clause
and sometimes one or more subordinate
clauses.
Combination of sentences
 The simple sentence:
 It can stand or exist alone giving a complete idea and
thought.
 It contains a subject and a predicate.
 The subject tells what and who of the sentence, either
noun or pronoun.
 Predicate is verb that tells about the subject.
 Examples :
 I ran.
 She fell.
Compound sentence
 Combination of two simple sentences.
 Can be two or more.
 Joined by conjunctions or punctuations like semi colon.
 Example :
 You can take my football and can play with it but only in
my lawn.
 Above sentence is combination of three simple sentences.
Complex sentence
 Complex sentence is a combination of two parts an
independent portion and a dependent portion.
 Independent one can exist separately as simple sentence.
 Dependent can’t exist separately.
 Example :
 The teacher asked the question but no answer. S
Clause
 A group of related words that contain a subject and
predicate (verb).
 It’s a collection of words that has a subject and is actively
doing a verb.
 It’s actually a group of words within a sentence or itself as
an independent sentence and conveys a complete idea.
 Sometimes it can stand alone but sometimes can’t.
A sentence can either have one or more than one clauses.
 Examples :
 I will meet him in office.(one clause)
 I am happy, because I won the prize.(two clauses)
Types of clauses
 A sentence generally consists of two clauses:
 Main clause:
 A clause that can stand alone. Also known as independent
clause. It expresses a complete thought and can stand as a
sentence.
 Subordinate clause:
 A clause that can’t stand alone. Also known as dependent
clause. It depends on other clause and doesn’t expresses
complete thought.
Examples
 He is buying a shirt which looks very nice.
 I met the boy who had helped me.
 He became angry and kicked the football.
Subject-verbAgreement
 Singular verb with a singular subject.
 E . g My brother is in town.
 Plural verb with plural subject.
 My brothers are in town
Subject
 The first step is to identify whether the subject is singular
or plural.
 This is known as grammatical number.
 Usually it’s not difficult. E. g. the doctor, the books.
 But sometimes it is. E. g. the team, the fish.
Verb
 Once it is known that whether the subject is plural or
singular, we need to choose a singular or plural verb form.
 This is known as grammatical person.
 Example :
 A player is….
 The kids are….

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Phrase. clause. sentence

  • 1. Phrase  A phrase is collection of words that may have nouns or verbs , but it doesn’t have a subject doing a verb.  A phrase is a small group of words that forms meaningful unit within a clause but doesn’t express the complete idea.  It doesn’t contain verb and subject at the same time and doesn’t make a complete sense, hence phrase can’t stand as a sentence on its own.
  • 2. contants  Phrase  Clause  Sentence  Subject  Verb
  • 3.  Examples :  He is laughing at a joker.  The boy in red shirt is my cousin.  He is standing near the wall.  A phrase functions as noun , adverb and adjective in a sentence so it can also be defined as “ group of words (lacking subject and verb), that function as a single part of speech , in a sentence.
  • 4.  The man in the room is our teacher.  As an adjective, modifies a noun man  He returned in a short while.  As an adverb, modifies verb return  On the basis of constructions and functions phrases are having following types.  Noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase.
  • 5. Types of phrases  Noun phrase:  It’s built around a single noun. E.g. A vase of roses placed on the table.  Noun phrase= noun + modifier  He is wearing a nice red shirt. (as noun/ object)  Verb phrase :  It’s verbal part of a clause. E.g. She had been living in London.  Verb phrase=verb + auxiliaries  He is eating an apple.
  • 6.  According to generative grammar a verb phrase can consist of main verb, its auxiliaries, its complements and other modifiers. Hence it can refer to the whole predicate of a sentence.  Example:  You should study for the exams.
  • 7. Adjective phrase  It’s built around an adjective. E.g. He led a very interesting life.  It’s a group of words that function like adjective.  Adjective phrase=adjective + modifier (modifying noun and pronoun)  He is wearing a nice red shirt.  Here it modifies shirt.
  • 8. Adverb phrase  It’s built around an adverb by adding words before and/or after it.  The group of words that functions as an adverb in a sentence  Example :  The economy recovered very slowly.  He always behaves in a good manner.  Here it modifies verb behave.
  • 9. Sentence  A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
  • 10. Combination of sentences  The simple sentence:  It can stand or exist alone giving a complete idea and thought.  It contains a subject and a predicate.  The subject tells what and who of the sentence, either noun or pronoun.  Predicate is verb that tells about the subject.  Examples :  I ran.  She fell.
  • 11. Compound sentence  Combination of two simple sentences.  Can be two or more.  Joined by conjunctions or punctuations like semi colon.  Example :  You can take my football and can play with it but only in my lawn.  Above sentence is combination of three simple sentences.
  • 12. Complex sentence  Complex sentence is a combination of two parts an independent portion and a dependent portion.  Independent one can exist separately as simple sentence.  Dependent can’t exist separately.  Example :  The teacher asked the question but no answer. S
  • 13. Clause  A group of related words that contain a subject and predicate (verb).  It’s a collection of words that has a subject and is actively doing a verb.  It’s actually a group of words within a sentence or itself as an independent sentence and conveys a complete idea.  Sometimes it can stand alone but sometimes can’t.
  • 14. A sentence can either have one or more than one clauses.  Examples :  I will meet him in office.(one clause)  I am happy, because I won the prize.(two clauses)
  • 15. Types of clauses  A sentence generally consists of two clauses:  Main clause:  A clause that can stand alone. Also known as independent clause. It expresses a complete thought and can stand as a sentence.  Subordinate clause:  A clause that can’t stand alone. Also known as dependent clause. It depends on other clause and doesn’t expresses complete thought.
  • 16. Examples  He is buying a shirt which looks very nice.  I met the boy who had helped me.  He became angry and kicked the football.
  • 17. Subject-verbAgreement  Singular verb with a singular subject.  E . g My brother is in town.  Plural verb with plural subject.  My brothers are in town
  • 18. Subject  The first step is to identify whether the subject is singular or plural.  This is known as grammatical number.  Usually it’s not difficult. E. g. the doctor, the books.  But sometimes it is. E. g. the team, the fish.
  • 19. Verb  Once it is known that whether the subject is plural or singular, we need to choose a singular or plural verb form.  This is known as grammatical person.  Example :  A player is….  The kids are….