GRAPHENE WILL BECOME THE GAME CHANGER - it is a thinnest and strongest material ever tested and high efficient capacity to overcome in all fields especially in biomedical and energy storage applications.

1. SEMINAR PRESENTED BY,
SAGAR GADHETHARIYA
15BPE031

2. CONTENTS
ENERGY STORAGE
RENEWABLE ENERGY
GRAPHENE IN
ENERGY STORAGE
APPLICATIONS
ENERGY SCENARIO
ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
AND CHALLANEGES IN
INDIA’S POWER SECTOR
CONCLUSION
GRAPHENE – THE
WONDER MATERIAL

3. ENERGY - CURRENT SCENARIO

4. CURRENT ENERGY SCENARIO (GLOBAL 2020)
1. Business as Usual—The Skeptic
2. Environmental Backlash
Figure 2. Types of Vehicles Sold in 2020
(Source: Millennium Project Global Energy
Delphi Round 1)
Figure 1. CO2 emission forecast (Source: Princeton University Press Release)

5. 3. High-tech Economy-Technology Pushes Off the Limits
4. Political Turmoil
• Oil Problems Created Political Flash Points
• Water shortages across much of India and China had induced migrations of people
in unsettled conditions, and migrations of the poor to the richer areas have caused
civil strife around the world, which continued the political turmoil.
• Meanwhile, Russia, Europe, and New Nuclear Plants
• Unstable Oil Supply Forces the U.S. and Canada Closer Together
In 2020, population has grown to 7.5 billion people, the global economy is
approaching $80 trillion. Synergies among nanotechnology,
biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science have
dramatically improved the human condition by increasing the availability
of energy, food, and water.
Figure 3. Oil Resources According to
Production Costs ($ per barrel)

6. a. Energy Demand (bill. barrels OE) b. Annual Emissions from Fossil Fuels (B tons)
c. Energy Prices (2000=100) d. Annual Water Use (cubic KM)
Figure 4. (a-d) Comparison between the four Global Energy Scenarios 2020.

7. SOLAR
ENERGY
TIDAL
ENERGY
HYDRO
ENERGY
WIND
POWER
GEO-
THERMAL
ENERGY
BIOMASS
OIL
COAL
NEUCLEAR
NATURAL
GAS
FIGURE 5. RENEABLE AND NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES

8. INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY
• 18.37% share of total installed power capacity is from the renewable source of
energy in 2017.
• INDIA sets target to expand its reach on renewable energy such that it would
account for 40% of its total energy need by 2030. it was stated in INDC (Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution) statement in the Paris Agreement.
• Wind power capacity of India Is 4th largest in the world.
• largest solar power park of world is located in the Kamuthi of Tamil Nadu. Spread
over 2,500 acres and consisting of 2.5m solar panels, Kamuthi is estimated to make
enough power for 750000 people.

9. Wind Power: 29,151.29 MW (56.8%)
Solar Power: 9,566.66 MW (18.6%)
Biomass Power: 8,182 MW (15.9%)
Small Hydro Power: 4,346.85 MW (8.5%)
Waste-to-Power: 114.08 MW (0.2%)
Figure 6- contribution of different renewable energy
CONTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT SOURCE
OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

10. Why energy conversion and STORAGE?
There are at least two important reasons for the development of energy
conversion and storage technologies…
1) First, highly efficient and inexpensive energy conversion and storage is key to
addressing the issues connected to the intermittent nature of renewable
energy sources, be it wind, tidal or solar.
2) Second, an on demand energy supply is central to meeting societal needs which
are increasingly mobile.
Figure 7. Energy storage
methods

11.  Traditionally, in India, energy storage for commercial
purposes has been done using lead acid or similar systems,
which though has a mature technology, suffers from poor
conversion efficiency, higher maintenance, negative
environmental impact and shorter life.
 Thus, more efficient and smart energy storage system
which completely or partially eliminates all the above
drawbacks of the legacy system, needs to be incorporated
for better utilization of resources.
 Li-ion battery system fills this void offering high
performance, high cycle life, environment friendly, enhanced
safety, better control, and reduced space requirement.

12. Energy storage application in Indian power scenario
 Solar has crossed a cumulative installed capacity of 7800MW (as of 28
July, 2016) and growing and has caused the solar tariff to fall form INR
18/unit a few years ago to below INR 5/unit at current bidding
prices, which would encourage more developers to participate so as to
meet Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)’s solar power
target of 1,00,000MW of solar energy by 2022.
 Similarly grid-tied wind energy systems, having largest share within
installed renewable energy at 27,151MW (61%), suffers frequently
from power quality and load variability issues.
 A localized energy storage would offer an ideal solution for balancing
demand with supply. This would be more relevant in remote/off-grid
installations with frequent power cuts and power quality issues as
energy storage would help in maintaining grid supply for extended
periods of time.

13. Figure 9a. Cumulative installation
distribution of global energy storage
for various applications
Figure 9b. Cumulative installation
distribution of different types of energy
storage on various applications globally
CHALLENGES
 Technology challenges  Economic challenges

14. ELECTRIC VEHICLES
 The retail prices of petrol and diesel are high in India to
make electricity driven vehicles more economical as more and
more electricity is generated from solar energy in near future
without appreciable environmental effects.
 Electricity driven vehicles would become popular in future when
its energy storage/battery technology becomes more long
lasting and maintenance free.
 V2G is also feasible with electricity driven vehicles to contribute
for catering the peak load in the electricity grid. Electricity
driven vehicles can also be continuously charged with Wireless
Electricity Transmission (WET) technology which transmits
electricity over 5 km distance without wires to charge devices
(mobile and stationary) between the range of 3-12 volts under
any weather conditions.

15. ELECTRIC VEHICLE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
• India unveiled 'National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
(NEMMP) 2020' in 2013 to address the issues of National
energy security, vehicular pollution and growth of
domestic manufacturing capabilities.
• Reiterating its commitment to the Paris Agreement, the
Government of India has plans to make a major shift to
electric vehicles by 2030.
• E-commerce companies, Indian car manufacturers
like Reva Electric Car Company (RECC), and Indian app-
based transportation network companies like Ola are
working on making electric cars more common over the
next two decades.

16.  Efficiency
 Size
 Performance
 Life
 Easier

17. A material that is more solid than steel and a better conductor than copper

18. • Graphene is a form of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon
atoms arranged in an hexagonal lattice.
• Graphene is the thinnest material known to man at one atom thick, and
also incredibly strong - about 200 times stronger than steel.
• On top of that, graphene is an excellent conductor of heat and
electricity and has interesting light absorption abilities. It is truly a
material that could change the world, with unlimited potential for
integration in almost any industry.
Graphene is an extremely diverse
material, and can be combined with
other elements (including gases and
metals) to produce different materials
with various superior properties.

19. Figure 10. A piece of graphene aerogel-
weighing only 0.16 milligrams per cubic
centimeter-is placed on a flower.
Photograph: Long Wei/EPA
OTHER BEUTY OF GRAPHENE (PLATFORM LIKE CHESSBOARD)
 It impermeable to gases, even those as light as hydrogen or helium, and,
if that were not enough, chemical components can be added to its surface
to alter its properties.
 In 2012, BASF is forecasting a market worth $1.5bn in 2015 and $7.5bn
in 2025.
PROPERTIES
 ELECTRONIC
 OPTICAL
 THERMAL
 MECHANICAL
 BIOLOGICAL

20. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
1) Medicine
2) Electronics
3) Light processing
4) Energy
4.1) Generation
4.2) Storage
5) Sensors
6) Environmental
7) Other
Figure 11

22. BATTERY BASICS
Figure 12. The Basics of the Lithium Ion
Battery Principle
Image Courtesy: http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de
Figure 13. A chemical-reaction produces
electrical power from a battery.

23. Figure 14. Graphene Batteries can reduce the environmental impact of battery use
GRAPHENE BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
 The main difference between solid-state batteries and graphene-based
batteries is in the composition of one or both electrodes (Support or as
composite/hybrid).
 The change primarily lies in the cathode, but carbon form can be utilized in
the anode as well. The cathode in a traditional battery is purely composed
of solid-state materials, where as in a graphene battery the cathode is a
composite-a hybrid material consisting of a solid-state metallic material
and graphene. The amount of graphene in the composite can vary,
depending upon the intended application.

24. GRAPHENE BATTERIES VS LI-ION
 5 X times more energy density than the best Li-Ion(1000 Wh/kg
vs 200Wh/kg on Tesla Model S, TUV certified
 Up to 400 charge and discharge cycles have been carried out
without loss of capacity appreciated.
 They will be much safer than Li-Ion, no explosion danger
meaning less protection needed which translates in a lot less
total battery weight especially for cars.
 They will get much cheaper over time since graphen is carbon
that is abundant and 100% ecological unlike Li.
 They say that they signed a deal with Airbus to sell them
batteries and 2 other european car manufacturers tested their
prototype batteries.

25. GRAPHENE-METAL OXIDE HYBRIDS
 Due to the large surface area of graphene, the lithium ions can be
stored via surface adsorption and induced bonding. Induced bonding
generally occurs when a graphene derivative is present and the lithium
ions bind to the functionalized surface.
 By hybridizing the metal oxide matrix with graphene, the interaction
between the interstitial ions and the hybrid matrix is vastly improved
so conductivity will enhanced.
 To produce Graphene-Metal Oxide nanoparticle hybrids, the
graphene acts as a template during the synthesis which produces an
evenly distributed matrix due to the regular repeating structure of
graphene. This process also limits nanoparticle aggregation which
promotes the large nanoparticle surface area during the lithium
charge and discharge cycles.
 Graphene-MO hybrid electrodes can exhibit up to 1100 mAh g-1 for the
first 10 cycles. The specific energy density is maintained at 1000 mAh
g-1, even after 130 cycles.

26. GRAPHENE LITHIUM SULPHUR BATTERIES
Deposition of inorganic salts at the cathode
Sulphur has an inherent low conductivity.
FIGURE 15. A- Graphene-Lithium-Sulphur Battery(Researchgate)

27. A new cathode material for rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries - by
wrapping sulfur particles in graphene sheets.
16 16
Current electric-car batteries 'weak spot' is the cathode materials that
have low capacity (about 150 mAh/g for layer oxides and 170 mAh/g
for LiFe-PO4).
A sulfur cathode has a theoretical specific capacity of 1672 mAh/g -
but sulfur is a poor conductor, it expands during discharge, and the
poly-sulfides dissolve in electrolyte. Using graphene to wrap the
sulfur may overcome many of these issues.
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28. GRAPHENE FUEL CELLS
 Many fuel cells contain a platinum-based catalyst, which are very
expensive to produce. To minimize the cost, carbon allotropes are used
as supports for the platinum catalysts.
 Graphene oxide provides a good dispersion, large surface area and
high conductivity.
 Platinum-graphene supported fuel cells can exhibit a current density
up to 0.12 mA cm-2, which is at least three times higher than carbon-
based supports.
FIGURE 17. A fuel cell inside view

29. GRAPHENE SUPERCAPACITORS
Typical construction of a super-capacitor
1) power source,
2) collector,
3) polarized electrode,
4) Helmholtz double layer,
5) electrolyte having positive and
negative ions,
6) separator.
Specific surface area = 2630 m2/g
Capacitance of 550 F/g.
The 2D structure of graphene improves
charging and discharging. Charge
carriers in vertically oriented sheets can
quickly migrate into or out of the deeper
structures of the electrode, thus
increasing currents.FIGURE 18

31. GRAPHENE–METAL OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES
Fig. 20 (a) SEM images of rGO electrode materials. TEM image of rGO (b), rGO–PANi
(c and d) and rGO–RuO2 (e–f). Ref. Copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

32. CONCLUSION – A NOBLE GOAL
 Graphene-based batteries are quickly becoming comparable, in terms of
efficiency, to traditional solid-state batteries. They are advancing all the
time and it won’t be long before they surpass their solid-state
predecessors.
 For batteries that possess a similar efficiency, graphene batteries are an
ideal choice. They have started to gain traction in the commercial
marketplace and it won’t be long before they become the norm and phase-
out solid-state batteries.
 To quote recent forecasts “the world graphene battery market is expected
to reach $115 million by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 38.4% during the
forecast period. The automotive industry is estimated to dominate the
market throughout the analysis period. Geographically, Europe is expected
to be the leading market in 2016, with a revenue contribution of around
38%.”
 With increasing energy demands globally, improving energy storage
devices while reducing negative environmental impacts related to
consumer based battery usage is a noble goal.

33. REFERENCES
 http://107.22.164.43/millennium/scenarios/energy-scenarios
 https://www.eia.gov/outlooks (SHORT TERM ENERGY OUTLOOK)
 http://www.electric-vehiclenews.com
 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHtml/2015/EE/c4ee03229b
 Cheng Q., Tang J., Zhang H., Graphene and carbon nanotube composite
electrodes for supercapacitors with ultra-high energy density, Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 17615-17624
 https://www.cheaptubes.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/12/Graphene-Batteries-Users-Guide.pdf
 https://www.azonano.com
 https://www.graphenea.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
 https://www.slideshare.net
 B. E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals
and Technological Applications, Springer, New York, 1999
 www.youtube.com/samsung revolutionary - the age of graphene
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236835746_A_Fibrous_Hybri
d_of_Graphene_and_Sulfur_Nanocrystals_for_High_Performance_Lithium-
Sulfur_Batteries