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Using ecological sites and state and transition models
1. Mike Kucera, Agronomist USDA-NRCS
National Soil Survey Center Lincoln, Nebraska
January 22, 2018
https://www.climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/sites/default
/files/adaptation_resources_workbook_ne_mw.pdf
2. Topics
โข Ecological Sites/STMs
โข Soil Health Transition
โข Resiliency Strategies
โข Goals of Adaptive Management in Changing
Climate
โข Farm-Level strategies & results
3. Goals of Adaptive Management in
Changing Climate
โข Mitigation vs. Resilience (different strategies) i.e.
adaptive management to mitigate current conditions
vs. strategies for building resilience to the impacts of
drought, heavy rainfall, etc.)
โข Short term resilience (i.e. annual decisions leave more
residue, adjust varieties, adjust cover crop termination,
crop selection, to account for dry/wet soil conditions,
weather forecasts)
โข Long term resilience (i.e. focus on long term soil health
improvement that improves water and nutrient cycling;
such as continuous NT, use of perennial crops, liming,
etc. that improve soil conditions to protect from
drought, heavy rain events, etc. over a long period )
5. Changing Climate
Opportunity or Problem?
โข Higher CO2 levels?
โข Heavier rainfall events/more total rain?
โข Shift in rainfall patterns?
โข Longer growing season?
โข Night time temperatures?
โข Frost date widely variable?
6. Adaptation Resources
USDA Climate Hubs Midwest, Northeast & Northern Forests
Adaptation Workbook
๏พ๏พ๏พ๏พ๏พ๏พ
Strategies & Approaches
๏พ๏พ๏พ๏พ๏พ๏พ
Menu of adaptation actions
โข Structured process to
integrate variable climate
considerations into
management decisions
โข Workbook 5-step iterative
approach
7. 7
1. A Menu of Adaptation Strategies
& Approaches for Agriculture
14. Continuous No-till, crop rotation
High carbon cover crops
Perennial crops
Adaptive Management On the Kucera Farm
CRP, CSP, EQIP, Local Programs
15. Step 1 Goals of Adaptive
Management
โข Less vulnerable to drought, and heavy rainfall
events (reduce risk!).
โข Normalize yields and income
โข Fertilizer efficiency
โข Water conservation/Infiltration uniformity
โข Optimize soil health/soil organic matter
โข Short and long-term soil resiliency
16. 3. Low
1. High
2. Medium
1.1 Short Term High level SHMS following range, pasture
1.2 High Managed
Perennial Hayland (long term)
1.3 High Level Soil Health Management
System (long term)
3.1 Corn Soybean Conventional Tillage
3.2 Silage/Stover Harvested,
Overgrazed CT
2.1 Mulch Tillage/Short term no-till
2.2 Medium Managed/Per.
Hayland
3.3 Low condition Hayland
Dryland Crop
(Loamy Upland)
T2A T1A
T3A
T2B
17. Enhanced Cropland State:
Conservation Practices
329: Continuous No-till
328: Diverse crop rotation
C-SB-W/CC rotated from
perennial hayland
330: Contour Farming
340: Cover Crops
528: Prescribed Grazing
386: Field Borders
600: Terraces
412: Grassed Waterway
620: Underground Outlets
590: Nutrient Management
(soil testing, zone mgt liming,
4Rs)
595: Pest Mgt (Scouting,
Thresholds, Herbicide
Resistance Management)
Perennial Hayland (2000-2009 same field)
18. Assess Climate (informed decisions)
โข Drought and rainfall distribution (wet and dry
periods)
โข Heavy rainfall events (three 4-5 inch rains in 4 yrs)
โข Growing season/variable frost dates
โข High temperatures (2012)
โข Less snowfall but variable
โข Model Predictions
โข Soil moisture conditions
19. Soil Quality Indicators
โข Chemical
โ Soil test, e.g. P, K, pH, Salinity etc.
โข Physical
โ Aggregate stability
โ Available water capacity
โ Crusting
โ Compaction layers
โ Bulk Density
โ Infiltration
โข Biological
โ Organic matter (soil color)
โ Potential mineralizable N
โ Active carbon
โ Respiration
โ Microbe analysis
โ Earthworms
34. Switch to High Residue
Cover Crops in 2016
September 2016
November 2016
September 2014
35. Future Adaptive Management
Strategies??
โข Future Adaptive Management Strategies
โ Continue Soil Health Management Principles (cover,
disturbance, living root, diversity, compaction)
โ Controlled traffic for compaction
โ Crop rotation/variety selection Barley; Sorghum; GMO
vs. Non GMO, Disease/Pest Resistance varieties
โ Cover crop selection and use
โ Weed/fertilizer management strategies
โ Annual adjustments based on forecasts & conditions
โ Test new concepts (To Be Determined)!!!
36. Future Farm Goals
โข Soil organic matter/soil health
โข Long and short-term soil resilience
โข Enhance water and nutrient cycle/efficiency
โข Yields & Economics (balance between Short vs.
Long-Term)!!!
37. Adapt, learn, and leave land better
for the next generation!!!
michael.Kucera@lin.usda.gov
https://www.climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/
sites/default/files/adaptation_resources
_workbook_ne_mw.pdf
Editor's Notes
Good afternoon and welcome! I am Mike Kucera, Agronomist with USDA-NRCS in Lincoln Nebraska. I am going to discuss the โadaptive management resourcesโ available to help farmers adapt their management and operations to extreme weather and climate variability. My farm is one of the four example farms in the and I will detail both long and short term adaptive management we have used..
Hail stormโฆ.
The workbook uses an iterative 5 step approach. The approach can be used with groups of farmers to brainstorm approaches on how to make their farm operations and soils more resilient to weather extremes. Adaptation means that the farmer adapts to conditions and makes management decisions based on the best available information. If you think about this, it is like a business that adapts to present and expected future conditions. This is not new to farmers, who have been adapting to weather extremes and market variables to keep their farming operation profitable.
The first resource to help producers make farm level decision is the menu of climate adaptation strategies and approaches for agriculture. This can be done with a group of farmers in a workshop setting. Strategies help producers formulate new desired outcomes and approaches identify more specific goals applicable to a particular type of agriculture as adaptation responses vary from commodity crops to orchards to grazing systems and confined animal feeding operations. The report also lists example tactics for each approach. Tactics may be the most familiar level of action to both practitioners and producers as they describe the prescriptive practices and activities most suited to achieving goals and outcomes. While many items on the menu can be used together, not all will nor will they work universally across all farms and locations. It is up to the producer to decide what works best for them. Notice the first strategy listed! THE foundational strategy for any farming, ranching or forestry system is to sustain the fundamental function of soil and water resources โ maintain and improve both soil health and water management.
Field where sorghum rather than corn was planted on my brothers Nebraska farm. It is important to remember that climate change is just one of the many considerations a producer puts into making a decision. Adaptations are based on climate-informed decisions specifically to address weather variability impacts on goals/objectives. Adaptive actions might be the same or similar to existing practices but include modifications to address weather extremes or variable climate or might be fundamentally different. They can range from small tweaks to the existing systems to completely new systems motivated by different reasons but also resulting in increased climate adaptive capacity.
Decisions need to be adjusted for site, soil and climate variables. In the block chart diagram you can see how landscape positon can effect water cycling. In addition soils are not all created equally. These concept is similar to site specific management to make fertilizer rates, plant populations and other inputs to maximize yields and economic return. In addition to regional climate differences, seasonal and year to year variability needs to be accounted for.
The report also features four examples of using the workbook for typical stakeholder groups in the region like field crop commodity producers, confined dairy livestock operations, and grazing operations. An example of a dryland farming system in Nebraska operated by one of the co-authors, Mike Kucera, guides readers in detail through each step of the workbook. The other three examples from Iowa, Missouri, and Pennsylvania summarize considerations and outcomes of going through the climate adaptation process for rain-fed cropping, grazing, and confined dairy farming systems. As extreme precipitation variability is one of the biggest challenges facing the region, farmers are struggling with too much rain at the wrong time of year and too little when it is needed most and often in the same year! High variability within close proximity, hot temperatures, variable frost dates, etc.
Location of farm and average climate conditions (describe).
Discuss Previous system and resource concerns
I will discuss adaptive management measures and decisions that I have used. Some provide long term resilience such as 25 years of no-till and crop rotation that have improved soil physical properties. These photos show some of the measures I currently use on my farm, including no-till, use of perennial grass, and cover crops to make soils more resilient.
Dependent on the level of vulnerability
Soil quality indicators are physical, chemical and biological properties, processes, and characteristics that can be measured and changes monitored for overall soil health.
Soil testing for soil health generally includes information for:
Chemical (standard soil test)composition
Physical attributes aggregate stability, Available water, and hardness of different layers
Biological or various was to account for the biological activity in the soil
Organic matter usually part of a standard soil test, has impact on all most soil function necessary for food and fiber production
Active Carbon a measurement of that fraction of OM that is readily available as a carbon sources for soil microbes
Mineralizable N measure of the potential of soil microbes to mineralize N into forms available to plants NH4+
Respiration a measurement of CO2 being released by soil microbes
Microbe analysis a measurement of the microbe composition in the soil, e.g. bacteria, fungi, protozoa & nematodes
All testing for soil health utilize some or all of these elements in their analysis
Compaction layer
Silty Clay Loam crust inhibiting germinated seed from emerging
Continuous No-Till; C-S-W Crop Rotation; Cover Crop after wheat; adjust use of varieties/GMO crops. Weed management strategies (resistant weeds)
Any measures to increase cover to conserve moisture, improve soil structure and organic matter. Make year to year fertilizer, herbicide, and other adjustments based on climate information and soil conditions. Wheat is a key crop, breaks pest cycles; provides for off-season moisture; Residue=dollars; allows for insertion of cover crop to increase residue-ground cover C:N ratio must be >20; Corn = WS Grass; Soybeans =WS Broadleaf; Wheat =CS grass; can incorporate CS broadleaf's such as hairy vetch along with others Some corn stalks left from 3 yrs prior, soybean stubble gone. Minimal disturbance inject NH3 December or March. Use of Flex Ear corn varieties Focus on Yield impacts of cover crops
Since 1989 329 Continuous No-Till 328 Crop Rotation Started with Sorghum-Corn-Soybeans-Wheat changed to Corn-Soybeans-Wheat (CC) 20 Acres converted to Switchgrass for 10 years in biomass for Ethanol study and hay averaged 4 tons/acre on HEL field. Converted to soybeans and CP25 prairie restoration with no-till/residue management; CRP Quail Buffers 386; Diversions/Terraces at edge of field; CSP and EQIP contracts (describe). Prior to that the farm was in continuous wheat for 6 years and wheat sorghum rotation prior to that with clean till.
In 2015 we hosted Dr. Abdul Majid ICARDA to look at how we use adaptive mgt on my dryland farm. ICARDA is interested in utilizing practices that improve fertilizer and water efficiency, nexus between fertility & soil health. He was amazed on the soybeans and corn crop condition. Flex ear corn varieties 0.7 pounds of N/bushel corn yield
Discuss, Yield impacts; Fertilizer use efficiency; Yield vs. rainfall (timing, intensity & amount); 2 in ET for Corn Soybeans
Crary air reel with Poly Skids for harvesting beans in corn stalks
Pre-drilled holes fit on the bottom of header, avoid debris and dirt build-up, less problems with corn stalks when harvesting soybeans. This is from a john deere combine, they make shoes for Gleaner, JD, Case/IH, Massey These are very important when harvesting soybeans to avoid problems with corn stalks Maywes company http://www.maywes.com/skid_shoe_replacement_parts
Fluted coulter. CIH air planter used for Soybeans and Corn, vary planting depth has firming point behind true vee opener, Planting depth 2-1/2 inches for corn, 2 inches for milo and 1-1/2 inches for soybeans (consistent depth), Great Plains Drill made in KS, Plant Wheat after Hessian fly date October 1-15 into soybean stubble
Green leaf air inducted 2 piece 12 gal to 18 gal adjust boom ht to target weed height appropriately, gps to avoid overlap also have foam markers if desired.
Fertilizer Program: Narrow knife anhydrous applicator 30โ spacing. NH3 only applied 1 in 3 yrs following wheat stubble. Bean program: 40-50 lbs 11-52-0 late fall broadcast; wheat program: 20-40-0 dry fert. Between 25 & 45 pounds P in fall, spring top dress 24d ally 60 N; corn program at planting 5 gal 10-34-0 and sulfur/zn in furrow 120 pounds Actual N (NH3) milo 100 # actual N; Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer 70lbs of Nitrogen for corn injected in wheat stubble in spring. Starter fertilizer 10-34-0 applied with planter, Soybeans 10-34-0 starter 20 lbs of P2O5 Wheat Nitrogen only.
Use 2-4-Enlist Weed Control system includes seeds that are genetically modified to tolerate the new herbicide from Dow, Enlist Duo.
Enlist Duo contains 2,4-D that adds another mode of action to the glyphosate-based herbicides.
Better protection against tougher weeds, which have been growing resistant to the glyphosate.
Commercial application of the system requires both the new seed traits as well as the new herbicide to be approved by the regulatory authorities
Corn production in 2014, for soybean production in 2015 and cotton production in 2016.
D
Wheat stubble managed mostly without with out cover crop , brother is concerned about water use so we are starting slow, important to maintain ground cover and canopy ; Six way legume mix for nitrogen spring lentil, chickling vetch, common vetch, forage pea, cowpea, soybeans on the left; on the right BMR corn, grain sorghum, German millet for carbon Leave as tall as possible
Limit residue removal/grazing
Avoid brassica monocultures for cover crops
If cover crops are used limit growth and utilize cocktails to avoid (water conservation)
Terminate green bridge volunteer wheat late in the late fall for wheat streak mosaic (curl mites)
Most recent addition was to add high carbon covers following wheat harvest to provide lasting cover for moisture conservation through the following growing season
Great nephews checking cover crop fields and range monitoring with me!!