Cloud computing

1. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING

2. Introduction to Cloud Computing UTILITYCOMPUTING • Computing is being transformed into a model consisting of services that are commoditized and delivered in a manner similar to utilities such as water, electricity, gas, and telephony. • In such a model, users access services based on their requirements, regardless of where the services arehosted. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

3. Introduction to Cloud Computing • Utility computing describes a business model for on-demand delivery of computing power; consumers pay providers based on usage (“pay as- you-go”). INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

4. Introduction to Cloud Computing Cloud Computing • Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide those services. • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) characterizes cloud computing as Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

5. Introduction to Cloud Computing Cloud Computing • Cloud computing is based on the concept of dynamic provisioning, which is applied not only to services but also to compute capability, storage, networking, and information technology(IT) infrastructure in general. • Resources are made available through the Internet and offered on a pay-per-use basis from cloud computing vendors. • Cloud computing allows renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and services on a pay- per-use basis. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

6. Introduction to Cloud Computing Cloud Computing • It denotes a model on which a computing infrastructure is viewed as a “cloud,” from which businesses and individuals access applications from anywhere in the world on demand. • The main principle behind this model is offering computing, storage, and software “as a service. A cloud should have: • pay-per-use (no ongoing commitment, utilityprices); • elastic capacity and the illusion of infiniteresources; • self-service interface; and • resources that are abstracted or virtualised. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

7. Introduction to Cloud Computing Popular Cloud Service Providers INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

8. Introduction to Cloud Computing Popular Cloud Service Providers INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

9. Roots of Cloud We can track the roots of clouds computing by observing the advancement of several technologies, especially in • Hardware (virtualization, multi-core chips), • Internet technologies (Web services, service-oriented architectures, Web 2.0), • Distributed computing (clusters, grids),and • Systems management (autonomic computing, data center automation). INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

10. Roots of Cloud INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

11. Roots of Cloud Evolution Path • From Mainframes to Clouds • SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0, and Mashups • Grid Computing • Utility Computing • Hardware Virtualization • Autonomic Computing INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

12. Roots of Cloud From Mainframes to Clouds • We are currently experiencing a switch in the IT world, from in-house generated computing power into utility- supplied computing resources delivered over the Internet as Web services. • Several technologies have in some way aimed at turning the utility computing concept intoreality. • In the 1970s, companies who offered common data processing tasks, such as payroll automation, operated time-shared mainframes as utilities, which could serve dozens of applications and often operated close to 100% of their capacity. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

13. Roots of Cloud • For instance, from 1950 to 1970, a handful of mainframes, including the IBM 360 and CDC 6400, were built to satisfy the demands of large businesses and government organizations. • In fact, mainframes had to operate at very high utilization rates simply because they were very expensive and costs should be justified by efficient usage. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

14. Roots of Cloud • The mainframe era collapsed with the advent of fast and inexpensive microprocessors and IT data centers moved to collections of commodity servers. • From 1960 to 1980, lower-cost minicomputers such as the DEC PDP 11 and VAX Series became popular businesses among small and on college campuses. • From 1970 to 1990, we saw widespread use of personal computers built with VLSI microprocessors INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

15. Roots of Cloud Distributed Computing (Cluster,Grid) • A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system. • A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network. • A distributed system can consist of any number of possible configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, and so on. The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a singlecomputer. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

16. Roots of Cloud Cluster • Cluster computing or High-Performance computing frameworks is a form of computing in which bunch of computers (often called nodes) that are connected through a LAN (local area network) so that, they behave like a single machine. • Cluster computing is a form of computing in which a group of computers are linked together so that they can act like a single computer. • It is the technique of linking two or more computers into a network (usually through a local area network) in order to take advantage of the parallel processing power of those computers. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

17. Roots of Cloud Cluster computing started as a low- cost alternative to the use of mainframes and supercomputers. Starting in the 1980s, clusters become the standard technology for parallel and high-performance computing. Built by commodity machines, they were cheaper than mainframes and made high-performance computing available to a large number of groups, including universities and small research labs. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

18. Roots of Cloud Grid Computing • Grid computing appeared in the early 1990s as an evolution of cluster computing. In an analogy to the power grid, grid computing proposed a new approach to access large computational power, huge storage facilities, and a variety of services. • Grid computing is a group of computers physically connected (over a network or with Internet) to perform a dedicated tasks together, such as analysing e-commerce data and solve a complex problem. Grids are a form of "super virtual computer" that solve a particular application. • Grids initially developed as aggregations of geographically dispersed clusters by means of Internet connections. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

19. Roots of Cloud Grid Computing • These clusters belonged to different organizations, and arrangements were made among them to share the computational power. • Different from a “large cluster,” a computing grid was a dynamic aggregation of heterogeneous computing nodes, and its scale was nationwide or even worldwide. • Grid computing enables aggregation of distributed resources and transparently access to them. • Most production grids such as TeraGrid and EGEE seek to share compute and storage resources distributed across different administrative domains, with their main focus being speeding up a broad range of scientific applications, such as climate modeling, drug design, and protein analysis. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

20. Roots of Cloud LHC – CERN-WLCG INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

22. Roots of Cloud SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0, and Mashups • The emergence of Web services (WS) open standards has significantly contributed to advances in the domain of software integration. • Web services can glue together applications running on different messaging product platforms, enabling information from one application to be made available to others, and enabling internal applications to be made available over theInternet. • WS standards have been created on top of existing ubiquitous technologies such as HTTP and XML, thus providing a common mechanism for delivering services, making them ideal for implementing a service-orientedarchitecture(SOA). INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

23. Roots of Cloud SOA • In a SOA, software resources are packaged as “services,” which are well-defined, self contained modules that provide standard business functionality and are independent of the state or context of other services. • A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural pattern in computer software design in which application components provide services to other components via a communications protocol, typically over a network. The principles of service-orientation are independent of any product, vendor or technology. • Many service providers, such as Amazon, del.icio.us, Facebook, and Google, make their service APIs publicly accessible using standard protocols such as SOAP and REST. • SOA is related to early efforts on the architecture style of large-scale distributed systems, particularly Representational State Transfer (REST). • Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) SOAP provides a standard packaging structure for transmission of XML documents over various Internet protocols, such as SMTP, HTTP, and FTP. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

24. Roots of Cloud Web 2.0 • At present, the We encompasses a set of technologies and services that facilitate interactive information sharing, collaboration, user-centered design, and application composition. • This evolution has transformed the Web into a rich platform for application development and is known as Web 2.0. • Web 2.0 brings interactivity and flexibility into Web pages, providing enhanced user experience by gaining Web-based access to all the functions that are normally found in desktop applications. • These capabilities are obtained by integrating a collection of standards and technologies such as XML, Asynchronous Java Script and XML (AJAX), Web Services, and others. • Examples of Web2.0 applications are Google Documents, Google Maps, Flickr, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, de.li.cious, Blogger, and Wikipedia. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

27. Roots of Cloud Virtualization • Cloud computing services are usually backed by large-scale data centers composed of thousands of computers. Such data centers are built to serve many users and host many disparate applications. • For this purpose, hardware virtualization can be considered as a perfect fit to overcome most operational issues of data center building and maintenance. • Virtualization has been around for more than 40 years, but its application has always been limited by technologies that did not allow an efficient use of virtualization solutions. Today these limitations have been substantially overcome, and virtualization has become a fundamental element of cloudcomputing. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

29. Roots of Cloud • Virtualization is essentially a technology that allows creation of different computing environments. These environments are called virtual because they simulate the interface that is expected By a guest. The most common example of virtualization is hardware virtualization • Hardware virtualization allows running multiple operating systems and software stacks on a single physical platform. Virtual machine monitor (VMM), also called a hypervisor, mediates access to the physical hardware presenting to each guest operating system a virtual machine (VM), which is a set of virtual platform interfaces. • Virtualization is the base technology that enables cloud computing solutions to deliver virtual servers on demand, such as Amazon EC2, RightScale, VMware vCloud, and others. • A number of VMM platforms exist that are the basis of many utility or cloud computing environments. The most notable ones, VMWare, Xen, and KV INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

30. Desired Features of Cloud Cloud Computing - Desired Features of Cloud 3 0 INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

31. Desired Features of Cloud To satisfy the expectations of consumers cloud must provide, • Self-Service • Per Usage Metering – Billing • Elastic • Customization Cloud Computing - Desired Features of Cloud INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

32. Desired Features of Cloud Self Service • On-demand instant access to resources • Must allow self service access, So customers can request, customize, pay and use services without intervention. Cloud Computing - Desired Features of Cloud 3 2 INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

33. Desired Features of Cloud Per Usage Metering and Billing • Services must be prized on short term basis • Allow users to release resources as soon as they are not needed. • Must offer efficient trading services like prizing, accounting and billing • Metering should be done accordingly for different services • Usage promptly reported 3 3 INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

34. Desired Features of Cloud Elasticity • Infinite computing resources available on demand. • Rapidly provide resources in any quantity and at any time. • Additional resources can be provided when application load increases • Release when load decreases. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

35. Desired Features of Cloud Customization • Resources rented from cloud must be customizable. • In IaaS – allow users to deploy specialised virtual appliances and give privileged access to servers. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

36. Challenges and Risks of Cloud Computing Despite the initial success and popularity of the cloud computing paradigm and the extensive availability of providers and tools, a significant number of challenges and risks are inherent to this new model of computing. Issues faced in cloud computing are • Security, Privacy and Trust • Data Lock in Standardization • Availability, Fault-Tolerance, and Disaster Recovery • Resource Management and Energy Efficient INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

37. Security, Privacy and Trust • Current cloud offerings are essentially public, exposing the system to more attacks. For this reason there are potentially additional challenges to make cloud computing environments as secure as in-house IT systems. • Security and privacy affect the entire cloud computing stack, since there is a massive use of third-party services and infrastructures that are used to host important data or to perform critical operations. • In this scenario, the trust toward providers is fundamental to ensure the desired level of privacy for applications hosted in the cloud. • Legal and regulatory issues also need attention. When data are moved into the Cloud, providers may choose to locate them anywhere on the planet. • The physical location of data centers determines the set of laws that can be applied to the management of data. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

38. • For example, specific cryptography techniques could not be used because they are not allowed in some countries. • Similarly, country laws can impose that sensitive data, such as patient health records, are to be stored within national border. Security, Privacy and Trust Data Lock-In and Standardization • A major concern of cloud computing users is about having their data locked-in by a certain provider. • Users may want to move data and applications out from a provider that does not meet their requirements. • However, in their current form, cloud computing infrastructures and platforms do not employ standard methods of storing user data and applications. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

39. • The answer to this concern is standardization. In this direction, there are efforts to create open standards for cloud computing. • The Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF) was formed by organizations such as Intel, Sun, and Cisco in order to “enable a global cloud computing ecosystem whereby organizations are able to seamlessly work together for the purposes for wider industry adoption of cloud computing technology.” • The development of the Unified Cloud Interface (UCI) by CCIF aims at creating a standard programmatic point of access to an entire cloud infrastructure. • In the hardware virtualization sphere, the Open Virtual Format (OVF) aims at facilitating packing and distribution of software to be run on VMs so that virtual appliances can be made portable—that is, seamlessly run on hypervisor of different vendor Data Lock-In and Standardization INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

40. Availability, Fault-Tolerance and Disaster Recovery • Availability of the service, its overall performance, and what measures are to be taken when something goes wrong in the system or its components is very essential in cloud. • Users seek for a warranty before they can comfortably move their business to the cloud. • SLAs, which include QoS requirements, must be ideally set up between customers and cloud computing providers to act as warranty. • An SLA specifies the details of the service to be provided, including availability and performance guarantees. • Additionally, metrics must be agreed upon by all parties, and penalties for violating the expectations must also be approved INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

41. Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency • Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency One important challenge faced by providers of cloud computing services is the efficient management of virtualized resource pools. • Physical resources such as CPU cores, disk space, and network bandwidth must be sliced and shared among virtual machines running potentially heterogeneous workloads. • The multi-dimensional nature of virtual machines complicates the activity of finding a good mapping of VMs onto available physical hosts while maximizing user utility. • Dimensions to be considered include: number of CPUs, amount of memory, size of virtual disks, and network bandwidth. • Dynamic VM mapping policies may leverage the ability to suspend, migrate, and resume VMs as an easy way of preempting low-priority allocations in favor of higher- priority ones. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

42. • Migration of VMs also brings additional challenges such as detecting when to initiate a migration, which VM to migrate, and where to migrate. • In addition, policies may take advantage of live migration of virtual machines to relocate data center load without significantly disrupting running services. • Data centers consumer large amounts of electricity. According to a data published byHP, 100 server racks can consume 1.3MWof power and another 1.3 MW are required by the cooling system, thus costing USD 2.6 million per year. • Besides the monetary cost, data centers significantly impact the environment in terms of CO2 emissions from the cooling systems. Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

43. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing Downtime • With massive overload on the servers from various clients, the service provider might come up against technical outages. Due to this unavoidable situation your business could be temporarily sabotaged. • And in case your internet connection is down, you will not be able to access the data, software or applications on the cloud. So basically you are depending on the quality of the internet to access the tools and software, as it is not installed in-house. Security • There is room for imminent risk for your data even though cloud service providers abide by strict confidentiality terms, are industry certified and implement the best security standards. • When you seek to use cloud-based technology you are extending your access controls to a third party agent to import critical confidential data from your company onto the cloud INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

44. • The presence of data on the cloud opens up a greater risk of data theft as hackers could find loopholes in the framework. Basically your data on the cloud is at a higher risk, than if it was managed in-house. • Hackers could find ways to gain access to data, scan, exploit a loophole and look for vulnerabilities on the cloud server to gain access to the data. • For instance, when you are dealing with a multi-tenant cloud server, the chances of a hacker breaking into your data is quite high, as the server has data stored by multiple users. • But the cloud-based servers take enough precautions to prevent data thefts and the likelihood of being hacked is quite less. Security INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

45. Vendor Lock-In • Companies might find it a bit of a hassle to change the vendors. • Although the cloud service providers assure that it is a breeze to use the cloud and integrate your business needs with them, disengaging and moving to the next vendor is not a forte that’s completely evolved. • As the applications that work fine with one platform may not be compatible with another. • The transition might pose a risk and the change could be inflexible due to synchronization and support issues. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

46. Limited Control • Organizations could have limited access control on the data, tools and apps as the cloud is controlled by the service provider. • It hands over minimal control to the customer, as the access is only limited to the applications, tools and data that is loaded on the server and no access to the infrastructure itself. • The customer may not have access to the key administrative services INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

47. Legal Issues • Legal issues may also arise. These are specifically tied to the ubiquitous nature of cloud computing, which spreads computing infrastructure across diverse geographical locations. • Different legislation about privacy in different countries may potentially create disputes as to the rights that third parties (including government agencies) have to your data. • U.S. legislation is known to give extreme powers to government agencies to acquire confidential data when there is the suspicion of operations leading to a threat to national security. • European countries are more restrictive and protect the right of privacy. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

48. Benefits of Cloud No upfront commitment • IT assets, namely software and infrastructure, are turned into utility costs, which are paid for as long as they are used, not paid for upfront. • Capital costs are costs associated with assets that need to be paid in advance to start a business activity. • Before cloud computing, IT infrastructure and software generated capital costs, since they were paid upfront so that business start-ups could afford a computing infrastructure, enabling the business activities of the organization. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

49. Cost efficiency • The most evident benefit from the use of cloud computing systems and technologies is the increased economical return due to the reduced maintenance costs and operational costs related to IT software and infrastructure. • The biggest reason behind shifting to cloud computing is that it takes considerably lesser cost than an on-premise technology. • Now the companies need not store the data in disks anymore as the Cloud offers enormous storage space, saving money and resources of the companies. • It helps you to save substantial capital cost as it does not need any physical hardware investments. • Also, you do not need trained personnel to maintain the hardware. The buying and managing of equipment is done by the cloud service provider. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

50. On Demand • Services can be accessed on demand and only when required. • Cloud users can access the required services only when they need and pay for only for the usage. • Any subscriber of cloud service can access the services from anywhere and at anytime. Disaster Recovery: • It is highly recommended that businesses have an emergency backup plan ready in the case of an emergency. Cloud storage can be used as a back‐up plan by businesses by providing a second copy of important files. • These files are stored at a remote location and can be accessed through an internet connection. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

51. Excellent accessibility • Storing the information in cloud allows you to access it anywhere and anytime regardless of the machine making it highly accessible and flexible technology of present times. • Information and services stored in the cloud are exposed to users by Web-based interfaces that make them accessible from portable devices as well as desktops at home. Scalability • If you are anticipating a huge upswing in computing need (or even if you are surprised by a sudden demand), cloud computing can help you manage. Rather than having to buy, install, and configure new equipment, you can buy additional CPU cycles or storage from a third party. • For example, organizations can add more servers to process workload spikes and dismiss them when they are no longer needed. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

52. Flexibility • Increased agility in defining and structuring software systems is another significant benefit of cloud computing. • Since organizations rent IT services, they can more dynamically and flexibly compose their software systems, without being constrained by capital costs for IT assets. • There is a reduced need for capacity planning, since cloud computing allows organizations to react to unplanned surges in demand quite rapidly. INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CLOUD COMPUTING – UNIT - 1

53. Are driverless cars safe? • This is one of the questions that continues to pop up in the driverless car debate: • is it safe to hand over control of a vehicle to a robot? • Use your conclusion mam

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