This document discusses homeland security and cybercrime. It defines homeland security as efforts to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerability, and minimize damage from attacks. Terrorism is defined as unlawful violence to coerce governments or populations. The document discusses trends in international terrorism like more efficient financing and organization models. It explains how the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act and Patriot Act expanded legal tools against terrorists by prohibiting material support and enhancing surveillance and information sharing. Cybercrime is distinguished from traditional crime as occurring online rather than physically and includes identity theft, phishing, and malware like botnets, worms and viruses. Law enforcement faces challenges in combating cybercrime like forensic challenges and jurisdiction issues.

1. H omeland
security and
cyber crime

2. Defining Homeland Security:
 A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist
attacks within the United States, reduce America’s
vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the
damage and recover from attacks that do occur.

3. Defining Terrorism:
 The unlawful use of force against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives.

5.  The Changing Global Context of Terrorism
 Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda
 Domestic Terrorism
 Evolving Threat Patterns
◦ The Diffusion of Al Qaeda
◦ The Internationalization of Domestic Terrorism

7.  Questions:
◦ How has the War on Terrorism changed the criminal
justice system in the United States?
◦ Is terrorism something you worry about on a regular or
semi-regular basis? Does this worry alter your behavior?

8.  Identify three important trends in international
terrorism.

9.  Trends identified by homeland security expert
Brian Jenkins:
• Terrorists have developed more efficient means of
managing their finances.
• Terrorists have developed more efficient models of
organization.
• Terrorists have exploited new communication
technology.

10.  Explain why the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) is an important legal
tool against terrorists.

11. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (AEDPA):
 Passed in 1995 in response to the OKC bombings
 Prohibits persons from providing material support
to foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs)

12. The Patriot Act:
 Designed to “level the playing field.”
 Makes it easier for law enforcement to collect
information about suspected terrorists and detain them.
 Enhances the ability of the government to keep non
citizens suspected of terrorist activities out of the United
States.
 Targets the fundraising activities of terrorist
organizations.

13. The Patriot Act:
 Relaxes restrictions on information sharing between
government agencies.
 Creates a crime of “knowingly harboring a terrorist.”
 Allows greater freedom in seizing email.
 Funds allow the tripling of border patrol agents, customs
inspectors, and immigration agents.
 Non-citizens can be detained up to seven days without being
informed of the charges against them.
 Eliminates the statute of limitations for terror-related offenses.

14.  Describe the primary goals of an intelligence
agency and indicate how it differs from an agency
that focuses solely on law enforcement.

15.  Intelligence agencies rely on the following
strategies to collect information:
◦ Electronic surveillance
◦ Human-source collection
◦ Open-source collection
◦ Intelligence sharing
◦ Counterintelligence

16. Issues with the response to terrorism:
 Terror related investigations have strained local
law enforcement resources and led to crime
increases in some areas.
 Communication difficulties have led to
dissatisfaction for many local agencies.

17.  Explain how American law enforcement agencies
have used “preventive policing” to combat
terrorism.

18.  Preventive Policing
◦ Prevent crimes before they occur
 The Criminal Justice model
 The Intelligence Model
◦ Local Intelligence
◦ The National Counterterrorism Center

19.  List the primary duties of first responders following
a terrorist attack or other catastrophic event.

20.  Emergency Preparedness and Response
◦ Duties include:
 Securing the scene
 Rescuing and treating any injured civilians
 Containing and suppressing fires or other hazardous
conditions
 Retrieving those who have been killed

21.  Border Security
◦ Regulated Ports of entry
 88 millions foreign visitors arrive through America’s more
than 100 international airports, with millions more crossing
the borders with Mexico and Canada.
◦ Unregulated Ports of Entry
 Millions of people illegally cross into the United States
through the borders with Mexico and Canada each year.

22.  Explain how the Patriot Act has made it easier for
federal agents to conduct searches during
terrorism investigations.

23.  Terrorist Profiling
 Searches, Surveillance, and Security
◦ The Patriot Act and Searches
 Allows the FBI or other federal agencies to obtain warrants
for “terrorism” investigations, “chemical weapons”
investigations, or “computer fraud and abuse” investigations
as long as agents can prove that such actions have a
“significant purpose” – no proof of criminal activity is required
◦ The Patriot Act and Surveillance

24.  Due Process and Indefinite Detention
Military Justice
• Enemy combatants tried by military tribunals rather than
civilian courts
• No right to trial by jury
Changing Course
Closing GTMO
Accessing Criminal Courts
Accessing Military Commissions

25.  Distinguish cyber crime from “traditional” crime.

27.  Cyber crime is a crime that occurs online as
opposed to the physical world.
◦ Cyber Consumer Fraud
◦ Cyber Theft
◦ Identity Theft
◦ Phishing
◦ Cyber Aggression and the New Media
 Cyberstalking
 Cyberbullying

29.  Questions:
◦ Discuss the extent of identity theft?
◦ How can you prevent becoming a victim of identity theft?

30.  Describe the three following forms of malware: (a)
botnets, (b) worms, and (c) viruses.

31.  Botnet – a network of computers that have been
appropriated without the knowledge of their owners and
used to spread harmful programs via the internet.
 Worm – a computer program that can automatically
replicate itself over a network such as the internet and
interfere with the normal use of a computer.
 Virus – a computer program that can replicate itself over a
network such as the internet and interfere with the normal
use of a computer; cannot exist as a separate entity and
must attach itself to another program to move through a
network

32.  Cyber Crimes in the Business World
◦ Hackers
◦ The Spread of Spam
◦ Pirating Intellectual Property Online

33.  Cyber Crimes Against the Community
 Fighting Cyber Crime
◦ Challenges for Law Enforcement
 Cyber Forensics
 Jurisdictional Challenges
◦ Federal Law Enforcement and Cyber Crime
◦ Private Efforts to Combat Cyber Crime