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Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Lesson Overview
22.2 Seedless Plants
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

THINK ABOUT IT
We generally think of plants as growing from seeds, but there are plenty of plants
that don’t produce seeds at all. How do they manage to reproduce and grow
without them?
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Green Algae
What are the characteristics of green algae?
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Green Algae
What are the characteristics of green algae?
Green algae are mostly aquatic. They are found in fresh and salt water, and in
some moist areas on land.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Green Algae
Algae are not a single group of organisms. “Algae” applies to any photosynthetic
eukaryote other than a land plant.
“Green algae” are classified with plants.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

The First Plants
Green algae are mostly aquatic. They are found in fresh and salt water, and
in some moist areas on land.
Ancient green algae shared the ocean floor with corals and sponges..
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

The First Plants
Green algae absorb moisture and nutrients directly from their surroundings
and do not contain the specialized tissues found in other plants.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
Many green algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid phases.
However, some may not alternate with each and every generation.
In the life cycle of Chlamydomonas, as long as living conditions are suitable,
the haploid cell reproduces asexually by mitosis.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
If conditions become unfavorable, Chlamydomonas can switch to a
stage that reproduces sexually.
Its cells release gametes that fuse into a diploid zygote (a sporophyte).
The zygote has a thick protective wall, permitting survival in harsh
conditions.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
The zygote begins to grow once conditions become favorable.
It divides by meiosis to produce four haploid cells that swim away,
mature, and reproduce asexually.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Multicellularity
Green algae can form colonies.
Spirogyra forms long threadlike colonies called filaments.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Multicellularity
Volvox colonies consist of as few as 500 to as many as 50,000 cells arranged to
form hollow spheres.
Volvox shows some cell specialization and straddles the fence between
colonial and multicellular life.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Mosses and Other Bryophytes
What factor limits the size of bryophytes?
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Mosses and Other Bryophytes
What factor limits the size of bryophytes?
Bryophytes are small because they lack vascular tissue.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Mosses and Other Bryophytes
Mosses have a waxy, protective
coating that makes it possible for
them to resist drying, and thin
filaments known as rhizoids that
anchor them to the soil. Rhizoids
also absorb water and minerals
from the soil.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Mosses and Other Bryophytes
Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts all belong to a group of plants known
as bryophytes.
Bryophytes have specialized reproductive organs enclosed by other, nonreproductive cells.
Bryophytes show a higher degree of cell specialization than do the green
algae and were among the first plants to become established on land.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Why Bryophytes Are Small
Bryophytes do not make lignin, a substance that hardens cell walls, and
do not contain true vascular tissue. Because of this, bryophytes cannot
support a tall plant body against the pull of gravity.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
Bryophytes display alternation of
generations.
The gametophyte is the dominant,
recognizable stage of the life cycle
and the stage that carries out most
of the photosynthesis.
The sporophyte is dependent on the
gametophyte for its supply of water
and nutrients.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
Bryophytes produce sperm cells that swim using flagella.
For fertilization to occur, the sperm must swim to an egg. Because of this,
bryophytes must live in habitats where open water is available at least
part of the year.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Gametophyte
When a moss spore lands in a moist place, it sprouts and grows into a
young gametophyte.
The gametophyte forms rhizoids that grow into the ground and shoots
that grow into the air.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Gametophyte
Gametes are formed in reproductive structures at the tips of the
gametophytes.
Eggs are produced in archegonia.
Sperm are produced in antheridia.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Gametophyte
Sperm and egg cells fuse to produce a diploid zygote.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Sporophyte
The zygote marks the beginning of the sporophyte stage of the life cycle.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Sporophyte
A sporophyte grows within the body of the gametophyte, depending on it
for water and nutrients.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Sporophyte
Eventually the sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte and develops a
long stalk ending in a capsule called the sporangium.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Haploid spores are produced inside the capsule by meiosis and are
released when the capsule ripens and opens.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Vascular Plants
How is vascular tissue important?
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Vascular Plants
How is vascular tissue important?
Vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—make it possible for vascular plants
to move fluids through their bodies against the force of gravity.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Vascular Plants
About 420 million years ago, plants for the first time were able to grow
high above the ground.
Fossil evidence shows these plants were the first to have a transport
system with true vascular tissue. Vascular tissue carries water and
nutrients much more efficiently than does any tissue found in bryophytes.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Evolution of a Transport System
Vascular plants are known as tracheophytes, after a specialized type of
water-conducting cell they contain. These cells, called tracheids, are
hollow tubelike cells with thick cell walls strengthened by lignin.
Tracheids are found in xylem, a tissue that carries water upward from the
roots to every part of a plant.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Evolution of a Transport System
Tracheids are connected end to end like a series of tin cans, as shown in the
figure. Openings between tracheids, known as pits, allow water to move
through a plant more efficiently than by diffusion alone.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Evolution of a Transport System
Vascular plants also have a second transport tissue called phloem that
transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by
photosynthesis.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants
Among the seedless vascular plants alive today are three phyla commonly
known as club mosses, horsetails, and ferns. The most numerous of these
are the ferns.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns have true vascular tissues, strong roots, creeping or underground
stems called rhizomes, and large leaves called fronds, shown in the figure.
Ferns can thrive in areas with little light and are most abundant in wet
habitats.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
In the life cycle of a fern, spores
produced by the sporophyte grow into
thin, heart-shaped haploid
gametophytes. The gametophytes grow
independently of the sporophyte.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
Sperm and eggs are produced on the
gametophytes in antheridia and
archegonia.
Fertilization requires at least a thin film
of water, so that the sperm can swim to
the eggs.
Lesson Overview

Seedless Plants

Life Cycle
The diploid zygote produced by
fertilization develops into a new
sporophyte plant. This is the dominant
stage of the fern life cycle.
Haploid spores develop on the
undersides of the fronds in sporangia,
and the cycle begins again

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B10vrv6222

  • 1. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Lesson Overview 22.2 Seedless Plants
  • 2. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants THINK ABOUT IT We generally think of plants as growing from seeds, but there are plenty of plants that don’t produce seeds at all. How do they manage to reproduce and grow without them?
  • 3. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Green Algae What are the characteristics of green algae?
  • 4. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Green Algae What are the characteristics of green algae? Green algae are mostly aquatic. They are found in fresh and salt water, and in some moist areas on land.
  • 5. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Green Algae Algae are not a single group of organisms. “Algae” applies to any photosynthetic eukaryote other than a land plant. “Green algae” are classified with plants.
  • 6. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants The First Plants Green algae are mostly aquatic. They are found in fresh and salt water, and in some moist areas on land. Ancient green algae shared the ocean floor with corals and sponges..
  • 7. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants The First Plants Green algae absorb moisture and nutrients directly from their surroundings and do not contain the specialized tissues found in other plants.
  • 8. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle Many green algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid phases. However, some may not alternate with each and every generation. In the life cycle of Chlamydomonas, as long as living conditions are suitable, the haploid cell reproduces asexually by mitosis.
  • 9. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle If conditions become unfavorable, Chlamydomonas can switch to a stage that reproduces sexually. Its cells release gametes that fuse into a diploid zygote (a sporophyte). The zygote has a thick protective wall, permitting survival in harsh conditions.
  • 10. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle The zygote begins to grow once conditions become favorable. It divides by meiosis to produce four haploid cells that swim away, mature, and reproduce asexually.
  • 11. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Multicellularity Green algae can form colonies. Spirogyra forms long threadlike colonies called filaments.
  • 12. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Multicellularity Volvox colonies consist of as few as 500 to as many as 50,000 cells arranged to form hollow spheres. Volvox shows some cell specialization and straddles the fence between colonial and multicellular life.
  • 13. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Mosses and Other Bryophytes What factor limits the size of bryophytes?
  • 14. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Mosses and Other Bryophytes What factor limits the size of bryophytes? Bryophytes are small because they lack vascular tissue.
  • 15. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Mosses and Other Bryophytes Mosses have a waxy, protective coating that makes it possible for them to resist drying, and thin filaments known as rhizoids that anchor them to the soil. Rhizoids also absorb water and minerals from the soil.
  • 16. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Mosses and Other Bryophytes Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts all belong to a group of plants known as bryophytes. Bryophytes have specialized reproductive organs enclosed by other, nonreproductive cells. Bryophytes show a higher degree of cell specialization than do the green algae and were among the first plants to become established on land.
  • 17. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Why Bryophytes Are Small Bryophytes do not make lignin, a substance that hardens cell walls, and do not contain true vascular tissue. Because of this, bryophytes cannot support a tall plant body against the pull of gravity.
  • 18. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle Bryophytes display alternation of generations. The gametophyte is the dominant, recognizable stage of the life cycle and the stage that carries out most of the photosynthesis. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for its supply of water and nutrients.
  • 19. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle Bryophytes produce sperm cells that swim using flagella. For fertilization to occur, the sperm must swim to an egg. Because of this, bryophytes must live in habitats where open water is available at least part of the year.
  • 20. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Gametophyte When a moss spore lands in a moist place, it sprouts and grows into a young gametophyte. The gametophyte forms rhizoids that grow into the ground and shoots that grow into the air.
  • 21. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Gametophyte Gametes are formed in reproductive structures at the tips of the gametophytes. Eggs are produced in archegonia. Sperm are produced in antheridia.
  • 22. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Gametophyte Sperm and egg cells fuse to produce a diploid zygote.
  • 23. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Sporophyte The zygote marks the beginning of the sporophyte stage of the life cycle.
  • 24. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Sporophyte A sporophyte grows within the body of the gametophyte, depending on it for water and nutrients.
  • 25. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Sporophyte Eventually the sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte and develops a long stalk ending in a capsule called the sporangium.
  • 26. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Haploid spores are produced inside the capsule by meiosis and are released when the capsule ripens and opens.
  • 27. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Vascular Plants How is vascular tissue important?
  • 28. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Vascular Plants How is vascular tissue important? Vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—make it possible for vascular plants to move fluids through their bodies against the force of gravity.
  • 29. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Vascular Plants About 420 million years ago, plants for the first time were able to grow high above the ground. Fossil evidence shows these plants were the first to have a transport system with true vascular tissue. Vascular tissue carries water and nutrients much more efficiently than does any tissue found in bryophytes.
  • 30. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Evolution of a Transport System Vascular plants are known as tracheophytes, after a specialized type of water-conducting cell they contain. These cells, called tracheids, are hollow tubelike cells with thick cell walls strengthened by lignin. Tracheids are found in xylem, a tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant.
  • 31. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Evolution of a Transport System Tracheids are connected end to end like a series of tin cans, as shown in the figure. Openings between tracheids, known as pits, allow water to move through a plant more efficiently than by diffusion alone.
  • 32. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Evolution of a Transport System Vascular plants also have a second transport tissue called phloem that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.
  • 33. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Among the seedless vascular plants alive today are three phyla commonly known as club mosses, horsetails, and ferns. The most numerous of these are the ferns.
  • 34. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns have true vascular tissues, strong roots, creeping or underground stems called rhizomes, and large leaves called fronds, shown in the figure. Ferns can thrive in areas with little light and are most abundant in wet habitats.
  • 35. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle In the life cycle of a fern, spores produced by the sporophyte grow into thin, heart-shaped haploid gametophytes. The gametophytes grow independently of the sporophyte.
  • 36. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle Sperm and eggs are produced on the gametophytes in antheridia and archegonia. Fertilization requires at least a thin film of water, so that the sperm can swim to the eggs.
  • 37. Lesson Overview Seedless Plants Life Cycle The diploid zygote produced by fertilization develops into a new sporophyte plant. This is the dominant stage of the fern life cycle. Haploid spores develop on the undersides of the fronds in sporangia, and the cycle begins again