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Outline
 Nepal : Overview
 SRI in Nepal:
Historical perspectives
 New directions in SRI
 Mechanization options
in SRI
 Problems
 Ways forward
Nepal: Overview
Area: 14.7 M ha (147,181
km2) -- 93rd in the world
 Population: 26.6 M (2011)
 Pop. growth: 1.4% (2011)
 Density: 199/km2 -- 62nd
Mountains: 3000-8,848 masl,
35% of area, 2% arable
Hills: 800-2,400 masl, 43% of
area, only 10% arable
Terai: 60-300 masl, 23% of
area, 50% arable
Seasons: Spring (March-May),
Summer (June-August), Autumn
(Sept.-Nov.), Winter ( Dec-Feb).
Rice seasons : Main (rainy), boro (winter) and early (spring)
1999 • First SRI trial (NARC-Cornell University)
2001
• Trials on variety, spacing, water management (CIMMYT-
NWRP, Appropriate Tech. Asia(ATA)
2002 • FFS set up in the Sunsari-Morang Irrig Project, yield: 8 t/ha
• SRI-Nepal Discussion Group formed
2005
• SRI project won 2nd place in the World Bank’s Nepal
Development Marketplace competition
• National SRI workshop in Kathmandu (ICIMOD hosted)
2008
• SRI had started in more than 20 districts by GOs/NGOs
(reaching 2500 farmers)
• Success at 2500 m altitude in southern Humla (ATA)
2010
• EU-funded Food Facility project launched in 10 districts-
100s of SRI FFSs developed, trials and demon in FFSs
2012-16
• NARC started systematic research, GON has launched
mega rice project-SRI an important element
• SRI reached more than 50 districts (out of 75)
New Directions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Organic SRI SRI Conventional Wet DSR Dry DSR
6.6
4.98
3.52
Yield(mt/ha)
Pr (f)>= 0.003, LSD =1.39
Yield affected by cultivation methods
Khadka, unpublished, 2014
Performance of FAR
landraces in SRI
 Landraces have 3-4 fold
higher price in market, due to
their premium quality
 Well-adapted to conditions
 Problems: low yield, high
disease, unresponsive with
fertilizer, lodging
Khadka, et. al. 2014
Scale value
0= no lodging,
5 =100 % lodging
1= no disease
9 - highest disease
LSD=0.92**LSD=0.62**
SRI: Biotic and Abiotic stresses
Performance of drought-tolerant rice
varieties under SRI management
6.54
7.59
7.87
6.31
6.07 5.96
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
Sukh-3 Radha-4 Sukha-5 Sukha-4 Sukha-1 Sukha-6
Grain weight (mt/ha)
Straw yeild (mt/ha)
Unpublished Khadka et. al. 2015.
Yield(mt/ha)
Modern varieties with SRI
Org. SRI-
Tricho
Role of Trichoderma used with
methods of cultivation
4.27
5.48
Con.
Interaction between variety and
Trichoderma applications
Ratooning in SRI: New intervention
3.92
3.25 2.50
Integration of SRI in Seed System
 As SRI increase the seed efficiency by more than 80%
(means 4-6 Kg seed is sufficient for 1 ha in SRI while it
required 50-60 Kg in conventional)
 The seed flow is very slow from research to farmers field
(takes around 5-6 years after varietal recommendation)
due to scarcity of nucleus seed
Nucleus
Res. St. (1 yr)
Breeder
( Res. St.
1 yr)
Foundation
(Res. St./seed
producers)
Certified
(seed
producer/F
armers)
Fig: Seed flow System from Research to Farmer’s field
Mechanization Options in SRI
 Crop establishment
 Weeding
Crop Establishment
Planting in grid is always a challenge in SRI
Earlier, rope was used for marking Wooden rake was then used: not suitable
Drum seeder is promising Roller type marker Rice crank transplanter
is recent introduction
Development of mechanical
weeder for SRI in Nepal
 Initially wooden ‘rakes’ with iron pins
were used as weeders for SRI (cost
as little as 25 cents)
 Locally-fabricated rotary weeder was
developed by NARC
 USHA weeder (India) was introduced for
SRI promotion in Nepal
Effect of different methods
of weeding for SRI
Methods of
weed control
Yield advantage
cf. herbicides
Rotary weeder (ha) 21%
Hand weeding (ha) 1.65%
Herbicides 0%
Methods of
weed control
Time saving cf.
hand weeding
Rotary weeder (ha) 73%
Hand weeding (ha) 0
Herbicides 92%
Problems
 Monsoon-dependent rice farming is
the norm
 Lack of assured sources of irrigation
water during crop establishment and
weeding
 Lack of extra-early rice varieties for
spring-season rice farming
 Low priority in research and extension
is given to SRI
 Lack of sufficient technical know-how
to provide to farmers
 Provision of simple weeding
machines/tools is needed
 Organic matter levels in the soil are
decreasing
Way Forward
 Demarcate most suitable areas
for SRI
 Rigorous training is needed
 Mechanization for crop
establishment and weeding
 Focus on seed/seedling priming
with Trichoderma and effective
modes of application
 Organic production of premium-
quality rice landraces with SRI
 Increase soil organic matter --
green manuring, legume
incorporation, etc.
 Document the role of SRI in
climate-change resiliency
Summary
1. Integration of SRI with drought tolerance rice varieties and
beneficial microbes could be successfully utilized to address
the emerging challenge of climate change in rice production
system
2. The productivity of high value rice landraces can be
significantly increased by SRI, which can have the great
contribution in reducing poverty in remote part of the
country
3. Ratooning in SRI can help to increase the cropping intensity
by enhancing area of spring season rice
4. Increase of soil organic matter is most essential in SRI
5. Large plot demonstrations of SRI with Trichoderma
integration, use of roller type markers and motorized SRI
weeder in rice super zones would be helpful to increase the
national rice productivity by acceleration of SRI adoption in
Thank
You

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1614 New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers

  • 1. Outline  Nepal : Overview  SRI in Nepal: Historical perspectives  New directions in SRI  Mechanization options in SRI  Problems  Ways forward
  • 2. Nepal: Overview Area: 14.7 M ha (147,181 km2) -- 93rd in the world  Population: 26.6 M (2011)  Pop. growth: 1.4% (2011)  Density: 199/km2 -- 62nd Mountains: 3000-8,848 masl, 35% of area, 2% arable Hills: 800-2,400 masl, 43% of area, only 10% arable Terai: 60-300 masl, 23% of area, 50% arable Seasons: Spring (March-May), Summer (June-August), Autumn (Sept.-Nov.), Winter ( Dec-Feb). Rice seasons : Main (rainy), boro (winter) and early (spring)
  • 3. 1999 • First SRI trial (NARC-Cornell University) 2001 • Trials on variety, spacing, water management (CIMMYT- NWRP, Appropriate Tech. Asia(ATA) 2002 • FFS set up in the Sunsari-Morang Irrig Project, yield: 8 t/ha • SRI-Nepal Discussion Group formed 2005 • SRI project won 2nd place in the World Bank’s Nepal Development Marketplace competition • National SRI workshop in Kathmandu (ICIMOD hosted) 2008 • SRI had started in more than 20 districts by GOs/NGOs (reaching 2500 farmers) • Success at 2500 m altitude in southern Humla (ATA) 2010 • EU-funded Food Facility project launched in 10 districts- 100s of SRI FFSs developed, trials and demon in FFSs 2012-16 • NARC started systematic research, GON has launched mega rice project-SRI an important element • SRI reached more than 50 districts (out of 75)
  • 5. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Organic SRI SRI Conventional Wet DSR Dry DSR 6.6 4.98 3.52 Yield(mt/ha) Pr (f)>= 0.003, LSD =1.39 Yield affected by cultivation methods Khadka, unpublished, 2014
  • 6. Performance of FAR landraces in SRI  Landraces have 3-4 fold higher price in market, due to their premium quality  Well-adapted to conditions  Problems: low yield, high disease, unresponsive with fertilizer, lodging Khadka, et. al. 2014
  • 7. Scale value 0= no lodging, 5 =100 % lodging 1= no disease 9 - highest disease LSD=0.92**LSD=0.62** SRI: Biotic and Abiotic stresses
  • 8. Performance of drought-tolerant rice varieties under SRI management 6.54 7.59 7.87 6.31 6.07 5.96 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 Sukh-3 Radha-4 Sukha-5 Sukha-4 Sukha-1 Sukha-6 Grain weight (mt/ha) Straw yeild (mt/ha) Unpublished Khadka et. al. 2015. Yield(mt/ha)
  • 10. Org. SRI- Tricho Role of Trichoderma used with methods of cultivation 4.27 5.48 Con.
  • 11. Interaction between variety and Trichoderma applications
  • 12. Ratooning in SRI: New intervention 3.92 3.25 2.50
  • 13. Integration of SRI in Seed System  As SRI increase the seed efficiency by more than 80% (means 4-6 Kg seed is sufficient for 1 ha in SRI while it required 50-60 Kg in conventional)  The seed flow is very slow from research to farmers field (takes around 5-6 years after varietal recommendation) due to scarcity of nucleus seed Nucleus Res. St. (1 yr) Breeder ( Res. St. 1 yr) Foundation (Res. St./seed producers) Certified (seed producer/F armers) Fig: Seed flow System from Research to Farmer’s field
  • 14. Mechanization Options in SRI  Crop establishment  Weeding
  • 15. Crop Establishment Planting in grid is always a challenge in SRI Earlier, rope was used for marking Wooden rake was then used: not suitable Drum seeder is promising Roller type marker Rice crank transplanter is recent introduction
  • 16. Development of mechanical weeder for SRI in Nepal  Initially wooden ‘rakes’ with iron pins were used as weeders for SRI (cost as little as 25 cents)  Locally-fabricated rotary weeder was developed by NARC  USHA weeder (India) was introduced for SRI promotion in Nepal
  • 17. Effect of different methods of weeding for SRI Methods of weed control Yield advantage cf. herbicides Rotary weeder (ha) 21% Hand weeding (ha) 1.65% Herbicides 0% Methods of weed control Time saving cf. hand weeding Rotary weeder (ha) 73% Hand weeding (ha) 0 Herbicides 92%
  • 18. Problems  Monsoon-dependent rice farming is the norm  Lack of assured sources of irrigation water during crop establishment and weeding  Lack of extra-early rice varieties for spring-season rice farming  Low priority in research and extension is given to SRI  Lack of sufficient technical know-how to provide to farmers  Provision of simple weeding machines/tools is needed  Organic matter levels in the soil are decreasing
  • 19. Way Forward  Demarcate most suitable areas for SRI  Rigorous training is needed  Mechanization for crop establishment and weeding  Focus on seed/seedling priming with Trichoderma and effective modes of application  Organic production of premium- quality rice landraces with SRI  Increase soil organic matter -- green manuring, legume incorporation, etc.  Document the role of SRI in climate-change resiliency
  • 20. Summary 1. Integration of SRI with drought tolerance rice varieties and beneficial microbes could be successfully utilized to address the emerging challenge of climate change in rice production system 2. The productivity of high value rice landraces can be significantly increased by SRI, which can have the great contribution in reducing poverty in remote part of the country 3. Ratooning in SRI can help to increase the cropping intensity by enhancing area of spring season rice 4. Increase of soil organic matter is most essential in SRI 5. Large plot demonstrations of SRI with Trichoderma integration, use of roller type markers and motorized SRI weeder in rice super zones would be helpful to increase the national rice productivity by acceleration of SRI adoption in

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Rice contributes 23% to the country’s agricultural gross domestic product. It accounts for 52% of the total food grain production and about 46% of the agricultural area, and it employs 65.6% of the population. It also meets more than 50% of the total calories requirement of the Nepalese people.
  2. 32 % higher yield than conventional and 87% higher than dry DSR
  3. 74 % higher yield was achieved in SRI than conventional, while the yield increment of HR Basmati was 60% as compared to 59% in improved var. Khumal -4 The lodging and disease pest are considered to be the important constraints in local varieties, the SRI increase the tolerance to disease and lodging
  4. Tilki dhan- long duration, fine, photo sensitive and locally most liked varieties in terai region, sensitive to lodging Sukhadhan- Recently released under the effort of STRASA project of IRRI, drought tolerance, photo insensitive, short duration var.
  5. We did come experimentation on how the newly released varieties perform in SRI. We can see all the new var have yield higher than 5 mt/ha. The synergistic effect of drought tolerance var with SRI can greatly helpful to reduce the impact of drought in rice…
  6. Similarly, we tested some new varieties called green super rice, which are considered to be multi-stress( drought, low nutrient, diseases, weeds and pest) tolerance. We can see here the yield of one of the green super rice 08FAN-10 has more than 10 mt/ha
  7. We know that the beneficial microbes have multiple benefits in crop production system. The Trichoderma is considered to be the most widely used micros which can rescue the plants from both biotic and abiotic stresses. We considered the effect of Trichoderma seedling treatments in different cultivation practices. We found 22% higher yield in seedling treatments with Trichoderma. While the highest yield was recorded when Trichoderma incorporated in organic SRI.
  8. As SRI have better performance as well as better adapted by farmers in spring season as compared to main season, because of the three reasons, higher yield due to better solar energy harvesting, controlled irrigation and water saving. There is limited time to cultivate rice after spring season harvesting due to short monsoon. In this aspect, ratooning would be the better option. We started some work in ratooning trials in SRI. We are getting promising results by managing the stubble length. More than 60% yield could be retrieved from the previous season crop.
  9. Justifiable after five years
  10. Transplanting is considered to be the most challenging factor in SRI adoption due to difficulties in handling the small seedlings and transplanting in grid. We worked for several techniques to make transplanting easier in SRI. Farmers are adopting these as per the local suitability, soil type and water holding capacity of soil greatly influenced the line marker used.
  11. The weed management is considered as one of the very crucial work in SRI. Due to ASD the higher weed population is expected in SRI compared to conventional. Higher yield from use of rotatory weeder has been evident in SRI.