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Tareke Berhe
Tareke.Berhe@ata.gov.et
FACT 1: PLANTS ARE LIVING THINGS
 They Feed
 They Drink
 They Breathe
 They Respond To Stimuli – They React
FACT 2: PLANTS RESPOND TO:
 Heat & Cold
 Light
 Plant Food in the Soil
 Available Moisture in the Soil
 Available Space for Each Plant
FACT 3: PLANTS RESPOND BY PRODUCING BIOMASS
KNOWN AS YIELD
• Yield = G x E + (G x E)
Where:
G = Genotype – inherited potential
E = Environment – favorable conditions
• Yield = G x E + (G x E) + Management
Where: Management = Intensification -- giving individual
plants more ample food, water, light and space to grow
FACT 4: ENVIRONMENT & MANAGEMENT MATTER
 In the efforts to increase the productivity of food crops,
size, number & time make a difference:
1. No. of Plants/Unit Area Matter
2. Size of Grain-Producing Heads Matter
3. When and What Management Operations are
Conducted Matter
EXAMPLE - MAIZE GRAIN YIELDS
PLANT
POPULATION
per hectare
100 150 200
20,000 2 TONS 3 TONS 4 TONS
40,000 4 TONS 6 TONS 8 TONS
60,000 6 TONS 9 TONS 12 TONS
Grain Weight/Cob ( grams)
TRANSPLANTING 15-DAY-OLD TEF SEEDLINGS,
DEBRE ZEIT 2009 – FIRST TRIALS
10 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
4 WEEKS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
8 WEEKS AFTER TRANSPLANTING : INCREASED LEAF
SIZE AND COLOR = HIGH BIOMASS PRODUCTION
TEF HEADS HEAVY WITH SEED
HIGH GRAIN & STRAW YIELDS, 2009
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2000
2927
3540
4250
4526
6260
6631
Fig 1. Yield (kg/ha) for variety
Dz-01-974 at 20x15 cm spacing
& different fertilizer types
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
9000
12621
14865
17507
18395
23598
25832
Fig 1. Straw yield (kg/ha) for
variety Dz-01-974 at 20x15 cm
spacing & different fertilizer
treatments
ROW PLANTING TO REPLACE TRANSPLANTING,
MAINTAINING WIDE SPACING BUT REDUCING LABOR
TEF PACKAGE AVERAGE YIELDS BY REGION AND BY PLANTING METHOD, 2012
Average yield increase of ~70% over the national average (167,000 Farmers)
Average yield by planting method
Quintals/hectare
• Data were collected from
~15,800 validating
farmers (and some
control farmer groups) to
determine the results of
new tef technologies
• For the 15,790 farmers,
average yields for row
planting + transplanting
increased ~70% from
national average (21.7
versus 12.6 qtls/ha)
• As the chart shows, there
is still much work to be
done to properly manage
transplanting to realize
potential yield gains
Source: 2012 Data from Regional, Zonal and Woreda administration staff (collected Feb-April 2013)
17
12
16
21222122
18
20
2323
Amhara SNNPOromia Tigray
N/A
Broadcasting
Row planting
Transplanting
AVERAGE GRAIN YIELD BY PLANTING METHOD, 2012,
WITH DIFFERENT SEEDING RATES (30 to 0.4 kg/ha)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
30 BC 5 BC 5 Row 0.4 TP
GRAIN YIELD (tn)
THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE IMPRESSIVE RESULTS
2012 MAXIMUM YIELDS OBTAINED BY PLANTING
METHOD
Yield by technology use*
Quintals per hectare
60
50
Transplanting +
Fertilizer blends
35-66
Transplanting
Row planting
National average 12-15
Traditional on-farm production
methods (e.g., broadcasting, 30 kg/ha
seed rate)
New row planting technology with
reduced seed rate (5-10 kg/ha)
New transplanting technology
Transplanting technology combined
with fertilizers with micronutrients
* Yields are average yield for National Average and maximum yield for Row planting, Transplanting, and Fertilizer
blends Source: Field visits, Sasakawa Global research, ATA Tef Program team analysis
DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD INCREASES BY PERCENT, 2012
Source: 2012 Data from Regional, Zonal and Woreda administration staff (collected Feb-April 2013)
Distribution of Validating Farmers’ Yields
Frequency of yield band (as % of total data set)
4
7
6
8
10
8
13
11
7
Over
200%
150 -
200%
125 -
150%
100 -
125%
80 -
100%
60 - 80%40 - 60%20 - 40%10 - 20%Less
than 10%
27
~30% of farmers saw a
20 – 80% yield increase
Farmers who broadcast, used high seed rates, or
experienced challenges with new technologies
~25% of farmers saw a 100 –
200% yield increase
STI HAS SHOWED THAT WITH PROPER MANAGEMENT,
HIGH TEF YIELDS ARE POSSIBLE

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1514 - The Concept of the TIRR Package

  • 2. FACT 1: PLANTS ARE LIVING THINGS  They Feed  They Drink  They Breathe  They Respond To Stimuli – They React
  • 3. FACT 2: PLANTS RESPOND TO:  Heat & Cold  Light  Plant Food in the Soil  Available Moisture in the Soil  Available Space for Each Plant
  • 4. FACT 3: PLANTS RESPOND BY PRODUCING BIOMASS KNOWN AS YIELD • Yield = G x E + (G x E) Where: G = Genotype – inherited potential E = Environment – favorable conditions • Yield = G x E + (G x E) + Management Where: Management = Intensification -- giving individual plants more ample food, water, light and space to grow
  • 5. FACT 4: ENVIRONMENT & MANAGEMENT MATTER  In the efforts to increase the productivity of food crops, size, number & time make a difference: 1. No. of Plants/Unit Area Matter 2. Size of Grain-Producing Heads Matter 3. When and What Management Operations are Conducted Matter
  • 6. EXAMPLE - MAIZE GRAIN YIELDS PLANT POPULATION per hectare 100 150 200 20,000 2 TONS 3 TONS 4 TONS 40,000 4 TONS 6 TONS 8 TONS 60,000 6 TONS 9 TONS 12 TONS Grain Weight/Cob ( grams)
  • 7. TRANSPLANTING 15-DAY-OLD TEF SEEDLINGS, DEBRE ZEIT 2009 – FIRST TRIALS
  • 8. 10 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
  • 9. 4 WEEKS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
  • 10. 8 WEEKS AFTER TRANSPLANTING : INCREASED LEAF SIZE AND COLOR = HIGH BIOMASS PRODUCTION
  • 11. TEF HEADS HEAVY WITH SEED
  • 12. HIGH GRAIN & STRAW YIELDS, 2009 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 2000 2927 3540 4250 4526 6260 6631 Fig 1. Yield (kg/ha) for variety Dz-01-974 at 20x15 cm spacing & different fertilizer types 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 9000 12621 14865 17507 18395 23598 25832 Fig 1. Straw yield (kg/ha) for variety Dz-01-974 at 20x15 cm spacing & different fertilizer treatments
  • 13. ROW PLANTING TO REPLACE TRANSPLANTING, MAINTAINING WIDE SPACING BUT REDUCING LABOR
  • 14. TEF PACKAGE AVERAGE YIELDS BY REGION AND BY PLANTING METHOD, 2012 Average yield increase of ~70% over the national average (167,000 Farmers) Average yield by planting method Quintals/hectare • Data were collected from ~15,800 validating farmers (and some control farmer groups) to determine the results of new tef technologies • For the 15,790 farmers, average yields for row planting + transplanting increased ~70% from national average (21.7 versus 12.6 qtls/ha) • As the chart shows, there is still much work to be done to properly manage transplanting to realize potential yield gains Source: 2012 Data from Regional, Zonal and Woreda administration staff (collected Feb-April 2013) 17 12 16 21222122 18 20 2323 Amhara SNNPOromia Tigray N/A Broadcasting Row planting Transplanting
  • 15. AVERAGE GRAIN YIELD BY PLANTING METHOD, 2012, WITH DIFFERENT SEEDING RATES (30 to 0.4 kg/ha) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 30 BC 5 BC 5 Row 0.4 TP GRAIN YIELD (tn)
  • 16. THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE IMPRESSIVE RESULTS 2012 MAXIMUM YIELDS OBTAINED BY PLANTING METHOD Yield by technology use* Quintals per hectare 60 50 Transplanting + Fertilizer blends 35-66 Transplanting Row planting National average 12-15 Traditional on-farm production methods (e.g., broadcasting, 30 kg/ha seed rate) New row planting technology with reduced seed rate (5-10 kg/ha) New transplanting technology Transplanting technology combined with fertilizers with micronutrients * Yields are average yield for National Average and maximum yield for Row planting, Transplanting, and Fertilizer blends Source: Field visits, Sasakawa Global research, ATA Tef Program team analysis
  • 17. DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD INCREASES BY PERCENT, 2012 Source: 2012 Data from Regional, Zonal and Woreda administration staff (collected Feb-April 2013) Distribution of Validating Farmers’ Yields Frequency of yield band (as % of total data set) 4 7 6 8 10 8 13 11 7 Over 200% 150 - 200% 125 - 150% 100 - 125% 80 - 100% 60 - 80%40 - 60%20 - 40%10 - 20%Less than 10% 27 ~30% of farmers saw a 20 – 80% yield increase Farmers who broadcast, used high seed rates, or experienced challenges with new technologies ~25% of farmers saw a 100 – 200% yield increase
  • 18. STI HAS SHOWED THAT WITH PROPER MANAGEMENT, HIGH TEF YIELDS ARE POSSIBLE