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SERENE 2014 School: Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems
- 1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems András Pataricza Budapest University of Technology and Economics pataric@mit.bme.hu Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 2. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Let’s reach an unlimited intelligence by the synergy of intelligence in the cyber space and ES interfacing them to the physical world THE NEW ERA: INTERNET OF THINGS AKA CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group ch nn | Institut nn | Prof. nn | 2
- 3. Budapest University of Technology and Economics ES paradigm shift Traditional Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Industrialized • Best component technologies • Standardized components • Automated system design
- 4. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Appearance of cloud-based semantic services “Drag-and-drop” application prototyping Uniformization − Meta-algorithms − Data ●COMPUTED ●SENSED Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 4 IBM Internet of Things (IoT) Foundation Wolfram Connected Devices Project
- 5. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Example Cameras on riverside Different applications concurrently using the same primary information Tasks can change according to time/season/requirements ●Identification of ships ●Monitoring the break-up of ice ●Monitoring the water level ●Monitoring the speed of flood ●Pollution check ●Supervision of hostile entrance to the ship Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 6. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Cyber physical systems Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Cyber world Physical world Problem Solution scheme Deployment Service Solution pattern Component service offering
- 7. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Measurement and extraction Parameterization Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 7 Critical CPS design and challenges Transformation Design modell Communication synthesis Behavioral model Implementation testing Hardware synthesis Optimization Software synthesis Simulation Verification Partitioning Scheduling Specification Completeness consistency Fault modelling, testing Benchmarking, data processing CCoommpplleexxiittyy?? Mobile, ad-hoc, large scale
- 8. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Service Oriented Approach Embedded systems provide services − Information of sensors − information of Internet − high level information derived − actuation possibility (limited) Services in a database Upon a new task: solution derived based on design patterns and available resources new solution deployed with no interference with the already running ones Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 9. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Case study: supervising a server room Observations temperature humidity state of doors/windows monitoring the power consumption weather (temp./humidity) temperature of outflow air of air conditioning state of server computers/switches (video based) Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 9 FIRST
- 10. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Sensor platform Beagleboard-XM embedded SBC Sensors − temperature − humidity − web camera − power meters − microswitches to windows/doors Information from the web − weather status − weather forecast Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 10 FIRST 3.25’”× 3.25”
- 11. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Processing the camera pictures in the Cloud Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Motion JPEG stream − available on the Internet Threshold Virtualization for sensor drivers 11 FIRST
- 12. Budapest University of Technology and Economics COMPOSITION OF CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 12
- 13. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Cyber world Solutio Physical world Problem n scheme Deployment Service Solution pattern Component service offering 13
- 14. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Design schemes Detecting changes in system state Detecting changes in environment Reconfiguration − Resource allocation ●generation of new application/middleware ●replacement of sensors ●new information fusion etc. − Design space exploration ●Qualitative ●Quantitative Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 14 FIRST
- 15. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Composability System design principle: − recombinant components − can be assembled in various combinations Meaningful fusion of self-contained services Provide interoperability of devices − Bridging the gap between different ●physical, ●computational and ●communication capabilities Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 16. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Dynamic composition of cyber-physical systems Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 17. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Requirements of composability User interface for describing domain specific constraints Abstract interfaces between cooperating nodes − Embedded systems connected to sensors and actuators − Mobile devices − Conventional computing devices, − cloud resources Automated system maintenance, Fault tolerance, redundancy Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 17 / 16
- 18. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Composability through abstraction Finding a conceptual domain where devices are homogeneous − Possibly the lowest level of such domains Abstraction of computing capabilities − Virtualization (QEMU, Java, Python) Abstraction of physical capabilities − Sensor virtualization (SOS), − Feature discovery Abstraction of communication capabilities − Self-describing communication interface (SOS) Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 19. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Sensor Observation Service (SOS) Abstracts sensor data and communication − Self-describing sensor information database − Stores sensor data with geographic relevance − Efficient data queries ● temporal or spatial filters Members of the CPS − direct communication with the SOS Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group offering procedure 1 procedure 2 feature of interest
- 20. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology W3C Incubator Group (2009-2011) Capabilities of sensors and sensor networks − Formal ontology Covers: − system, deployment, sensing device, process − observed phenomenon (e.g. wind) ●sensor type (e.g. ultrasonic wind sensor) ●property (e.g. wind direction) ●meaning (e.g. blows from direction) ●unit of measure (e.g. radian) − operating range (e.g. temperature, humidity, ...) Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 21. Budapest University of Technology and Economics SSN example: wind sensor Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 22. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Architecture Application monitoring Sensor Observation Service Register application applications performance virtualization Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group SISRO OWL ontology Application designer User applicatio ns RDF triplestore Configurati on planner install/uninstall start/stop Plan execution SOS - OWL transformation Sensor metadata and observations Node application performance data Embedded system Sensor search and monitoring riporting host OS (Linux) Sensor / actuator Store observation
- 23. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Opportunities and threats in the cps paradigm RESILIENCE Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 23
- 24. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Self-* properties – dynamic challenges and solutions Self-configuration Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Self-healing Self-protection Self-optimization
- 25. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Opportunities-algorithmic diversity “Meta-algorithms’ Different principles − Speed control in Italy: ●Radar ●Laser ●TUTOR − Resource requirements External providers − Aaas – algorithm as a service − External validator Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Algorithm Cyber Comm. Physical 25
- 26. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Opportunities- resource redundancy Cheap computational redundancy, but − Depends on the reservation policy Virtualized network (SDN) − Fast failover Cheap sensors − Multitude of sensors Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Algorithm Cyber Comm. Physical 26
- 27. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Dynamic reconfiguration of resources System state monitoring Performance monitoring Deployment Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 27 / 16 User applications describe observational and processing constraints Design space exploration New system state
- 28. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Self-* properties – dynamic challenges •Mobility •Evolution: • Problem • Requirement • Priorities Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group • Data protection • Detection , • Identification , • Reaction • Effectivity of resource use • Load balancing • Workload tuning • FT • Detection • Diagnostics • Compensation • Reactiveness • Adaptation to the dynamically changing enviroment Self-configuration Self-healing Self-protection Self-optimization •Evolution: •Resource set •Capability •Capacity •Workload •Evolution: • Fault/failure modes •Evolution: • Requirements • Threads
- 29. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Self-* properties – dynamic challenges •Mobility •Evolution: • Problem • Requirement • Priorities Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group • Data protection • Detection , • Identification , • Reaction • Effectivity of resource use • Load balancing • Workload tuning • FT • Detection • Diagnostics • Compensation • Reactiveness • Adaptation to the dynamically changing enviroment Self-configuration Self-healing Self-protection Self-optimization •Evolution: •Resource set •Capability •Capacity •Workload •Evolution: • Fault/failure modes •Evolution: • Requirements • Threads
- 30. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Self-* properties – dynamic challenges •Mobility •Evolution: • Problem • Requirement • Priorities Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group • Data protection • Detection , • Identification , • Reaction • Effectivity of resource use • Load balancing • Workload tuning • FT • Detection • Diagnostics • Compensation • Reactiveness • Adaptation to the dynamically changing enviroment Self-configuration Self-healing Self-protection Self-optimization •Evolution: •Resource set •Capability •Capacity •Workload •Evolution: • Fault/failure modes •Evolution: • Requirements • Threads
- 31. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Safety-critical systems are • protected against worst-case technical faults, but • unprotected against malicious attacks THE HORRIBLE MOTIVATION - NEW DANGERS ARE HERE… Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 31
- 32. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Polish teen derails tram after hacking train network Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 32 A 14-year-old Polish boy turned the tram system in the city of Lodz into his “train set”. He used a modified TV remote control to change track points, and derailed four vehicles. Twelve people were injured.
- 33. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Malware implicated in fatal Spanair plane crash Authorities investigating the 2008 crash of Spanair flight 5022 have discovered a central computer system used to monitor technical problems in the aircraft was infected with malware. An internal report issued by the airline revealed the infected computer failed to detect three technical problems with the aircraft, which if detected, may have prevented the plane from taking off... Flight 5022 crashed just after takeoff from Madrid- Barajas International Airport two years ago today, killing 154 and leaving only 18 survivors. Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 33
- 34. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Safety contra security? Safe, but not secure • People may escape danger from inside Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Secure, but not safe • No intruder can enter the gate 34
- 35. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Specialization: error propagation/ protection Introduces: •Security aspects •Protection profiles •Error propagation attributes Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
- 36. Budapest University of Technology and Economics System level fault impact analysis SYSTEM PROTECTION PROPERTIES Component 2 • unprotected? • limiting ? INPUT ERROR Component 1 • unprotected Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Component 3 • Reconstructing OUTPUT ERROR? Function • I/O behavior States •Stateful •Stateless Faults • Internal •External Resource Protections •external use Security properties
- 37. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Safety vs. security analysis Safety Security Fault HW/SW Unintentional defects LIMITED FAULTS Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group Intrusion Error Distorted values/states Failure Critical failure Propagation Funtional/ model architectural Functional/ architectural + attack surface 37
- 38. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Dependability/security problems and analysis Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group 38