This presentation provides an overview of microcontrollers and the ATMega32 microcontroller. It defines a microcontroller as a small computer on a single chip that contains a CPU, memory, and programmable I/O. It describes the typical elements of a microcontroller including the processor, memory, I/O peripherals, ADC, DAC, and system bus. It then discusses features of the ATMega32 like its architecture, pins, applications, and special features. In closing, it thanks the audience for their time.

1. Presentation on

2. Notre Dame University
Bangladesh
Submitted By:
Rup Chowdhury
ID: 201120010
Batch: CSE-13
Submitted To:
Dr. Shaheena Sultana
Associate Professor, Department of CSE
Notre Dame University Bangladesh
2

3. 3

4. Microcontroller
Microcontroller is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-
semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. A
microcontroller contains one or more CPUs along with
memory and programmable input/output peripherals.
4

5. 5
Elements of Microcontroller
1. The Processor(CPU)
2. Memory
i. Program Memory
ii. Data Memory
3. I/O Peripherals

6. 6
Supporting Elements of Microcontroller
1. ADC
2. DAC
3. System Bus
4. Serial Port

7. 7
A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a
singular function in a device. It does this by interpreting data it
receives from its I/O peripherals using its central processor. The
temporary information that the microcontroller receives is
stored in its data memory, where the processor accesses it and
uses instructions stored in its program memory to decipher and
apply the incoming data.
How do Microcontroller works?

8. Uses of Microcontroller
1. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and
devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical
devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys
and other embedded systems.
8

9. 2. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a
separate microprocessor, memory and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even
more devices and processes.
3. Mixed circuit microcontrollers are common, integrating
analog components needed to control non-digital electronic
systems.
9

10. GPIO
Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose
input/output pins (GPIO). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an
input or an output state. When GPIO pins are configured to an input state,
they are often used to read sensors or external signals. Configured to the
output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or motors,
often indirectly, through external power electronics.
10

11. 11
ADC and DAC
This is the purpose of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Since
processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they
are not able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by
a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming
data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature
on some microcontrollers is a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that
allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels.

12. 12
PIT
In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors
include a variety of timers as well. One of the most common
types of timers is the programmable interval timer (PIT). A PIT
may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the
capacity of the count register, overflowing to zero.

13. 13
PWM
A dedicated pulse-width modulation (PWM) block makes it
possible for the CPU to control power converters, resistive loads,
motors, etc., without using many CPU resources in tight timer
loops.

14. 14
UART
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) block makes it
possible to receive and transmit data over a serial line with very little
load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip hardware also often includes
capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital formats
such as Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI),
Universal Serial Bus (USB), and Ethernet.

15. 15
Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly
language, but various high-level programming languages, such as C,
Python and JavaScript, are now also in common use to target
microcontrollers and embedded systems
Programming Environments

16. 16
Simulator
Simulators are available for some microcontrollers. These allow a
developer to analyze what the behavior of the microcontroller and their
program should be if they were using the actual part. A simulator will
show the internal processor state and also that of the outputs, as well as
allowing input signals to be generated.

17. 17
Memory Technology
Data: From the earliest microcontrollers to today, six-transistor SRAM
is almost always used as the read/write working memory, with a few
more transistors per bit used in the register file.
Firmware: The earliest microcontrollers used mask ROM to store
firmware. Later microcontrollers had quartz windows that allowed
ultraviolet light in to erase the EPROM.

18. 18
Types of Microcontrollers
Common MCUs include the Intel MCS-51, often referred to as an 8051
microcontroller, which was first developed in 1985; the AVR
microcontroller developed by Atmel in 1996; the programmable interface
controller (PIC) from Microchip Technology; and various licensed
Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) microcontrollers.

19. 19
Microcontroller Applications
Microcontrollers are used in multiple industries and applications,
including in the home and enterprise, building automation, manufacturing,
robotics, automotive, lighting, smart energy, industrial automation,
communications and internet of things (IoT) deployments.

20. 20
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
A microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer wrapped inside a
small chip. A microcontroller is a chip optimized to control electronic
devices. Microprocessor performs Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)
operations and communicates with the other devices connected with it.
Microcontroller is specially designed circuits for embedded applications and
is widely used in automatically controlled electronic devices.

21. 21

22. 22
The AVR Micro Controller is based on the
advanced Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC) architecture. ATMega32 Micro
Controller is a low power CMOS technology
based controller. Due to RISC architecture AVR
microcontroller can execute 1 million of
instructions per second if cycle frequency is 1
MHz provided by crystal oscillator.
ATMega32

23. 23
Pin Diagram for ATMega32

24. 24
Pin Description
VCC : Digital supply voltage
GND : Ground
Port A : Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port
A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port., if the A/D
converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up
resistors.
Port B : Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up
resistors. The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability.

25. 25
Port C : Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors. The port C output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated.
Port D : Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors. The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated.

26. 26
Reset : Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than minimum
pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not
running.
XTAL1 : Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal
clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 : Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC : AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D
Converter. It should be externally connected to Vcc, even if the
ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to
Vcc through a low-pass filter.

27. 27
Architecture
of
ATMega32

28. 28
Key features of ATMega32
•2 Kilo bytes of internal Static RAM
•32 X 8 general working purpose registers
•32 Kilo bytes of in system self programmable
flash program memory.
•1024 bytes EEPROM
•Programmable serial USART
•8 Channel, 10 bit ADC
•One 16-bit timer/counter with separate
prescale, compare mode and capture mode.
•Available in 40 pin DIP, 44-pad QFN/MLF and
44-lead QTFP
•Two 8-bit timers/counters with separate
prescalers and compare modes
•32 programmable I/O lines
•In system programming by on-chip boot
program
•Master/slave SPI serial interface
•4 PWM channels
•Programmable watch dog timer with separate
on-chip oscillator

29. 29
Special features of ATMega32
 External and internal interrupt sources
 Six sleep modes: Idle, ADC noise reduction, power-save,
power-down, standby and extended standby.
 Power on reset and programmable brown-out detection.
 Internal calibrated RC oscillator

30. 30
Applications of ATMega32
There are many applications of Armega32 some are described here:
•It used in different temperature control systems.
•It used in the different analog signal calculation and management
techniques.
•It used in different entrenched schemes like chocolate apparatus, peddling
mechanism.
•It used for controlling the motor.
•It used for Numerical signal handling.
•It used for Marginal Interfacing scheme.

31. 31
References:
1. https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/microcontroller
2. https://www.intervalzero.com/how-microcontrollers-work/
3. https://www.totalphase.com/blog/2019/12/microcontroller-vs-microprocessor-what-are-the-differences/
4. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/microcontrollers_overview.htm
5. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/what-is-a-microcontroller-introduction-component-
characteristics-component/
6. https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/microcontroller#:~:text=Microcontroller%20featur
es&text=Microcontrollers%20can%20use%20volatile%20memory,%2Donly%20memory%20(EEPROM).
7. https://www.guru99.com/difference-between-microprocessor-and-
microcontroller.html#:~:text=KEY%20DIFFERENCES,used%20in%20an%20embedded%20system.
8. https://components101.com/microcontrollers/atmega32-8-bit-avr-microcontroller
9. https://microcontrollerslab.com/atmega32-microcontroller-pinout-programming-tutorials-features/
10. https://www.javatpoint.com/atmega32-avr-microcontroller
11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller#:~:text=A%20microcontroller%20(MCU%20for%20microcontrol
ler,and%20programmable%20input%2Foutput%20peripherals.

32. 32
Thank You
“Thank you, Everyone for being with us.”