Flash Cards for U.S. History. Important dates, people, amendments and terms to be used as reviews.

1. ECONOMIC TERMS

2. Countries with advanced
economies, hi-tech factories,
a high standard of living,
and high literacy rates.
(Examples:
Japan, US, and Canada).
Colombian Exchange The movement of plants, food,
and Triangular Trade animals, and people between
Europe, Africa, and North
America during the exploration
period which introduced
many new cultures to the
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continents.

3. Gross Domestic Product
The total value of all of the
goods and services produced in
the country in a year.

4. Import Goods made in one country
but brought into another
country to be sold; goods
entering a country to be sold.
Developing Nations
Countries with low standards
of living and very little
technology and factory
systems, such as Guatemala,
Honduras, and Nicaragua.

5. IMPORTANT DATES

6. 1607 The first permanent English
settlement in North America
was established at
Jamestown.
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1776 During this year on July 4th,
the American colonies
declared independence from
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Great Britain.

7. 1787 In this year, the Constitution of the
United States was written to replace
the Articles of Confederation.
1803
During this year, President Thomas
Jefferson purchase the Louisiana
Territory from France and double
the size of the U.S.

8. 1861-1865
The American Civil War was fought
between the north (union) and the
South (Confederacy) over the issues
of slavery and states’ rights.
1877
Military Reconstruction ended in the
South with the Compromise of 1877.
Southern States had been under
military rule, Martial Law, since the
end of the Civil War.

9. 1898 The Spanish-American War was
triggered by the explosion of the
“U.S.S. Maine” in Havana, Cuba.
A political movement with reform
1895-1920 Progressive Era efforts such as child labor laws,
minimum wage, rights for women,
and political reforms such as
initiative and referendum.
These Reforms began to fix problems
of the Gilded Age and Industrial Age.

10. 1914-1918 The years of World War I, which was
triggered by the assassination of
Archduke Ferdinand and ended with
the Treaty of Versailles.
1929 The year the stock market crashed.
A year after Black Tuesday, bank
runs, over production, and high
tariffs, led a worldwide economic
depression.

11. 1917-1918
The years of US INVOLVEMENT in
World War I, which was triggered by
the violation of the Sussex Pledge
leading to unrestricted submarine
attacks, and by the Zimmerman
Telegram to Mexico.
1939-1945
The years of WWII, which began with
the failure of Appeasement in Europe.
Britain and France declared war after
Hitler’s Germany invaded Poland.
After Germany was defeated, Japan
continued fighting until two Atomic
Bombs ended the war.

12. 1941-1945 The years of U.S. INVOLVEMENT
in World War II, which began with
the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
and ended with the U.S. bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1946-1991
This period of time following World
War II, where the United States and
the Soviet union emerged as
superpowers and faced off in an arms
race and the ideologies of Communism
and Democracy that lasted nearly 50
years.

13. 1957 The start of the space between the
United States and the Soviet union
which began with the Soviet launch
of the world’s first satellite, Sputnik.
The years of war in a country in
Asia that was divided between
Communism and Democracy after
1950-1953 World War II.
Korean War The USSR and China supported the
Communist North, the USA
North Korea, supported the Democratic South.
South Korea,
USA, China When the war ended in 1953, the
And the USSR country was separated by a
demilitarized zone.

14. In 1954 France withdrew from Indo-
1962-1973 China. The area was divided into 3
Vietnam War
countries, Laos, Cambodia and
Vietnam. (North & South)
The Communist North invaded the
South to unite Vietnam under a single
Communist Government.
In 1956 President Eisenhower sent
military aid to the Democratic South.
President Kennedy opposed the idea
of the USA in a war in Vietnam, but
continued to send military support to
the South.
In 1963, Kennedy was assassinated,
President Johnson supported war in
Vietnam. Nixon negotiated a Cease
Fire in 1973, but fighting continued
until the Communists took control.

15. GEOGRAPHY TERMS

16. Rural
Refers to living outside the
city limits in a more
“country-like” environment.
The opposite of URBAN
Suburb Refers to the upscale
neighborhoods, small towns, or
cities outside of a large city.
Plano, & Frisco near Dallas, or
Sugarland near Houston.
Resaca Shores in San Benito

17. Major Oceans
Atlantic Ocean,
Arctic Ocean
Pacific Ocean,
Indian Ocean,
Panama Canal
The canal built in 1914 to create
a shorter route from the Atlantic
to the Pacific. Many workers
died because the area was
infested with mosquitoes that
carried malaria.

18. Urban
Refers to living inside the city
limits in a more industrial setting.
Near businesses or factories.
Migration
Refers to the movement of plants,
animals, and people from one
place to another.

19. Continents North America,
South America, Asia,
Africa, Europe, Antarctica,
Australia
The beliefs, religion, music,
CULTURE art and general way of life

20. POPULATION
DENSITY The number of people
living within a given or
specific area

21. AMENDMENTS

22. Bill of The First 10 Amendments
Rights to the US Constitution.
Protection from abuse by
the Government.
First Amendment
Five Individual Freedoms:
Speech, Religion, Press,
Petition and Assembly.

23. Second Amendment Because a well regulated
militia is necessary, the
right to keep and bear arms
shall not be infringed
Soldiers shall not be placed
Third Amendment
in the homes of citizens
during a time of peace.

24. Fourth Amendment Privacy in your own home,
belongings and body
against search and seizure
without probable cause
Fifth Amendment “Do not have to testify
against yourself” “Double
Jeopardy” “Property
cannot be taken away
without fair compensation”
Due process for people
accused of a crime

25. 6th Amendment
The right to a speedy trial by
a jury of peers in the state the
crime is committed
The right to a speedy trial by
7th Amendment a jury of peers for a civil case.
Divorce, Custody, Damages

26. 8th Amendment
Protection against cruel or
unusual punishment or
excessive bail.
Rights not listed (not invented) in the
Amendments 9 and 10
constitution belong to the people.
(fly a plane, own a phone)
Rights or powers not granted to
the Federal Government or
prohibited by the states belong to
the people.

27. 13th Amendment
This amendment banned
(ended) slavery in the
United States.
(Civil War Amendment)
This amendment gave equal
14th Amendment citizenship to all people born
in the United States
regardless of their race,
except for Native Americans
(Civil War Amendment)

28. 15th Amendment This amendment gave all men
the right to vote regardless of
color, race, or previous
condition of servitude.
(Civil War Amendment)
16th Amendment Allowed the Government to
tax personal income.
(Progressive Amendment)

29. Allowed for the Direct
17th Election of Senators.
Amendment Decreased power of Political
Machines in Congress.
Increased the power of voters
(Progressive Amendment)
Outlawed the manufacturing,
18th Amendment sale, and distribution of
alcohol. Known as Prohibition,
enforced by the Volstead Act
(Progressive Amendment)
Led to an increase in organized crime, Al
Capone, speakeasies and bootlegging

30. 19th
Amendment The 19th Amendment to the
Constitution (1920) extended
the right to vote to women in
federal or state elections.
(Progressive Amendment)
21st Amendment Repealed (overturned) the
18th Amendment and made
alcohol legal.
(Depression Amendment)
Created more legal jobs

31. 24th Amendment The 24th Amendment to the
Constitution (1964)
Eliminated the poll tax as a
prerequisite to vote in national
elections.
(Civil Rights Amendment)
The 26th Amendment to the
26th Amendment Constitution (1971) lowered the
voting age to 18 allowing more
U.S. citizens to participate in
the process of government.
(Vietnam War Amendment)

32. Important People

33. Susan B. Anthony She was one of the advocates,
(supporters) for women’s suffrage.
Dedicated her life to the passage of
the 19th Amendment. One of only
three real women who have been on
American money.
Andrew Carnegie Created the Gospel of Wealth to
encourage other rich
industrialists to help society.
Donated large sums of money to
colleges, hospitals and libraries.
Became rich by using the
Gospel of Wealth Bessemer process to make steel.

34. Cesar Chavez Migrant worker who helped
organize mostly Spanish-
speaking farm workers to
improve their working
conditions. Created the United
Farm Workers of America.
Clarence Darrow Defense attorney for John T.
Scopes who was arrested by
fundamentalists for violating a
Tennessee law against teaching
evolution in schools.
The Roaring 20’s
and the New Morality
Evolution VS Creationism

35. Supported industrial unions
Eugene V. Debs
and labor reforms. Preferred
negotiation instead of strikes.
Became leader of the Railroad
Union. He was the socialist
candidate for president four
different times.
W.E. B DuBois Helped establish the National
Association for the Advancement
of Colored People (NAACP).
Criticized Booker T. Washington
for thinking that job training &
money would lead to respect for
African Americans

36. The Wizard of Menlo Park,
Thomas Edison
his company created the
phonograph, motion picture
camera and the monofilament
lightbulb.
His electric lights made night
shifts in factories safer by
replacing oil and gas lamps.
Henry Ford His use of mass production
and assembly lines meant low
prices, and more sales. His
industry led to the creation of
many other businesses, and
gave mobility to the masses.

37. Thomas Jefferson Founding Father who wrote the
Declaration of Independence,
and President who purchased
the Louisiana territory from
France in 1803
Established the Peace Corp.
John F. Kennedy
President during the Cuban
Missile Crisis, Bay of Pigs and the
Cold War. First Catholic
President of the USA. Last
President to be assassinated.
Promised to win the Space Race
with a man on the moon.

38. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. African-American leader
and clergyman who used
civil disobedience or non-
violent action to reform
society and help establish
civil rights
“I HAVE A DREAM…….”
Elected President in 1860 and 1864
Abraham Lincoln His election caused South Carolina
and 9 states to secede from the
Union. Issued the Emancipation
Proclamation and Gettysburg
Address. After the Civil War was
over, he was re-elected then
assassinated by John W. Booth.

39. Charles A. Lindberg Made aviation history when
he flew a specially built
airplane, The Spirit of St.
Louis, nonstop across the
Atlantic Ocean
Rosa Parks African American woman who
was arrested for refusing to give
up her seat on a bus to make
room for whites.
Her arrest led to the
Montgomery Bus Boycott and
the Civil Rights Movement

40. American who formed the
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil Company and
became one of the wealthiest
Americans in the U.S. at the time.
Used Horizontal Integration to
eliminate competition and Vertical
Integration control all materials needed
for the oil business
Contracted polio in 1921
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Was Elected President in 1932
Created a plan called the “New
Deal” to end the Great Depression.
Passed 15 major laws in “The 100
Days”. Fireside Chats and a Court
Packing Plan. Only President ever
to be elected 4 times. 1932-1945

41. One of the “Rough Riders,”
Theodore Roosevelt
during the Spanish-American
War; Became president after
McKinley was assassinated; Was
the first Progressive President,
National parks, the Pure Food &
Drug Act. Panama Canal and the
Great White Fleet.
Became president after FDR died
Harry S. Truman
during WWII. Used the Atomic
Bombs against Japan, created the
Doctrine to fight against
Communism,
fired General MacArthur for
statements against the President.

42. George Washington British soldier in the French and
Indian War. Commander of the
Continental Army during the
American Revolution. Became
president when the Constitution
replaced the Articles of
Confederation.
Woodrow Wilson President of the US during
World War I.
Proposed the League of Nations
and the Fourteen Points.
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43. Important Terms

44. TEMPLATE
Abolitionists .
The people who wished to
away with slavery.
Fredrick Douglass was
one of the leaders of the
Abolitionist Movement
Fredrick Douglass
Affirmative Action Policy giving preference for
jobs to minorities such as
women, Blacks, and Hispanics.
The policy created by
President Kennedy and signed
by President Johnson, after
JFK was assassinated.

45. War fought between the 13
American Revolution colonies and England 1776-1783.
One of the main reasons why
the colonists wanted their
independence was “taxation
without representation”
Anti-Federalists People who opposed the ratification
of the Constitution because they
feared the national government was
given too much power. Led by
Thomas Jefferson, the group insisted
on a Bill of Rights to prevent
government abuse of power.

46. This document, the nation’s first
Articles of Confederation
constitution, was adopted in
1781. The document was
considered weak because states
held more power than the
federal government.
Assimilation Policy Policy of blending Indians
and immigrants into the
“American Culture” and way of
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life.

47. Boston Tea Party Occurred after King George
III passed the Tea Act
requiring colonists to buy their
tea from specific companies.
The colonists dressed as
Indians and dumped the tea
into the Boston Harbor.
Brown vs Board of Supreme Court case that
Education overturned the 1896 “Separate
but Equal” policy of Plessy vs
Ferguson.
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required Blacks and Whites to
be integrated in schools.

48. Checks and Balances A system of controls in
which each branch of
government checks or limits
the power of the other
branches. This prevents the
possible abuse of power.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed after MLK’s “March on
Washington”. The law banned
racial, religious, and sex
discrimination by employers and
gave the government the power
to enforce all laws governing civil
rights, including desegregation in
schools and all public places.

49. Civil Rights Movement .
African American efforts to
obtain equality before the law
and protection of their rights.
Black Activists often affiliated
with church groups offered
passive resistance to unjust laws.
The Movement was led by
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Constitution of the USA
Document that replaced the
Articles of Confederation
and set the framework, or
rules of government for the
United States of America
(1789)

50. Containment Policy adopted after WWII that
US would stop the spread of
Communism. First created to
prevent the USSR from creating
more Communist Satellites, then
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shifting to Asia after Korea
became Communist.
D-Day June 6, 1944 Western Allies (US) landed on
the beaches of Normandy,
France to try and liberate (free)
German-Occupied France from
the Axis Powers during WII

51. Declaration of Independence
This document was adopted on
July 4th, 1776, and established
The 13 colonies as independent
from Great Britain.
Thomas Jefferson wrote the
majority of this document.
Domino Theory The belief that if the USA
allowed a country to fall
under the power of
communism then just like a
series of dominoes, other
countries are likely to fall to
Communism.

52. Period of severe drought in the
The Dust Bowl
1930’s on the Great Plains.
Drought turned the soil to dust and
heavy winds carried the dirt in
huge clouds. Farmers abandoned
their land or lost it to foreclosures
during the Great Depression,
leaving fields uncultivated.
Emancipation Proclamation A statement issued by Abraham
Lincoln on September 22, 1862,
it declared that all slaves in
Southern rebellious states along
the border between North and
South would be free.

53. A principle of government where
Federalism
power is shared within a union
between the national (federal) and
state governments.
War fought between the 13
American Revolution
colonies and England 1776-1783.
One of the main reasons why
the colonists wanted their
independence was “taxation
without representation”

54. Federalist Papers A series of essays written to
support a form of government
which divided the power
between the states and a central
or (federal) government .
Written by John Jay, Alexander
Hamilton, and James Madison
Flappers Woman of the 1920’s who dressed
and acted in an unconventional or
non-traditional manner. During
prohibition, they drank, cut their
hair short, wore revealing clothes,
smoked and danced waving their
arms.

55. The Great Depression Began after the Stock Market
Crashed in 1929. Causes for the
Great Depression include: over
production, high tariffs, and
consumer debt. Bank Runs
increased the severity of the
Depression. Which lasted from
1929 till World War II began.
The Great Migration Occurred between 1910 and
1930 when over 2 million
African Americans left the
South to escape the KKK and
find factory jobs in the North.
When WWI began in 1914 many
more jobs became available

56. The Holocaust .
Name given to systematic
murder of over 6 million
European Jews as well as 6
million others. Hitler and the
Nazis used concentration camps
and extermination camps as
part of the “Final Solution”
Hoovervilles Shanty towns of homeless and
unemployed people that were
set up in parks and other public
lands in large cities during the
Great Depression, Hoovervilles
were named to mock President
Hoover.

57. Detention Centers set up during
Internment Camps WWII to hold Japanese Americans
in order to prevent acts of
sabotage.
Japanese Americans were removed
from coastal areas and locked up
after Pearl Harbor
Isolationism Policy of refusing to get involved in
world conflicts which would
eventually draw a the USA into a
war. Initial policy of the US for both
World War I and World War II.
The Reason the USA did not sign
the Treaty of Versailles (WWI)

58. Period of the 1920’s when there was
THE JAZZ AGE
a shift in the music to include
African American music. Music
was fast pace and uplifting and
included many wind Instruments.
The Jazz Age was also known as the
Roaring 20’s. Jazz music was created
by Louis Armstrong
JIM CROW LAWS Laws passed mainly in the south
that segregated the Blacks from
the Whites. Such as not riding in
the same trains, attending the same
schools, or facilities. Plessy vs
Ferguson 1896, allowed legalized
Segregation and led to increased
Racism in the Southern USA.

59. KU KLUX KLAN White groups created after the
Civil War who terrorized
African Americans in the South
These groups used violence and
intimidation to prevent African
Americans from voting, buying
land or trying to achieve their
Civil Rights.
Literacy Tests Used in the South to keep the
African Americans from voting.
African Americans had to show
proof that they could read or
write in order to vote. Many
lacked a formal education and
could not pass the tests.

60. MANIFEST DESTINY .
The belief in the 1840s that
the U.S. was destined to
acquire territory “from sea to
shining sea” taken from the
British song, actually from
the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean
Monroe Doctrine A statement of foreign policy
by President James Madison
proclaiming that Europe
should not interfere in affairs
within the U.S. or in the
development of other countries
in the Western Hemisphere

61. The NEW DEAL FDR’s plan to end the Great
.
Depression. Roosevelt passed
15 laws during the first 100
days of his presidency in 1933
“the 3 R’s of relief, recovery,
and reform, helped banks,
businesses and put people to
work building structures.
New Immigrants Immigrants that came after 1880
and settled in the cities; got jobs
in factories working for low
wages. Mostly European Jews
and Catholics, not well liked and
lived in ethnic neighborhoods
and did not speak English.

62. NEUTRALITY Policy of the US during the
beginning years of both WWI
and WWII. A neutral country is
one that does not takes sides or
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gets involved in the conflict.
Early Neutrality Acts prevented
the USA from selling weapons to
countries at war.
OLD IMMIGRANTS The first immigrants that arrived
before 1880. They spoke English,
were protestant and helped
expand the USA from coast to
coast. They settled the Great
Plains and worked to assimilate
the Native Americans.

63. PLESSY vs FERGUSON Supreme Court case in 1896 that
stated “Separate but Equal” was
an acceptable policy in education
and public facilities. The law
legalized segregation and led to
racism and Jim Crow Laws.
Was overturned by Brown vs
Board of Education 1954
The principle of government that
states political power rests with
the people. Used by Lincoln in
the Gettysburg Address.
“Government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish
from the Earth.” Abraham Lincoln

64. REPUBLICANISM A form of government in which
people elect representatives to
make and carry out laws.
Senators, Representatives,
Electoral College, City
Commissions.
Roaring Twenties Period from 1919 to 1929 just after
WWI in which the country
celebrated life, enjoyed new forms
of music (jazz), enjoyed many new
inventions which made their lives
easier (washing machine, sewing,
cars) Most people enjoyed
prosperity during the Roaring 20’s.

65. SCOPES MONKEY 12 States passed a law in 1923 to
TRIAL forbid the teaching of Darwin’s
theory of evolution because it
contradicted the Bible’s account of
creation. In 1925 John Scopes, a
biology teacher was tried and
convicted for teaching evolution in
a science class in Tennessee
SEGREGATION
Policy that kept Blacks and
Whites separated in public
facilities, busses, trains, schools
parks, beaches and hotels.
Legalized by Plessy vs Ferguson
Enforced by Jim Crow Laws

66. SPUTNIK Sputnik was the first space
satellite. Launched in 1957 by
the USSR. The USA responded
with NASA and the National
Defense Education Act which
added more math and science
requirements for high schools.
The Space Race had begun.
STAMP ACT Tax imposed by the British
Parliament on the colonists.
Colonists were required to buy a
“seal” or stamp to be placed on
any printed material. Books,
newspapers, legal documents,
playing cards, etc.

67. TENEMENTS
Poor housing usually lived in by
immigrants and poor factory
workers (similar to projects)
usually located in large cities.
These tall buildings were,
unsanitary, had poor lighting
and were often fire hazards.
Transcontinental Rail Road Railroad that linked the East and
West coasts. Work began in 1862
and finished in 1869. Connected
people with supplies. Helped to
settle the Great Plains, expand
business and led to the forced
assimilation of Native Americans.

68. Treaty of Versailles The treaty written by allied leaders
that ended World War I and
created the League of nations.
Blamed Germany for the war and
ordered reparations (payments) to
be made to all countries affected by
the war. USA did not sign because
of Isolationism.
TRUMAN DOCTRINE U.S. International Policy by
President Harry Truman after
WWII. The US promised to give
support to any country fighting
against Communism. First used
in Greece & Turkey, then
Korea, used again in Vietnam.
Part of the Containment Policy

69. UNALIENABLE RIGHTS These are rights that we are born
with as human beings and cannot
be given or taken away. They
include life, liberty, and pursuit of
happiness. These rights are
explained as being endowed by the
creator in the Declaration of
Independence.
Book written by Harriet Beecher
Stowe which discussed the awful
treatment of slaves prior to the
Civil War. People who read the
book became morally outraged.
The book created an increase in the
support of the Abolitionist
Movement.

70. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Reason the U.S. entered WWI.
Germany violated the Sussex
Pledge, and began to sink
American Ships in an attempt to
dominate the Atlantic Ocean.
The Sussex Pledge was signed
after the British Lusitania was
sunk by a German Submarine.