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Introduction to computers and
programming
R-tech Computer Education
Institute
Content
• Hardware
• Information storage
 RAM, ROM
 HD, DVD
• Display
 Images
 Characters (fonts)
• File system/type
 Encryption
 Compression
• Network
 Protocols
 Packets
• Programming
 Algorithm
 Pseudocode
 Flowchart
• Languages
• Source code
 Example
R-tech Computer Education Institute
The computer
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Internally
R-tech Computer Education Institute
The connections
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Information storage
• 1 bit
• 8 bits
• 16 bits
• 32 bits
• 64 bits
• bit (1 or 0)
• byte (octet) (28
)
• word (216
)
• double (232
)
• long double (264
)
Encoding information on a fixed element of length n with a
base b gives bn
non-redundant possibilities
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Information coding
• Binary
 0 or 1
• Octal
 0-7
• Hexadecimal
 0-9+A-F
• Decimal
 0-9
• How to count
• 128+32+16+4+1=
 181 (decimal)
 265 (octal)
 B5 (hexadecimal)
• Signed vs unsigned
 0 to 255
 -127 to +127
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Operations on bits
• Booleans:
 0 = false = no
 1 = true = yes
• Operators:
 AND
 OR
 XOR
 NOT
• Example tables
AN
D
0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
OR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1
XO
R
0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
R-tech Computer Education Institute
RAM/ROM
Memory mapping
Address Values
0000
0001
0002
..
..
..
..
FFFF
• Size reminder:
• Kilobyte Kb 210
~103
• Megabyte Mb 220
~106
• Gigabyte Gb 230
~109
• Terabyte Tb 240
~1012
• Petabyte Pb 250
~1015
• …
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
R-tech Computer Education Institute
HD/DVD
track
sector
head
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Display
• Screen pixel or dots
• Color coding: 32 bits
• 1 pixel = 3 bytes of color (RGB)+1
byte alpha channel (transparency)
• 1600x1200x4bytes=7,5 Mb!
• Fonts
 Bitmap
 Vectors
 TrueType, OpenType,
PostScript
QuickTime™ et un
décompresseur TIFF (non compressé)
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Keyboard/Mouse
• Each key (or combination
of keys) of the keyboard
sends a code to the
computer.
• The code is interpreted and
converted to the
corresponding ASCII or
Unicode number.
• The mouse movements
 1 to 4 bytes (vertical &
horizontal)
• Buttons
 Clicked, pressed, rolled
buttons
R-tech Computer Education Institute
ASCII & Unicode
• ASCII 7/8 bits
• Unicode
 UTF-8/16/32 bits
 ISO-8859 (Latin)
• od -c od -h
•
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Software layers
ROM
Hardware
Operating System
User Interface
Software
Files
CPU, RAM, HD, DVD
Word, scripts, mail, web browser…
Data (.doc, .mp3)
BIOS
Linux
CLI, X-Windows
Windows
Windows
MacOSX
Firmware
Quartz
R-tech Computer Education Institute
File systems
• Method the OS uses to store information
 Storage unit, directories, subdirectories (Windows,
VMS)
 Single arborescence (Linux, MacOSX, all Unix)
• What exactly is a file?
 a piece of information (text, graphic, data, music
program, script)
 it is identified by a name and an logical address (or
path)
 other informations: date, size, type, creator,
ownership, physical address…
R-tech Computer Education Institute
File system organisation
Disk 1 Disk 2
Directories
Subdirectories
Windows
DOCS PROGS
WORD EXCEL
CONFIG DATA
EXPT1 EXPT2
/
/usr /home
phil johnlocal
bin lib
emacs X11
Unix
D:C:
Disk 1
Disk 2
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Path
• The path is the logical address used by
the system or the user to locate a file.
• Example:
/bd_du_Palais/35/etage/4/appart/12/Dupont_ Jean.txt
filename
suffix
path
R-tech Computer Education Institute
File types
• Executable
 .exe
 .app
 Unix requires « x »
• Data
 Text (.txt)
 Music (.mp3)
 Image (.jpg, .gif)
 Movie (.mpg, .mov)
 Binary (.bin)
• Special cases in Unix
 STDIN
 STDOUT
 STDERR
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Encryption / compression
• Compression
 Reducing the size of files
 E.g., .mp3, .gz, .jpg, .zip
• Encryption
 Protecting your privacy
 E.g., .pgp
• Packing
 Grouping the files
 E.g., .tar
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Networks
• Direct
 USB 11Mb-480Mb
 Ethernet 10Mb-1Gb
• Wired
 Modem 56Kb
 ADSL 600Kb-8Mb
 LAN 10Mb-10Gb
• Wireless
 Bluetooth 1Mb-20Mb
 WIFI (AirPort) 11Mb-54Mb
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Network (ethernet or wireless)
• Computer talk to each
other via network
protocols
 ip, tcp, http, ftp, …
• TCP/IP
 transmission control
protocol/internet protocol
• Handshaking
• Transmission
• Ackowledgement
• DNS
 Domain Name Server
• URL
 Universal Resource
Locator
• IP addess
 192.42.197.51
R-tech Computer Education Institute
DNS reminder
Primary DNS
Root DNS
Local DNS
Client query Target server
1
2 3
45
6
www.expasy.org
129.194.8.64
*.org
dns.anywhere.net
client.anywhere.net
www.expasy.org ??
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Packets
The data travels within
units called packets
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Packet breakout
Usual TCP/IP payload per packet: 512 bytes
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Introduction to programming
R-tech Computer Education
Institute
What is a program?
• How to cook?
• The algorithm
• Are you a programmer?
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Pseudocode
• This is the pseudocode for a game of Monopoly
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Flowcharts
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Flowcharts details
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Languages
• Low level (processor dependent)
 Machine code, assembler
• High level: structured, procedural
 Fortran, C, Pascal…
• High level: object oriented
 C++, Java, C#, Perl, Objective-C…
• Virtual machines
 Java, C#…
• Scripting
 Perl, Python, JavaScript…
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Source code -> Object code
• Compiler+linker
 Fortran, C, Pascal, C++…
• Interpreter
 Basic, Perl…
• Intermediate
 Java
• Compiler+linker
 Fast to execute, but slow
to debug
• Interpreter
 Slow to execute, but fast
to debug (no need to
recompile)
• Intermediate
 Slow…
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Source code
• Instructions
 Statement, blocks
 Affectation
 Operators
 Loops
 Tests
 Subroutines
 Comments
• Data structures
 Variable
 List
 Array
 Hash
 Pointers
 Objects
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Source code (2)
• Statement, blocks
 One or more
instructions for the
processor
• Affectation
 Change to a variable
• Operator
 affect one or more
variable
 + * - / AND OR NOT…
• Variable
 A region in memory
that can be modified
 Exists in different
types
 Scalar, char, numeric,
boolean
 List, array
 Hash
 Combination->data
structure
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Source code (3)
• Loops
 Allow the computer to
repeat blocks
• Tests
 Decide what to do
• Subroutines
 Programs frequently
called (functions)
• Comments
 The most important
lines of the source
code…
• Pointers
 Reference to region in
memory (address)
• Objects
 Combination of data
and code
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Example: a text to treat
« Noon rings out. A wasp, making an ominous sound, a sound akin to a klaxon or a
tocsin, flits about. Augustus, who has had a bad night, sits up blinking and purblind. Oh
what was that word (is his thought) that ran through my brain all night, that idiotic word
that, hard as I'd try to pun it down, was always just an inch or two out of my grasp - fowl
or foul or Vow or Voyal? - a word in a quizz which, by association, brought into play an
incongruous mass and magma of nouns, idioms, slogans and sayings, a confusing,
amorphous outpouring which I sought in vain to control or turn off but which wound
around my mind a whirlwind of a cord, a whiplash of a cord, a cord that would split again
and again, would knit again and again, of words without communication or any possibility
of combination, words without pronunciation, signification or transcription but out of
which, notwithstanding, was brought forth a flux, a continuous, compact and lucid flow: an
intuition, a vacillating frisson of illumination as if caught in a flash of lightning or in a mist
abruptly rising to unshroud an obvious sign - but a sign, alas, that would last an instant
only to vanish for good. »
Gilbert Adair
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Result…
a=97
b=15
c=26
d=35
f=23
g=32
h=44
i=90
j=1
k=5
l=33
m=17
n=91
o=104
p=15
q=1
r=43
s=59
t=77
u=52
v=4
w=31
x=2
y=13
z=2
Do you see any problem??
Try with this:
« The quick brown fox, jumps
over the lazy dog. »
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Flowchart
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Source code example
#!/usr/bin/perl -w # essential line of all perl scripts
$filename = "avoid.txt"; # affect « avoid.txt » to the variable $filename
# open the file, or exit
open(FILE, $filename) || die "Cannot open file ‘$filename’nn";
@text = <FILE>; # add each line of the file to an array
close FILE;
foreach $line (@text) { # read one line from the array into $line and repeat for each line
@table = split(//,$line); # read each character of the line in an array
while ($char=pop(@table)) { # read one character of the array 'table' and repeat for all
$char =~ s/[^a-z]//; # keep only the alphabetical character a to z
if ($char) { # check if the character exists and execute the block
$count{$char}++; # if yes, increment by one the hash 'count'
}
}
}
# print each character and its number of occurence one per line
foreach $c (keys %count) {
print "$c=$count{$c}n";
}
exit; # quit the program
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Tips
• Think about your
problem
• Create a flowchart
• Create the
pseudocode
• Verify the memory
used by your
variables
• Write the code
• Test the code
 For all the possible
functions or cases (if
possible)
 Give it to users as a
beta (if not possibe)
 Sell it (if you work for
Microsoft©
… ;-)
• Debug
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Summary of the week
• Monday
 Intro computers &
programming
 Intro Unix
 Tutorial Unix
• Tuesday
 Intro Perl
 Regexp & Perl In-liners
• Wednesday
 Object Oriented
programming
 BioPerl
 EMBOSS
• Thursday
 Database indexing
 BLAST
 HTML & cgi-bin
• Friday
 Finish exercises
 Users questions
R-tech Computer Education Institute
Unix
• Next presentation…
VassiliosVassilios aliasalias
UnixMan!!!UnixMan!!!
R-tech Computer Education Institute

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R tech introcomputer

  • 1. Introduction to computers and programming R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 2. Content • Hardware • Information storage  RAM, ROM  HD, DVD • Display  Images  Characters (fonts) • File system/type  Encryption  Compression • Network  Protocols  Packets • Programming  Algorithm  Pseudocode  Flowchart • Languages • Source code  Example R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 3. The computer R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 5. The connections R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 6. Information storage • 1 bit • 8 bits • 16 bits • 32 bits • 64 bits • bit (1 or 0) • byte (octet) (28 ) • word (216 ) • double (232 ) • long double (264 ) Encoding information on a fixed element of length n with a base b gives bn non-redundant possibilities R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 7. Information coding • Binary  0 or 1 • Octal  0-7 • Hexadecimal  0-9+A-F • Decimal  0-9 • How to count • 128+32+16+4+1=  181 (decimal)  265 (octal)  B5 (hexadecimal) • Signed vs unsigned  0 to 255  -127 to +127 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 8. Operations on bits • Booleans:  0 = false = no  1 = true = yes • Operators:  AND  OR  XOR  NOT • Example tables AN D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 OR 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 XO R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 9. RAM/ROM Memory mapping Address Values 0000 0001 0002 .. .. .. .. FFFF • Size reminder: • Kilobyte Kb 210 ~103 • Megabyte Mb 220 ~106 • Gigabyte Gb 230 ~109 • Terabyte Tb 240 ~1012 • Petabyte Pb 250 ~1015 • … 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 11. Display • Screen pixel or dots • Color coding: 32 bits • 1 pixel = 3 bytes of color (RGB)+1 byte alpha channel (transparency) • 1600x1200x4bytes=7,5 Mb! • Fonts  Bitmap  Vectors  TrueType, OpenType, PostScript QuickTime™ et un décompresseur TIFF (non compressé) sont requis pour visionner cette image. R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 12. Keyboard/Mouse • Each key (or combination of keys) of the keyboard sends a code to the computer. • The code is interpreted and converted to the corresponding ASCII or Unicode number. • The mouse movements  1 to 4 bytes (vertical & horizontal) • Buttons  Clicked, pressed, rolled buttons R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 13. ASCII & Unicode • ASCII 7/8 bits • Unicode  UTF-8/16/32 bits  ISO-8859 (Latin) • od -c od -h • R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 14. Software layers ROM Hardware Operating System User Interface Software Files CPU, RAM, HD, DVD Word, scripts, mail, web browser… Data (.doc, .mp3) BIOS Linux CLI, X-Windows Windows Windows MacOSX Firmware Quartz R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 15. File systems • Method the OS uses to store information  Storage unit, directories, subdirectories (Windows, VMS)  Single arborescence (Linux, MacOSX, all Unix) • What exactly is a file?  a piece of information (text, graphic, data, music program, script)  it is identified by a name and an logical address (or path)  other informations: date, size, type, creator, ownership, physical address… R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 16. File system organisation Disk 1 Disk 2 Directories Subdirectories Windows DOCS PROGS WORD EXCEL CONFIG DATA EXPT1 EXPT2 / /usr /home phil johnlocal bin lib emacs X11 Unix D:C: Disk 1 Disk 2 R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 17. Path • The path is the logical address used by the system or the user to locate a file. • Example: /bd_du_Palais/35/etage/4/appart/12/Dupont_ Jean.txt filename suffix path R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 18. File types • Executable  .exe  .app  Unix requires « x » • Data  Text (.txt)  Music (.mp3)  Image (.jpg, .gif)  Movie (.mpg, .mov)  Binary (.bin) • Special cases in Unix  STDIN  STDOUT  STDERR R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 19. Encryption / compression • Compression  Reducing the size of files  E.g., .mp3, .gz, .jpg, .zip • Encryption  Protecting your privacy  E.g., .pgp • Packing  Grouping the files  E.g., .tar R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 20. Networks • Direct  USB 11Mb-480Mb  Ethernet 10Mb-1Gb • Wired  Modem 56Kb  ADSL 600Kb-8Mb  LAN 10Mb-10Gb • Wireless  Bluetooth 1Mb-20Mb  WIFI (AirPort) 11Mb-54Mb R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 21. Network (ethernet or wireless) • Computer talk to each other via network protocols  ip, tcp, http, ftp, … • TCP/IP  transmission control protocol/internet protocol • Handshaking • Transmission • Ackowledgement • DNS  Domain Name Server • URL  Universal Resource Locator • IP addess  192.42.197.51 R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 22. DNS reminder Primary DNS Root DNS Local DNS Client query Target server 1 2 3 45 6 www.expasy.org 129.194.8.64 *.org dns.anywhere.net client.anywhere.net www.expasy.org ?? R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 23. Packets The data travels within units called packets R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 24. Packet breakout Usual TCP/IP payload per packet: 512 bytes R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 25. Introduction to programming R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 26. What is a program? • How to cook? • The algorithm • Are you a programmer? R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 27. Pseudocode • This is the pseudocode for a game of Monopoly R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 29. Flowcharts details R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 30. Languages • Low level (processor dependent)  Machine code, assembler • High level: structured, procedural  Fortran, C, Pascal… • High level: object oriented  C++, Java, C#, Perl, Objective-C… • Virtual machines  Java, C#… • Scripting  Perl, Python, JavaScript… R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 31. Source code -> Object code • Compiler+linker  Fortran, C, Pascal, C++… • Interpreter  Basic, Perl… • Intermediate  Java • Compiler+linker  Fast to execute, but slow to debug • Interpreter  Slow to execute, but fast to debug (no need to recompile) • Intermediate  Slow… R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 32. Source code • Instructions  Statement, blocks  Affectation  Operators  Loops  Tests  Subroutines  Comments • Data structures  Variable  List  Array  Hash  Pointers  Objects R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 33. Source code (2) • Statement, blocks  One or more instructions for the processor • Affectation  Change to a variable • Operator  affect one or more variable  + * - / AND OR NOT… • Variable  A region in memory that can be modified  Exists in different types  Scalar, char, numeric, boolean  List, array  Hash  Combination->data structure R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 34. Source code (3) • Loops  Allow the computer to repeat blocks • Tests  Decide what to do • Subroutines  Programs frequently called (functions) • Comments  The most important lines of the source code… • Pointers  Reference to region in memory (address) • Objects  Combination of data and code R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 35. Example: a text to treat « Noon rings out. A wasp, making an ominous sound, a sound akin to a klaxon or a tocsin, flits about. Augustus, who has had a bad night, sits up blinking and purblind. Oh what was that word (is his thought) that ran through my brain all night, that idiotic word that, hard as I'd try to pun it down, was always just an inch or two out of my grasp - fowl or foul or Vow or Voyal? - a word in a quizz which, by association, brought into play an incongruous mass and magma of nouns, idioms, slogans and sayings, a confusing, amorphous outpouring which I sought in vain to control or turn off but which wound around my mind a whirlwind of a cord, a whiplash of a cord, a cord that would split again and again, would knit again and again, of words without communication or any possibility of combination, words without pronunciation, signification or transcription but out of which, notwithstanding, was brought forth a flux, a continuous, compact and lucid flow: an intuition, a vacillating frisson of illumination as if caught in a flash of lightning or in a mist abruptly rising to unshroud an obvious sign - but a sign, alas, that would last an instant only to vanish for good. » Gilbert Adair R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 36. Result… a=97 b=15 c=26 d=35 f=23 g=32 h=44 i=90 j=1 k=5 l=33 m=17 n=91 o=104 p=15 q=1 r=43 s=59 t=77 u=52 v=4 w=31 x=2 y=13 z=2 Do you see any problem?? Try with this: « The quick brown fox, jumps over the lazy dog. » R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 38. Source code example #!/usr/bin/perl -w # essential line of all perl scripts $filename = "avoid.txt"; # affect « avoid.txt » to the variable $filename # open the file, or exit open(FILE, $filename) || die "Cannot open file ‘$filename’nn"; @text = <FILE>; # add each line of the file to an array close FILE; foreach $line (@text) { # read one line from the array into $line and repeat for each line @table = split(//,$line); # read each character of the line in an array while ($char=pop(@table)) { # read one character of the array 'table' and repeat for all $char =~ s/[^a-z]//; # keep only the alphabetical character a to z if ($char) { # check if the character exists and execute the block $count{$char}++; # if yes, increment by one the hash 'count' } } } # print each character and its number of occurence one per line foreach $c (keys %count) { print "$c=$count{$c}n"; } exit; # quit the program R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 39. Tips • Think about your problem • Create a flowchart • Create the pseudocode • Verify the memory used by your variables • Write the code • Test the code  For all the possible functions or cases (if possible)  Give it to users as a beta (if not possibe)  Sell it (if you work for Microsoft© … ;-) • Debug R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 40. Summary of the week • Monday  Intro computers & programming  Intro Unix  Tutorial Unix • Tuesday  Intro Perl  Regexp & Perl In-liners • Wednesday  Object Oriented programming  BioPerl  EMBOSS • Thursday  Database indexing  BLAST  HTML & cgi-bin • Friday  Finish exercises  Users questions R-tech Computer Education Institute
  • 41. Unix • Next presentation… VassiliosVassilios aliasalias UnixMan!!!UnixMan!!! R-tech Computer Education Institute