For education porpuse only

1. CHAPTER 1
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS
PERSPECTIVE

2. PHILOSOPHY

3. WHAT IS THE SELF CONCEPTUALIZATION
OF THE SELF?
-the self-concept is a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us,
including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities,
goal values, and roles as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals.

4. WHAT IS THE SELF VARIOUS
PERSPECTIVE?
- you are conscious of yourself as a common subject as a different representation. It is
also an impression you perceive points to one single common fact "the self" is the
subject of these experiences.

5. COMPARE AND CONTRAST HOW THE
SELF HAS BEEN REPRESENTED ACROSS
DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES AND
PERSPECTIVE
• Discipline and perspective are two parameters that are highly linked with an
individual or self of a person. Every person has their own level of discipline and
perspective varies from one to another. Also, the self not only can be influenced by
different institutions by literally everything the self is exposed to depending on the
individual and how impressionable or easily influenced he/she may be.

6. EXAMINE THE DIFFERENT INFLUENCES,
FACTORS, AND FORCES THAT SHAPE THE
SELF
1. A person's self-concept
2. A person’s age, sexual orientation, gender, and religion
3. Self-esteem
4. The self-image

7. THE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
OF THE SELF
This lecture will be divided into four (4) parts:
• Activity 1
• What is philosophy?
• Philosophy and the self
• Assessment

8. Learning outcomes
1. Explain the role of philosophy in understanding the self.
2. Discuss the different concepts from the philosophical perspective.
3. Differentiate the various concepts of the self and identity their similarities.
DO YOU TRULY KNOW YOURSELF?
ASK YOURSELF
1. How would you characterize yourself?
2. What makes you stand out from the rest? What makes yourself special?
3. How is yourself is connected to your body?
4. How is yourself related to other selves?
5. What will happen to yourself after you die?

9. ANALYSIS:
•
QUESTIONS Easy or Difficut to Answer Easy or Difficut to Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

10. PHILOSOPHY IS ALL ABOUT:
Finding answer to serious question about ourselves and about the world we live in:
-What is morally right and wrong? And why?
-What is a good life?
-…… and so much more
Questioning existing institutions to get closer to the truth.

11. WHAT WILL YOU GET OUT OF
PHILOSOPHY?
• Critical Thinking
• Arguments Skills
• Communication
• Reasoning
• Analysis
• Problem Solving…

12. WHAT WILL YOU GET OUT OF
PHILOSOPHY? WHICH WILL ALLOW TO:
• Justify your opinions
• Spot a bad argument, no matter what the topic is.
• Explain to people why they are wrong and you are right.
• Philosophy basically teaches you to think!

13. PYTHAGORAS
– the first to use the term “philosophy.”
Love of Wisdom
Philo- greek word for “love”
Sophia- greek word for “wisdom”

14. ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY AND LOGIC
• Search for truth
• Search is to look for something
• Search for meaning
-importance
-significant
-value
-relevance
• Philosophy ask a lot of questions.

15. PHILOSOPHY OF THE SELF
The Greek Philosophers:
-Socrates
-Plato
-Aristotle
KNOW THYSELF
-Socrates philosophers agree that self-knowledge is a pre-requisite to a happy and
meaningful life. Socrates “An unexamined life is not worth living.”

16. SOCRATES

17. • Every man is dualistic
• Composed of body and soul
• Two (2) important aspects of his personhood:
Body- imperfect and imperfect.
Soul- perfect and permanent
• Two (2) dichotomous realms.
Physical realm- changeable, transient and imperfect.
-the body belongs to this realm.
Ideal realm-unchanging, eternal and immortal.
-the soul belongs to this realm.
• Socrates was the first thinker to focus on the full power of reason on the human self: who we are,
who we should be and who we will become.
• The soul strives for wisdom and perfection, and the reason is the soul’s tool to achieve an exalted
state of life.
• Our pre-occupation with bodily need such as food, drink, sex, pleasure, material possession and
wealth keep us from attaining wisdom.
• A person can have a meaningful and happy life only if he become virtuous and knows the value of
himself that can be achieved through constant soul-searching.
• For him, this is the best achieved when one tries to separate the body from soul as much as
possible.

18. PLATO: “THE SOUL IS
IMMORTAL”

19. • A student of Socrates
• Philosophy of the self can be explained as a process of self-knowledge and purification of the soul.
• He believed in the existence of the mind and soul.
• Mind and soul are given in perfection with god.
Soul has three (3) parts:
1. Rational soul
-reason and intellect
-divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices and achieve a true understanding of eternal
truths.
2. Spirited Soul
-emotion and passion
-basic emotion such as love, anger, ambition, empathy, and aggressiveness.
3. Appetitive Soul
-basic needs
-includes our biological needs such as hunger, thirst and sexual desire.
• These 3 elements of ourselves are in a dynamic relationship with one another, sometimes in conflict.
• When conflict occurs, Plato believes that it is the responsibility of our rational to sort things ouot and exert control,
restoring a harmonious relationship among the three elements of ourselves.
• Plato believes that genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who consistently, make sure that their spirits and
appetites.

20. ARISTOTLE: “THE SOUL IS
THE ESSENCE OF THE
SELF”

21. • A student of Plato
• The body and soul are not two separate elements but are one thing.
• The soul is simply the form of the body, and is not capable of existing without the body.
• The soul makes a person to person. The soul is the essence of the self.
• Aristotle suggest that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing and
fulfilling life.
• Without the body, the soul cannot exist. The soul dies along with the body.
• Aristotle suggest that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing and
fulfilling life.
• Without the body, the soul cannot exist. The soul dies along with the body.
• soul and body, I suggest react sympathetically upon each other. A change in the state of the
soul produces a change in the shape of the body and conversely, a change in the shape of
the body produces a change in the state of the soul.
• Aristotle suggested that anything with life has soul. His discussion about the self centers
on the kinds of soul possessed by a man.

22. reproductive, growth mobility, sensation thought, reflection
Vegetative
Soul
Sensitive
Soul
Rational
Soul

23. THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS: SELF-KNOWLEDGE
• Man is composed of matter and form.
-Matter- “common stuff that makes up everything”
-Form-“essence of a substance or thing”
• Theory of self-knowledge- all our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the
world around us.
- Rejects a view that the mind is “always on,” never sleeping, subconsciously self-aware
in the background.
• Aquinas argues, our awareness of ourselves is triggered and shaped by our experiences
of objects in our environment.

24. RENE DESCARTES: I THINK, THEREFORE I AM
“cogito, ergo sum”
• Man- thinking entity distinct from the body
•must use your mind and thinking abilities to investigate and develop yourself.
DAVID HUME: “THERE IS NO SELF”
• self is simply a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with
an inconceivable rapidly and are in a perpetual flex and movement
• the idea of personal identity is a result of imagination.
• there is no self the self can never be truly objectified or know in a completely objective sort
of way ○ the self is embodied subjectivity.
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY: “THE SELF IS ENBODIED SUBJECTIVETY
• the division between thee “mind and the body” is a product of confused thinking.
• The mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated one another.

25. SOCIOLOGY

26. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
- Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and
consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups,
organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.

27. WHY IS SOCIOLOGY IMPORTANT?
- Sociology is important because sociology provides critical insight and perspective to
the solution of social problems. Sociology has changed our outlook with regard to the
problems of crime, its causes, and its consequences. Sociology is of great importance
to the understanding of international problems.

28. APPLYING SOCIOLOGY TO LIFE
• The field of sociology has a lot of big abstract ideas about politics, economics, and
how people grow and change over time. How do these big, abstract ideas translate
into real words and the lives of everyday people? How do they apply to your life?

29. • This lesson will discuss the three specific way that Sociology can be applied to the real
world, and all three ways highlight why sociology is important to study and
understand, The application will be public policy, social change, and personal growth.
Example of Sociology in every life
Examples of sociology could include Studying the Relationship Between Culture and
Society, examing social movements, or researching how communication affects human
behavior.

30. SOCIOLOGY
- Is the study of human social relationships and institutions. It focuses on the
systematic understanding of social interaction, social organization, social institutions,
and social change.
- Sociologist investigates the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and
how people interact within these contexts.
- Sociologists’ subject matter is diverse, from crime to religion, from the family to
the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common
culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies.
According to many scholars -sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of
study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our
communities, and the world.

31. • PERSONAL LEVEL
-sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love,
racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith.
• SOCIETAL LEVEL
-sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and
discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social movements.
• GLOBAL LEVEL
-sociology studies such phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and
economic development.
Sociologists observe the everyday life of groups, conduct large-scale surveys, interpret
historical documents, analyze census data, study videotaped interactions, interview participants of
groups, and conduct laboratory experiments.
The ability to see and understand this connection between broad social forces and personal
experiences is what C. Wright Mills called "the sociological imagination", and is extremely valuable
academic preparation for living effective and rewarding personal and professional lives in a
changing and complex society.

32. 3 MAJOR PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST
-is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to
particular effects of communication and interaction in people to make images and normal
implications, for deduction and correspondence with others,
• Functionalist - a functional perspective is a normative approach to describing and
predicting group performance that focuses on the functions of inputs and/or processes.
• Conflict Perspective - a perspective in the social sciences that emphasizes the social,
political, or material inequality of a social group; critiques the broad socio-political
system; or otherwise detracts from structural functionalism and ideological conservatism.
Conflict theory has three assumptions: Humans are self-interested. societies operate
under a perpetual scarcity of resources. conflicts are pervasive and unavoidable within
social groups and between social groups.

33. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE
SELF
• Self in sociology - from a classical sociological perspective, the self is a relatively
stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to social
systems. the self is socially constructed in the sense that is shaped through
interaction with other people.
There are 3 sociologists who look into how the self, society, and the culture are
interrelated
1. George Mead - The social self.
2. Charles Cooley - the looking-glass self.
3. Erving Goffman - constructing situations and drama.

34. GEORGE MEAD: THE
SOCIAL SELF
" the self is born of society. the self is inseparable from society and bound up
with communication. it builds on social experiences. this is a largely matter of
taking the role of other with increasing sophistications, broadening out from
significant others to greater complexity."

35. -George Mead-
Stages in Mead's theory on the the development of the self
•Preparatory stage:
-children mimic/imitate others
•Play stage
- children pretend to play the role of a particular or a significant other
- particular or significant other are the perspectives and particular role that a child learns
and internalizes
• Game stage
- children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other
• Generalized other
- the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or a society in general) that
a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his/her own behavior
• Dual nature of the self
- the belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the 'I' and 'me'.

36. CHARLES COOLEY- THE
LOOKING-GLASS SELF
"One's sense of self depends on seeing one's self-
reflected in interactions with others."

37. - Charles Cooley-
•The looking-glass self refers to the notion that the self develops through our
perception of others' evaluation and appraisal of us.

38. ERVING GOFFMAN:
CONSTRUCTING
SITUATIONS AND DRAMA
"People routinely behave like actors on a stage.
Everyday social life become theatrical. There are
roles, scripts and actions. Daily life as a series of
stagecraft rules."

39. -Erving Goffman-
•Presentations of the self in everyday life.
- believed that meaning is constructed through interaction
• 'Interaction order'
- what we do in the immediate presence of others
DRAMATURGY
• focuses on how individuals take on roles and act them out to present a favorable
impression to their audience.
•Presentation of self in everyday life
- Goffmann argues that people are concerned with controlling how others view them, a
process he called impression management.
- each definition of situation lends itself to a different approach, and the consequences
are real. - the self is a social construction dependent of the situation

40. ANTHROPOLOGY

41. WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?
Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present
societies
The studies of anthropology is often divided into four separate subfields including.
 sociocultural anthropology, biological anthropology
Linguistic anthropology, and archaeology

42. SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY STUDY THE
NORMS AND VALUES SOCIETIES
• Cultural anthropology deals primarily with all aspects of cultural variation in the
present, recent, past. Including social, political, economic, and ideological faces of
human culture
• Through a variety of theoretical approaches and research methods anthropologists
today study the culture of people in any part of the world including those of
industrial and “post industrial” societies

43. LINGUISTICS ANTHROPOLOGY STUDIES
HOW LANGUAGE AFFECTS SOCIAL LIFE.
• Linguistics anthropologists study the many ways people the communicate across the
globe. They are interests In how language is linked to how we see the world and how we
relate to each other.
• This can mean looking at how language works in all different forms and how it changes
over time.
• It also mean looking at what we believe about language and communication and how we
used language in our lives
• Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans

44. • Biological or physical anthropology looks at homo sapiens as a genus and species
tracing their biological origins evolutionary development and genetic diversity.
• Biological anthropologists study the biocultural pre history of homo to understand
human nature and ultimately the evolution of the brain and nervous system itself
• Archaeology which studies past human culture through investigation of physical
evidence is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the in the united states while
in Europe. It is viewed as a discipline in its own right grouped under the related
discipline such as history.
• The science of archaeology is a multidisciplinary approach to study of human
behavior as evidenced by cultural remains.

45. DEMONSTRATING
ANTHROPOLOGY

46. THE PERSPECTIVE OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
• Understanding humankind in terms of the dynamic interrelationships of all aspects
of human existence
• “antrops means “human” and logy refers to the study of
• Anthropologists are not only scholar to focus on the human condition, biologists,
sociologists psychologists and others also examine human nature and societies

47. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
OF THE SELF
• In anthropology, the self-came understood as a process that orchestrates an
individual personal experiences following which she/he become self-aware and self-
reflective about her on his place in society.

48. FOUR ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Holism- holism means that an anthropologists looks at the entire context of a society
when analyzing any specific feature
Relativism- cultural relativism the idea that we should seek to understand another
person’s beliefs and behavior from the perspective of their culture rather than our
own
Comparison - it frames an understanding of ourselves and others
Fieldwork- is the process of observing and collecting data about people, culture, and
natural environments

49. THE DISCIPLINE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
- anthropology is the study of human kind the discipline examines the interplay of
cultural social economic political cultural and environmental factors in the
development of humans and human community.

50. • HOW DO THE ANTHROPOLOGY
DISCIPLINE DEFINE SELF?
- the self in an anthropology is an individual own person. Some anthropologist think
that people develop their sense of self or even their actual self through interactions
with other humans (the social construction of the self)

51. • WHAT ARE THE PERSPECTIVE OF
THE SELF?
- focuses on the study of the full scope of human diversity and application of that
knowledge to help people of different backgrounds.

52. • WHAT IS THE GOAL AND PERSPECTIVE
OF ANTHROPOLOGY?
-- The goal of anthropology is to pursue a holistic understanding of what it means to
be human by understanding the relationship between human biology, language, and
culture.

53. • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DISCIPLINE AND PERSPECTIVE?
- disciplines and perspective are two parameters that are highly linked with an
individual's or self of a person. Every person has its own level of disciplines and
perspective varies from one to another. Normally people who have same perspective
and have common discipline tend to go along well with one another. Such people
also have less conflict with each other. Hence both of them are linked with self.

54. " SELF " which is a person's own identity has various disciplines and perspectives.
• according to the discipline of psychoanalysis and psychology a person’s self is
characterized by the development and thinking of a person at his adulthood.
• according to the discipline of social psychology a person’s self depends on his social
circle the characteristics of the people around him can be observed in the person as well.
• according to the discipline of sociology termination of self is a lifelong process and it
changes with every phase of the life of a person

55. PSYCHOLOGY

56. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY AND WHAT
DOES IT INVOLVE?
- Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. According to the American
Psychological Association. It is the study of the mind, how it works and how it affects
behavior.

57. • Psychologists and Psychiatrists work together to help people with mental health
conditions, but they are not quite the same.
• A psychological treats a patient through psychotherapy, helping to relieve
symptoms through behavioral change. The role of a psychiatrist, who is a medical
doctor, focuses more on prescribing medication and other intentions to manage
mental health conditions.

58. FAST FACT ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY
• Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind
• There are different types of psychology such as cognitive, forensic, social, and
developmental psychology.
• A person with a condition that affects their mental health may benefit from
assessment and treatment that focuses on behavioral adaptions.
• A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who is more likely to focus on medical
management of mental health issues.

59. • Psychology- is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.
• How Does Psychology Help People?
• -Essentially, psychology helps people in large part because it can explain why people act
the way they do. With this kind of professional insight, a psychologist can help people
improve their decision making, stress management and behavior based on
understanding past behavior to better predict future behavior. All of this can help people
have a more successful career, better relationships, more self-confidence and overall
better communication.
Fast facts about psychology
• Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind.
• There are different types of psychology, such as cognitive, forensic, social, and
development psychology.
• A person with a condition that affects their mental health may benifit from essessment
and treatment with a psychologist.
• A psychologist may offer treatment that focuses on behavioral adaptations.
• A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who is more likely to focus on medical health issues.

60. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
THE SELF
• Psychological- is the study of mind and behavior. It encompasses that biological
influences, social pressure environment factors that affect how people think, act and
feel.
SIGMUND FREUD- the importance of unconscious
• He was considered as the “Father of psycho-analysis”
• He postulated that three are three layers of self within as well.

61. THREE LAYERS
• Id- makahayop
 The first part of the self to develop.
 The seat of all our desires and wants
 It has no awareness other than it wants what it wants.
• Ego- makatao
 The part of us that functions in reality
 The ego regulates how many of the id’s urges will be expressed
 The ego is able to discern what is right or wrong based on context
 It is the reality principle
• Super Ego- makaDiyos
 Something referred to as the “voice of god”
 It strives of perfection
 Its main concern is to decide and act in accordance to what is morally and socially acceptable
standards

62. WILLIAM JAMES- concept of self
• He theorized the components of the self which he divided into two categories: “Me” and
“I”
• The “Me” is a separate individual, a person refers to when talking about their personal
experience.
• The “I” is the part of the self that knows who they are and what they have accomplished
in life.
• “I know it was me who ate the cookie”
The “Me” is the empirical self the one who does the acting whereas the “I” is the self that is
capable of thinking and reflecting self, 3 sub-categories of ME: a material, social, and
spiritual self.
• The material self consists of what belongs to a person such as the body, family, clothes, or
,money.
• The social self marks who you are in a specific social situation.
• The spiritual self is who we are at our core, including our personality, values, and
conscience.

63. IDEAL SELF VS. REAL SELF
- The real self is who we actually are. It is how we think how we feel, look, and act.
- The ideal self is how we want to be. It is an idealized image that we have developed
over time,based on what we learned and experienced

64. THE IMPORTANCE OF ALIGNMENT
- If the way that I am (real self) is aligned with the way I want to be (the ideal self),
then I will feel a sense of mental well-being, or peace of mind. If the way that I am is
not aligned with how I want to be, the incongruence, or lack of alignment, will result
in mental distress or anxiety.

65. DAVID LESTER- MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED
SELVES
What does self consist of? The human self consists of three related, but also separable
domains:
• The first domain is the experimental self. This is the heater of consciousness and the
first person felt experience of being. This is tied very closely to memory.
• A second position of the human self is called the private self-consciousness system.
We can call this the “narrator” because it’s the portion of your being that verbally
narrates what is happening and tries to make sense of what is going on. This
portion of yourself is called the “autobiographical self.”
• The final portion of the self is the public self or persona. It refers to the public image
that you attempt to project to others which in turn interacts with how people
actually see you.

66. DONALD WINNICOTT- TRUE SELF VS.
FALSE SELF
• Winnicott suggest that the self is composed of the true self and false self. According
to him, the function of the false self is to hide and protect the true self.
Why is it important to know yourself?
• Happiness
• Less inner conflict
• Better decision making
• Self control
• Tolerance and understanding the others
• Vitality and pleasure