2. Do you have a particular
reader in mind when you
write?
3. In part 1...
● IMRaD in abstracts
● A reminder about the “naysayer”
4. "They Say, I Say"
• "(A) writer needs to indicate not only
what his or her thesis is, but also what
larger conversation that thesis is
responding to." (p. 20)
• "(W)hen it comes to constructing an
argument […], remember that you are
entering a conversation and therefore
need to start with 'what others are
saying'…" (p. 20)
5. A good example (from "Josephine")
"Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most
affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive
functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living
and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive
functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the
components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive
flexibility. "
6. "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most
affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive
functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living
and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive
functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the
components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive
flexibility. "
7. "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most
affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive
functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living
and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive
functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the
components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive
flexibility. "
8. "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most
affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive
functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living
and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive
functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the
components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive
flexibility. "
1
9. "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most
affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive
functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living
and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive
functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the
components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive
flexibility. "
1
2
13. "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most
affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive
functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living
and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive
functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the
components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive
flexibility. "
14. What issues might a naysayer raise?
"They might question the instruments we used for the
neuropsychological evaluation. As this research is self-
funded, we had to choose from instruments that were
publicly available. However, one could argue that other
instruments were better suited for our purpose."
15. What issues might a naysayer raise?
"They might question the instruments we used for the
neuropsychological evaluation. As this research is self-
funded, we had to choose from instruments that were
publicly available. However, one could argue that other
instruments were better suited for our purpose."
16. What issues might a naysayer raise?
"They might question the instruments we used for the
neuropsychological evaluation. As this research is self-
funded, we had to choose from instruments that were
publicly available. However, one could argue that other
instruments were better suited for our purpose."
17. What issues might a naysayer raise?
"They might question the instruments we used for the
neuropsychological evaluation. As this research is self-
funded, we had to choose from instruments that were
publicly available. However, one could argue that other
instruments were better suited for our purpose."
18. What issues might a naysayer raise?
"They might question the instruments we used for the
neuropsychological evaluation. As this research is self-
funded, we had to choose from instruments that were
publicly available. However, one could argue that other
instruments were better suited for our purpose."
DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
METHOD
RESULT
S
19. What issues might a naysayer raise?
"They might question the instruments we used for the
neuropsychological evaluation. As this research is self-
funded, we had to choose from instruments that were
publicly available. However, one could argue that other
instruments were better suited for our purpose."
DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
METHOD
RESULT
S
20. Can you hear the Naysayer?
1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.”
2. “The importance of this subject has already been well established.”
3. “The results of this research conclusively prove that the
participants improved.”
21. Can you hear the Naysayer?
1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.”
2. “The importance of this subject has already been well established.”
3. “The results of this research conclusively prove that the
participants improved.”
22. Can you hear the Naysayer?
1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.”
2. “The importance of this subject has already been well established.”
3. “The results of this research conclusively prove that the
participants improved.”
23. Can you hear the Naysayer?
1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.”
2. “The importance of this subject has already been well established.”
3. “The results of this research conclusively prove that the
participants improved.”
38. "C.A.R.S." framework
• Establish “territory”: Mention importance,
what the “conversation” is.
• Establish “niche”: Mention the “gap.”
• Occupy niche: Say how that gap will be (or
was) filled.
1
2
3
39. Example:
Abstract
There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep.
Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep
and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much
sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study
examined reported sleep duration and possible associations with health
concerns. Results show that older adults generally require less sleep
40. Abstract
There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep.
Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep
and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much
sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study
examined reported sleep duration among the elderly and possible
associations with health concerns. Results show that older adults
41. Example:
Abstract
There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep.
Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep
and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much
sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study
examined reported sleep duration among the elderly and possible
associations with health concerns. Results show that older adults
44. Common problem: No “Space” created
• Establish “territory”: Mention importance,
what the “conversation” is.
• Establish “niche”: Mention the “gap.”
• Occupy niche: Say how that gap will be (or
was) filled.
1
2
3
45. Example:
Abstract
There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep.
Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep
and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much
sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study
examined reported sleep duration among the elderly and possible
associations with health concerns. Results show that older adults
46. Common problem: No “Space” created
• Establish “territory”: Mention importance,
what the “conversation” is.
• Establish “niche”: Mention the “gap.”
• Occupy niche: Say how that gap will be (or
was) filled.
1
2
3
47. Example:
Abstract
There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep.
Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep
and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much
sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study
examined reported sleep duration among the elderly and possible
associations with health concerns. Results show that older adults
57. “Zeum” press release:
"Although the name Zeum sounded fun, it didn't
provide parents with any clues about what they
and their children would experience.”
59. Abstract
There is a popular belief that alcohol consumption can help someone
speak a foreign language more fluently. However, there is no evidence
in the current literature to support this idea. This study aimed to
investigate the effect of drinking alcoholic beverages on how adult
learners of English perceive themselves (self-ratings), and how they are
perceived by others (peer-ratings). Results of show that consuming
alcohol drinks positively affected perception of fluency.
60. Which title do you like most?
A. Can drinking alcohol make you speak a foreign language more
fluently? Evidence from a quasi-experimental study
B. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol C2H5OH) consumption by human adults in
distilled form: effects on neuromuscular verbal articulation in a
foreign language
C. Drinking alcohol positively affects fluency in a foreign language
D. The effects of consuming alcoholic beverages on foreign language
fluency
61. Abstract
There is a popular belief that alcohol consumption can help someone
speak a foreign language more fluently. However, there is no evidence
in the current literature to support this idea. This study aimed to
investigate the effect of drinking alcoholic beverages on how adult
learners of English perceive themselves (self-ratings), and how they are
perceived by others (peer-ratings). Results of show that consuming
alcohol drinks positively affected perception of fluency.
150. But I have no data!
• Try to get some!
• Think of the article you produce for this class as a
“template.”
• Best option: use your partial data.
• Good option: use unused data (adviser, lab, classmate...).
• Another option: Build on what you did before (e.g. master’s
work)
• Worst case scenario: Consider a review (e.g. scoping review)
article.
• You have no topic yet? Create one! (Use your adviser.)
164. Focus on what you know...
• You are familiar with the typical Introduction structure (e.g.
CARS).
• You are aware concepts “They say”, “Naysayer”, and
“Claiming.”
• You know what you should and (should not) try to “copy.”
• You can be a "linguistic detective" using tools like Google
Scholar, Google Translate, Grammarly, SKELL, AntConc, and
a mentor text.
165. What’s left (perhaps)...
•Create a title.
•Find "mentor articles" (perhaps with your
adviser) and analyze the Introduction,
"plagiarizing" useful linguistic features.
• Start writing your Introduction!