1. Mandible
Maxilla
Zygomatic Bone
Temporal Bone
Frontal Bone

2. Mental Foramen
Infraorbital Foramen
Supraorbital Notch
(Foramen)

3. Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Mandible
Sphenoid

4.  Parietal
 Ethmoid
 Sphenoid
 Temporal
 Occipital
 Frontal

5. External Occipital
Protuberance
External Auditory
Meatus
Zygomatic Process
(Temporal Bone)
Temporal Process
(Zygomatic Bone)
Condylar Process
(Mandible)
Coronoid Process
(Mandible)
Ramus of the
Mandible
Mental Foramen
Styloid ProcessMastoid Process

6. Occipital Bone
Temporal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Frontal Bone
Ethmoid Bone

7. Hypoglossal Canal
Jugular Foramen
Carotid Canal
Foramen Lacerum
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen OvaleGreater Wing
of the Sphenoid
Lesser Wing
of the Sphenoid
Optic Canal
Crista Galli
Cribiform plate
Foramen Magnum

8. Optic Canal
•Optic Nerve (II)
•Ophthalmic artery
Foramen Ovale
•Mandibular Nerve (V3)
•Accessory meningeal artery
Foramen Spinosum
•Middle meningeal artery
Carotid Canal
•Internal carotid artery
•Internal carotid nerve plexus
Jugular Foramen
•Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
•Vagus Nerve (X)
•Accessory Nerve (XI)
•Sigmoid sinus
•Posterior Meningeal Artery
Hypoglossal Canal
•Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

9.  Superior Orbital Fissure
 Oculumotor nerve (III),
Trochlear nerve (IV),
Ophthalmic nerve (V1),
Abducens nerve (VI),
Superior ophthalmic vein
 Foramen Rotundum
 Maxillary nerve (V2)
 Internal Auditory Meatus
 Facial nerve (VII),
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII),
Labyrinthine artery
SOF
FR
IAM

12.  Nose consists of bony &
cartilaginous framework
 Formed above by the:
• Nasal bones
• Frontal processes of maxillae
• Nasal part of frontal bone
 Formed below by plates of
hyaline cartilage, which
include upper & lower nasal
cartilages and the septal
cartilage
Nasal part of
Frontal bone

13.  Extends from the external
(anterior) nares to the
posterior nares (choanae)
 Divided into right & left
halves by the nasal
septum
 Each half has a:
 Floor
 Roof
 Lateral wall
 Medial wall (septum)

14.  Roof
 Is narrow & formed (from
behind forward) by the:
• Body of sphenoid
• Cribriform plate of ethmoid
bone
• Frontal bone
• Nasal bone & cartilage
•
 Floor
• Separates it from the oral
cavity
• Formed by the hard (bony)
palate

15.  Medial Wall (Nasal
Septum)
 Osteocartilaginous
partition, only rarely lying
in the midline
 Covered by the
mucoperiosteum
 Formed:
• Superiorly by the vertical
(perpendicular) plate of
ethmoid bone
• Posteriorly by the vomer
bone
• Anteriorly by the septal
cartilage

16.  Bony part is formed by-
 Nasal bone
 Frontal process of maxilla
 Lacrimal bone
 Labyrinth of ethmoid
with suprier and middle
concha
 Perpendicular plate of
palatine bone
 Medial pterygoid plate

17.  Cartilagenous part-
 Upper nasal cartilage
 Lower nasal cartilage
 4 small nasal cartilages of ala.

18.  Lateral Wall
 Shows three horizontal bony
projections, covered by
mucous membrane, the
superior, middle & inferior
conchae (turbinates)
 The superior and middle
conchae are parts of the
ethmoid bone, whereas the
inferior concha is a separate
bone
 The cavity below each
concha is called a meatus
and are named as superior,
middle & inferior
corresponding to the
conchae

19.  The small space above the
superior concha is called the
sphenoethmoidal recess
• The middle meatus is
continuous in front with a
depression called the atrium
• Atrium is limited bove by a
ridge called agar nasi
• Below and in front of atrium,
and just within the nostril lies
the vestibule

20.  The conchae increase the
surface area of the nasal
cavity
 The recess & meati receive
the openings of the:
 Paranasal sinuses
 Nasolacrimal duct

21.  Sphenoethmoidal recess:
Receives the opening of
the sphenoidal sinus
 Superior meatus: Receives
the opening of the
posterior ethmoidal sinus
 Inferior meatus: Receives
the opening of the
nasolacrimal duct. The
opening is guarded by a
valve, a fold of mucous
membrane

22.  Middle meatus:
• Shows a rounded eminence, the
ethmoidal bulla, caused by the
bulging of the underlying middle
ethmoidal sinus, which opens on
its upper border.
• A curved groove, hiatus
semilunaris, lies below the bulla.
Hiatus receives the opening of
the maxillary sinus
• Anterior end of hiatus leads to
funnel-shaped infundibulum,
which receives the openings of
the frontal & the anterior
ethmoidal sinuses

23.  Nasal cavity receives sensory &
visceral innervation
Sensory innervation
 Olfactory mucosa supplied by
olfactory nerves
 Nerves of general sensation are
derived from opthalmic & maxillary
nerves
 Antero superior quadrant-
Anterior ethamoidal nerve.
 Antero inferior quadrant-
Anterior superiormalveolar
nerve,from maxillary nerve.

24.  Postero superior
quadrant- Posterior
lateral nasal branches of
pterygopalatine
ganglion,from maxillary
nerve.
 Postero inferior quadrant-
anterior palatine branches
of pterygopalatine
ganglion,from maxillary
nerve.

25. Antero superior quadrant-
Anterior ethamoidal artery.
Antero inferior quadrant-
Alar branch of facial and
terminal branches of greater
palatine arteries.

26.  Postero superior quadrant-
Sphenopalatine branch of
maxillary artery.
 Postero inferior quadrant-
Greater palatine artery.

27. Venous Drainage:
 Veins begin as a rich plexus in the submucosa,
accompany the corresponding arteries, and drain
into the facial, ophthalmic, and sphenopalatine
veins.
Lymphatic Drainage:
 The lymphatics from the:
 Vestibule drain into the submandibular lymph nodes
 Rest of the cavity drains into the upper deep cervical
lymph nodes

28.  Air conditioning: warming, cleaning and humidifying the
inhaled air
 Add resonance to the voice
 Vocal sounds are also produced in the nasal cavity thus
aiding in vocalisation
 Involved in the special sense of smell
 Central role of the nose in facial appearance

29.  RHINITIS: (COMMON COLD)
 Viral & bacterial
 ALLERGIC RHINITIS : Hypertrophy of the mucosa
over the inferior nasal concha.
 MAXILLARY SINUSITIS