Increases the availability of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, zinc and
suppresses the uptake of sodium and
chlorine (Zhang et al., 1999; Marschner,
1999; Scherer, 2001)
Cell division, enlargement and
elongation resulting in overall
improvement in plant organ associated
with faster and uniform vegetative
growth of the crop (Noman et al., 2015)
Chloroplast and chlorophyll synthesis (It
improves photosynthesis which produces
glucose and glucose is required for oil synthesis)
(Patel et al., 2019)
Synthesis of protein, oils and vitamins
(biotin and thiamine) and coenzyme A.
(Patel et al., 2019)
Effect of Sulphur
+N +P +K
+Z
n

Plant growth promoter, increase stomatal
conductance and reduce transpiration,
increased photosynthetic activity, tolerance to
drought, salinity and extreme temperatures
(Pichyangkura et al., 2015)
Increased root length and reduces the
transpiration rate, resulting in
improved water uptake and water use
efficiency in plants (Mondal et al.,
2016)
It can be used as an extra carbon source in plant
biosynthetic processes (Mondal et al., 2013;
Pirabalouti et al., 2017).
The hydrophilic nature of chitosan may alleviate
stress effects by reducing water content in cells
(Chakraborty et al., 2020)
Effect of Chitosan
+ C

High number of tillers per plant, high
foliage yield, healthy
plant.(Premathilake et al., 2018)
N improved oil content as compared to
the non-fertilized plots, it might be due
to high foliage yield and better protein
and fats production which later turn
into oil.(Premathilake et al., 2018)
NPK improved height, number of tillers
per plant, foliage yield and oil yield (El
maharouk et al., 2018)
Better photosynthetic activity and
better glucose production(Patel et al.,
2019)
Effect of NPK
(Balanced fertilizer)

shoot elongation, flowering, cell
division and cell elongation, dormancy,
sex expression, enzyme induction and
leaf and fruit senescence (MS Tania
Karim 2017)
1.Increase in oil content (due to
broader and long leaves, more oil
storage space)(Ahmad Khan, 2015)
Reduced number of tillers per plant
due to apical dominance (Rao et al.,
1960)
Increase in geraniol content in oil,
decrease in geranyl acetate content in
oil (Ahmad Khan, 2015)
Effect of GA3

Production of proteins, nucleic acids
(DNA, RNA), alkaloids, enzymes and
hormones.
Integral part of chlorophyll, also
imparts vigorous vegetative growth and
dark green colour to plants. It produces
early growth and also results in delay in
maturity of plants.
Excessive supply of Nitrogen develops
excessive succulence of the plant.
Deficient Nitrogen causes yellowing,
poor photosynthesis and thickening of
vegetative cells.
It governs the utilization of potassium,
phosphorus and other elements. High
N causes zinc deficiency. Low N causes
poor availability of Fe and high
availability of Mn.
Effect of Nitrogen
(Introductory Soil science by D. K.
Das)

Actively involved in the energy transfer process
of the plants. Essential constituent of energy
rich, nucleotides which are involved in the
energy transfer through ADP, ATP, GDP, GTP,
UDP, UTP, CDP and CTP.
Takes part in the photosynthesis and respiration
(Involved in the krebs cycle, during which NADH
and ATP are released). Component of Vit. B
complex (Niacin), phospholipids and nucleic
acids. Maintains cellular pH.
Phosphorus stimulates early root growth and
development and helps in early establishment
of seedlings, improves rhizobia activity, forms
root nodules and helps in N-fixation, improves
water use efficiency.
High P level in soil decreases Zn availability,
Addition of P also increases the response to K,
N×P interactions are synergistic in most non-
leguminous crops and antagonistic in pulses and
leguminous oilseeds.
Effect of Phosphorus
(Textbook of Plant Nutrient
Management, ISA)

Promotes photosynthesis, thus leads to the
formation of carbohydrates, oils, fats and
proteins (hence improves nitrogen efficiency).
Also promotes the transfer of photosynthates.
Enhances water absorption by roots and
protects from drought stress, also imparts
ability to withstand abiotic and biotic stresses.
Essential for healthy root system.
Improves the quality of crops, most important
for crops when quality is of special concern.
Favours the production of oil in crops such as oil
palm, mustard and groundnut.
Increasing rate of N showed increasing response
to K in rice. K application consistently reduced
the absorption of Ca and Mg and indeed
lowered their tissue concentration. High K
causes reduced uptake of Fe, B and Mo and
increased the utilization of Zn, Cu, and Mn.
Effect of Phosphorus
(Textbook of Plant Nutrient
Management, ISA)