Here is a concise interactive dictionary of terms that are about to become the new buzzwords in electronics and relating fields. Each page includes a summary of the term, graphic illustration, and a literature reference.
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A Pocket Dictionary of Tomorrow’s Electronics_Franz_IPC-TLP2021.pdf
1. A Pocket Dictionary of
Tomorrow’s Electronics
IPCThought Leaders Program
Roger L. Franz
TE Connectivity
2021
2. Why this dictionary?
Evan a small fraction of what tomorrow may hold in the vast world of
electronics, computing, and photonics fills volumes.
This concise “pocket dictionary” is intended to provide some practical
take-aways about important terminology you may already know, or need to
know more about, in the coming years.
3. Dictionary
A book giving information on particular subjects or on a particular class of words,
names, or facts, usually arranged alphabetically.
Tomorrow
1. The day following today. 2. A future period or time.
Electronics
1. The science dealing with the development and application of devices and systems
involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors
(used with a singular verb).
2. Electronic devices, circuits, or systems developed through electronics (used with a
plural verb).
www.dictionary.com
What is it about?
4. From hindsight “what has been happening around here”
We gain insight “what is happening right now”
And then foresight “what most likely to happen next.”
- INTERNATIONAL ROADMAP FOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS 2020, p. 7
Acknowledgement
To the scientists, engineers, technicians, business visionaries, and
organizations like IPC who are driving the advancement of this
marvelous industry to new levels of achievement.
5. Contents
3D printing
III-V Semiconductor
5G
Active Optical Cables
Additive Manufacturing
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Carbon Nanotubes
Cloud
Color Centers
Cryogenic Computing
Cyber-physical systems
DC to Light
Electronic skin
Energy harvesting
Fog computing
Giant piezoelectricity
Graphene
Internet ofThings (IoT)
Ion transistor
Iontronics
Memristor
Metamaterials
Molecular gates
Molecular motors
Nanomaterial
Neuromorphic computing
OrganicTransistors
Phase Change Memory
Quantum Communication
Quantum Computing
Quantum Dots
Quantum Information Science
Quantum Internet
Qubit
Skin electronics
Spintronics
Straintronics
Superconductors
Terahertz Frequencies
Trapped Ions
Twistronics
Wireless charging
From here you are on your own->
Each entry links to its own page.
Each page links back to Contents.
Or you may click each page
to advance to the next.
9. Active Optical Cables
Computers say hello to light
• Traditional wiring with Direct Attach Cables (DAC) uses copper wire and passive electrical connectors.
• AOC connections incorporate active circuitry at each end to convert between
electrical and optical signals. Electronics and optics are merging to create new capabilities.
"Within the data centers, most are using fiber optic active optical cables (AOC) that take electrical data
input, convert it to optical data with lasers, transmit it over fiber and then convert it to electrical output
at the other end of the cable."
-INTERNATIONAL ROADMAP FOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS 2020 OUTSIDE SYSTEM CONNECTIVITY, p. 2.
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10. Additive Manufacturing
Now! For dimensions of all sizes
Already used for mechanical 3D parts, additive manufacturing technology is now
being developed at the micro- and nanomaterial level. This is one example of
such developments.
“We expect that the throughput, resolution, and pattern flexibility of
FP-TPL [femtosecond projection two-photon lithography] makes it an
attractive technology to scale up the fabrication of functional micro- and
nanostructures such as mechanical and optical metamaterials, micro-optics,
bioscaffolds, electrochemical interfaces, and flexible electronics –
technology that may play a large role in fields such as electric transportation,
healthcare, clean energy and water, computing, and telecommunications."
S. Saha et. al. "Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing."
Science 366(6461):105, Oct. 4, 2019.
Back to cntents
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12. Carbon Nanotubes
For carbon nanotube transistors, etc.
These nanomaterials made of pure carbon can be single walled, as shown
in the illustration, or nested within each other as multiwalled nanotubes.
Excellent electrical conductors, they are candidates for a wide variety of
applications, from batteries to micro- and nanoelectronic devices, sensors,
electrical contacts, and light weight cabling.
This paper on CNT transistors is but one of many thousands of research reports
on possible uses for this new material.
Q.Cao et. al., "Carbon nanotube transistors scaled to a 40-nanometer footprint."
Science 356(6345):1368, June 30, 2017.
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13. Cloud
Computing above, below and in between
“The term cloud refers to the engineering of data center scale computing
operations—compute, storage, networking engineered for scale and for
continuous resource redeployment and reconfiguration via APIs. Whether
they are operated publicly or privately, they offer on-demand, as-a-service
consumption model. While they had their origins in web service; media
streaming, shopping and commerce; they are increasingly broadening their
applications base to big data for social networking, recommendations, and
other purposes; precision medicine; training of AI systems, and high-
performance scientific computation for science and industry.”
INTERNATIONAL ROADMAP FOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS 2020 EDITION SYSTEMS AND
ARCHITECTURES, p. 9
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14. Color Centers
Lighting the way to quantum systems
“Quantum Photonics Incorporating Color Centers in Silicon Carbide and Diamond.” M. Radulaski et. al.,
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1806/1806.06955.pdf
Image: Creative commons, source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Line-shape.png
“Quantum photonics plays a crucial role in the development of novel communication and sensing
technologies. Color centers hosted in silicon carbide and diamond offer single photon emission and
long coherence spins that can be scalably implemented in quantum networks. Color centers in silicon
carbide and diamond are promising solid state light emitters and spin-qubits with applications in
quantum communications and sensing. Their integration with photonic devices is key to the
development of arbitrarily complex quantum systems.”
“The future of this line of research includes all-optical spin manipulation and an expansion of
spin-photon interfaces to on-chip quantum simulators.”
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15. Cryogenic Computing
Hot numbers come in from the cold
“A key challenge towards large-scale quantum computation is the interconnect complexity.
In current solid-state qubit implementations, an important interconnect bottleneck appears
between the quantum chip in a dilution refrigerator and the room-temperature electronics.
Advanced lithography supports the fabrication of both control electronics and qubits in silicon
using technology compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS).
When the electronics are designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures, they can ultimately be
integrated with the qubits on the same die or package, overcoming the ‘wiring bottleneck’…
These results open up the way towards a fully integrated, scalable silicon-based quantum
computer.”
“CMOS-based cryogenic control of silicon quantum circuits.” X. Xue, et al.
Nature volume 593, pages 205–210 (2021).
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16. Cyber-physical Systems
Computers at work everywhere doing real things
“Cyber-physical systems (CPS) provide real-time control for physical plants. Vehicles and
industrial systems are examples of CPS….Market drivers include automotive and aerospace
vehicles, autonomous vehicles, medical systems and implantable devices, and industrial
control.” (1)
“Typically, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) involve various interconnected systems, which can
monitor and manipulate real objects and processes. They are closely related to Internet of
Things (IoT) systems, except that CPS focuses on the interaction between physical,
networking and computation processes. Their integration with IoT led to a new CPS
aspect, the Internet of Cyber-Physical Things (IoCPT). The fast and significant evolution of
CPS affects various aspects in people’s way of life and enables a wider range of services
and applications including e-Health, smart homes, e-Commerce, etc. (2)
INTERNATIONAL ROADMAP FOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS 2020 EDITION SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURES, p. 1 & 16
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17. DC to Light
From static to photons
You will probably not find a formal definition of this phrase, which is a mildly humorous way of
referring to a dreamer’s idea of really wide bandwidth. But one of the themes in this dictionary is
that Light will be the New Radio. (see Terahertz Frequencies).
It is a general technology trend for electronics to move into higher and higher frequencies.
For example, historical AM radio was in the kilohertz (1000 Hz) to low megahertz (million Hz) region.
FM radio operated in the tens to 100’s of megahertz.
XM satellite radio is in the 2000 Mhz region (2 GhZ or billion Hz)
Similar increases in frequency hence speed, occurred in microcomputer clock speeds, etc..
Beyond audio and radio, the electromagnetic spectrum goes through microwaves, infrared, visible
light, ultraviolet, and on up to X-rays and gamma rays.
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19. Energy harvesting
Little energy sources are all around us
“Energy harvesting is the capture and conversion
of small amounts of readily available energy in the
environment into usable electrical energy.”
• Kinetic: Wind/Motion/Vibration
• Light/Solar
• Electromagnetic
• Thermal
Amos Kingatua, All About Circuits, June 23, 2016
The How and Why of Energy Harvesting for
Low-Power Applications - Technical Articles
(allaboutcircuits.com)
Image: “Magnetic and Electric Energy Harvesting Technologies in Power Grids: A Review.”
F. Yang et. al., Sensors (Basel), 2020 Mar 9;20(5):1496. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
.
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22. Graphene
Hexagons of carbon with personality
“This one-atom-thick fabric of carbon uniquely combines extreme mechanical strength,
exceptionally high electronic and thermal conductivities, impermeability to gases, as well as
many other supreme properties, all of which make it highly attractive for numerous
applications…Graphene is the first two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystal available to us. A large
number of its material parameters—such as mechanical stiffness, strength and elasticity, very
high electrical and thermal conductivity, and many others—are supreme. These properties
suggest that graphene could replace other materials in existing applications. However, that all
these extreme properties are combined in one material means that graphene could also
enable several disruptive technologies. The combination of transparency, conductivity
and elasticity will find use in flexible electronics, whereas transparency, impermeability and
conductivity will find application in transparent protective coatings and barrier films; and the
list of such combinations is continuously growing.”
K. S. Novoselov et. al., “A roadmap for graphene.” Nature volume 490, pages192–200 (2012)
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23. Ion Transistor
Electrical or chemical? Yes.
In a nano-world where electronics merges with motion, precise electrical control at even
the molecular level will be made possible. Like an electrical transistor that can control the flow
of electrons, and an electromagnetically operated solenoid can control the flow of a valve in a pipe
with flowing liquid, such integrated control will become possible at the molecular level and used
in numerous automation and robotics applications, including biological-like functionality.
“Biological ion channels with atomic-scale selectivity filters not only allow extremely fast and
precisely selective permeation of alkali metal ions but also behave as life’s transistors, with the
ability to gate their on-off responses to external stimuli so as to sustain important biological
activities .”
Y. Xue, "Atomic-scale ion transistor with ultrahigh density." Science 372(6542):601, Apr. 30, 2021
Graphic: S-K Cho et. al., “Highly Sensitive and Selective Sodium Ion Sensor Based on Silicon Nanowire Dual Gate
Field-Effect Transistor.” Sensors (Basel), 2021 Jun 19;21(12):4213. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Open
access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY).
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25. IoT (Internet ofThings) and
IoE (Internet of Everything)
Doing much more than surfing the web
“The Internet of Everything (IoE) is continuing to expand in applications that demand higher
volumes of higher performance communication. The IoE was initially defined as a wide range
of Internet of Things (IoT) devices communicating with cloud computing that store data and
which was analyzed with applications and actions communicated. As IoE was used for a
broader range of applications, some applications had unacceptably slow performance due to
the latency of communicating with the cloud. To overcome this latency limitation, some
applications added local storage and processing close to the IoT devices and network, which
is referred to as fog computing.”
THE INTERNATIONAL ROADMAP FOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS: OUTSIDE SYSTEM CONNECTIVITY 2020
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27. Memristor
The fourth ‘passive’ component
Back to contents
Graphic: Parcly Taxel, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>,
Via Wikimedia Commons
"Conceptually, the memristor is a nonlinear device that finally completes all of the basic
relationships between voltage, current, charge, and flux. Simply put, if resistors operate based
on voltage and current, inductors on flux and current, and capacitors on voltage and charge,
what about flux and charge? That’s the missing relationship completed by the memristor.“
The original paper was published in 1971: “Memristor—The Missing Circuit Element.” By Dr. L. Chua,
IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory 18(5):507-519.
“Passive Components Get Active.” R. Franz, Electronic Design, Dec. 5, 2016.
http://electronicdesign.com/passives/passive-components-get-active
28. Metamaterials
Negative refractive index antennas, invisibility cloaks
“While constantly searching for new materials in nature, another approach is to craft
novel composite materials beyond the naturally available properties. This is accomplished
by directly designing the arrangement of the ‘atoms’ into a desired architecture or
geometry, instead of chemical compositions in natural materials. This new type of artificial
material is called metamaterial—a new frontier of science, which first emerged in the field
of optics and photonics. In the past two decades, we have witnessed an explosion of the
meta-concept, bending the fundamental rules of light. This consequently realized the full
exploitation of dielectric and metallic properties in the permittivity–permeability plane,
leading to unique optical effects, such as negative optical refractive index and superlenses.
These intriguing light–matter interaction behaviors, enabled by metamaterials, provide the
further prospect of new functional photonic technology.”
“Metamaterials: artificial materials beyond nature.” National Science Review, Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2018, Page 131,
Published: 20 February 2018
Artwork: Y. Kivshar, “All-dielectric meta-optics and non-linear nanophotonics.”, National Science Review, Volume 5, Issue 2,
March 2018, Pages 144–158, open access distributed under Creative Commons.
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31. Nanomaterial
A small but powerful future
Standard ISO/TS 80004-1:2015(en) Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 1: Core terms
Graphic: Courtesy of TheGrapheneCouncil.org
One particular group of nanomaterials made of carbon is
electrically conductive and can be tailored to a wide variety of
electronic applications including conductors, sensors and
other devices.
“The prefix 'nano-' specifically means a measure of 10−9 units,
and the nature of this unit is determined by the word that
follows.” (i.e. -material, -object, -scale, -structure, -particle,
etc.) as measured in units of meters.
“Applications of nanotechnologies are expected to impact
virtually every aspect of life and enable dramatic advances in
communication, health, manufacturing, materials and
knowledge-based technologies.”
Clockwise from top left:
• graphene
• graphene multilayer sheets
• carbon Fullerene (“buckyball”);
• carbon nanotube
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32. Neuromorphic
Computing
Computers more like brains
"Neuromorphic and brain-inspired computing that draws
inspiration from biological systems but, much as with
aerodynamics, utilizes materials and energies not available
to their biological analogs." (1)
(1) INTERNATIONAL ROADMAP FOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS 2020 EDITION SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURES, p. 5.
(2) Rao et. al, "Homogenous neuromorphic hardware: Bifunctional ferroelectric transistors enable collocation of
memory and processing". Science 373(6561): 1310, Sept. 17, 2021.
Image: I. Boybat et. al., “Neuromorphic computing with multi-memristive synapses.” Nat. Commun. 2018 Jun 28;9(1):2514.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
"Digital hardware of the von Neumann architecture, based on complimentary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) systems, substantially limits operation speed and energy efficiency as it
shuttles data constantly between information processing and memory units. Neuromorphing
computing architecture is built on dense nonvolatile memory (NVM) crossbar arrays and aims to
perform calculations in situ at the exact sites where data are stored to tackle the bottleneck" (2)
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35. Quantum Communication
Using quantum physics to untangle entanglement
“To communicate quantum information over long distances, researchers exploit a property
called “quantum entanglement.” When two particles are entangled, their properties are
inseparably linked, no matter how much distance lies between them. Knowing the properties
of one particle in an entangled pair gives all the information one needs to understand the state
of its partner — without having to observe it directly…
"Advances in quantum information science have the potential to revolutionize information
technologies, including quantum computing, quantum communications and quantum sensing
Q-NEXT, a DOE National Quantum Information Science Research Center
Image: I.B. Djordjevic, “On Global Quantum Communication Networking.”
Entropy (Basel). 2020 Aug; 22(8): 831. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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44. Superconductors
Perfect conductors. No resistance. No, we still don’t have any.
“Since the beginning of the 18th century, when electrical conduction was discovered, solids have been
classified as conductors (metals) and insulators. Nevertheless, such a classification, which is very useful
for practical purposes, was found to be enormously difficult to reformulate in terms of theory, so that the
problem has not been satisfactorily solved yet… the concepts of a metal and an insulator are confined to
the absolute zero temperature ..however, the absolute zero temperature. ..does not exist at all, such a
definition bears a somewhat metaphysical character.” (1)
“Scientists have created a mystery material that seems to conduct electricity without any resistance at
temperatures of up to about 15 °C. That’s a new record for superconductivity, a phenomenon usually
associated with very cold temperatures… The superconductor has one serious limitation, however:
it survives only under extremely high pressures, approaching those at the centre of Earth, meaning that
it will not have any immediate practical applications. Still, physicists hope it could pave the way for the
development of zero-resistance materials that can function at lower pressures.” (2)
(1) J. Mares et. al., “Selected topics related to the transport and superconductivity in
boron-doped diamond.” Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2008 Dec; 9(4): 044101.
(2) D. Castelvecchi, “First room-temperature superconductor excites — and baffles — scientists.
A compound of hydrogen, carbon and sulfur has broken a symbolic barrier — but its high pressure
conditions make it difficult to analyse.” Nature 586, 349 (2020)
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45. Terahertz Frequencies
Where electronics meets optics
1 terahertz = THz = 1012 Hz = 1 trillion cycles per second
Terahertz frequencies of interest are commonly defined to lie between 0.3 THz (300 GHz) and 3 THz,
between microwaves and infrared light. These frequencies cannot be handled by conventional
electronics that work with radio waves and microwaves. (1)
Other sources extend this frequency range.
“Science and technologies based on terahertz frequency electromagnetic radiation (100 GHz–30 THz)
have developed rapidly over the last 30 years. For most of the 20th Century, terahertz radiation, then
referred to as sub-millimeter wave or far-infrared radiation, was mainly utilized by astronomers and some
spectroscopists. Following the development of laser based terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in the
1980s and 1990s the field of THz science and technology expanded rapidly, to the extent that it now
touches many areas from fundamental science to ‘real world’ applications. For example THz radiation is
being used to optimize materials for new solar cells, and may also be a key technology for the next
generation of airport security scanners.” (2)
(1) International Telecommunication Union Recommendation ITU-R V.431-8
Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications
(2) S.S. Dhillon et. al., “The 2017 terahertz science and technology roadmap.”
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 (2017) 043001.
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