SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 49
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Oil Palm 
The oil palms (Elaeis) 
belong to the Arecaceae, or 
palm family. 
They are used in commercial 
agriculture in the production 
of palm oil.
• The oil palm is a tropical palm tree. There are 
two species, the better known one is the one 
originating from Guinea, Africa and was first 
illustrated by Nicholaas Jacquin in 1763, hence 
its name, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. The other 
species is Elaeis oleifera is native to tropical 
Central America and South America. 
• The generic name is derived from the Greek for 
oil, elaion, while the species name refers to its 
country of origin.
Oil palm
Scientific classification 
Kingdom: Plantae 
Division: Magnoliophyta 
Class: Liliopsida 
Order: Arecales 
Family: Arecaceae 
Genus: Elaeis 
Jacq. 
Species: 
Elaeis guineensis 
Elaeis oleifera
• Mature trees are single-stemmed, and 
grow to 20 m tall. The leaves are pinnate, 
and reach between 3 - 5 m long. A young 
tree produces about 30 leaves a year. 
Established trees over 10 years produce 
about 20 leaves a year.
• Oil palm is a crop that bears both male 
and female flowers on the same tree, 
meaning they are monoecious 
• The flowers are produced in dense 
clusters; each individual flower is small, 
with three sepals and three petals.
• The trunks of young and adult plants 
are wrapped in fronds which give 
them a rather rough appearance. 
• The older trees have smoother trunks 
apart from the scars left by the fronds 
which have withered and fallen off.
• Each tree produces compact bunches (tandan) 
weighing between 10 and 25 kilograms with 
1000 to 3000 fruitlets per bunch. 
• Each fruitlet is almost 
spherical or elongated 
in shape. Generally the 
fruitlet is dark purple, 
almost black and the colour 
turns to orange red when ripe.
Each fruitlet consists of 
an oily, fleshy outer layer 
(the pericarp), with a single 
seed (kernel), also 
rich in oil. 
The fruit takes five to six months 
to mature from pollination to maturity
• A normal oil palm tree will start bearing 
fruits after 30 months of planting and will 
continue to be productive for the next 20 to 
30 years thus ensuring a consistent supply 
of oil. 
• Unlike other relatives, the oil palm does 
not produce offshoots; propagation is by 
sowing the seeds.
History of Oil Palm Cultivation in Malaysia 
• The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) 
originated from West Africa where it was 
growing wild and later developed into an 
agricultural crop. 
• It was first introduced to Malaya in early 
1870’s as an ornamental plant (pokok 
hiasan). In 1917 the first commercial 
planting took place in Tennamaran Estate 
in Selangor, laying the foundations for the 
vast oil palm plantations and palm oil 
industry in Malaysia to what it is today.
The cultivation of oil palm rapidly 
increased beginning in the sixties 
(1960s) under the government’s 
agricultural diversification 
programme which was to reduce 
the country’s economic 
dependence on rubber and tin.
Late in the 1960s,the government introduced 
land settlement schemes (e.g. FELDA, etc.) 
for planting oil palm as a means to eradicate 
poverty for the landless farmers and 
smallholders.
Current Scenario 
• The oil palm plantations in Malaysia are 
largely based on the estate management 
system and smallholders scheme. 
• Today, over 4 million hectares of land in 
Malaysia is under oil palm cultivation 
producing 15 million tons of palm oil in 
2008.
• Malaysia is the largest producer and 
exporter of palm oil in the world, 
accounting for 34% of the world’s traded 
edible oils & fats supply. 
• The industry provides employment to more 
than half a million people and livelihood to 
an estimated one million people.
In Malaysia, 11% of the total land area 
(about 62% of the country’s agricultural 
land) is devoted to palm oil.
• Worldwide palm oil production during the 
2005 - 2006 growing season was 39.8 
million metric tons, of which 4.3 million 
tons was in the form of palm kernel oil. 
• It is thus by far the most widely-produced 
tropical oil, and constitutes thirty-four 
(34%) percent of total edible oil production 
worldwide
• In Malaysia, the trees planted are mainly 
the tenera variety, a hybrid between the 
dura and pisifera. 
• The tenera variety yields about 4 to 5 tons 
of crude palm oil (CPO) per hectare per 
year and about 1 ton of palm kernels.
• The oil palm is most efficient in terms of 
production level, requiring only 0.25 
hectares to produce one ton of oil, while 
• soybean, sunflower and rapeseed need 
2.15, 1.50 and 0.75 hectares respectively.
Agriculture 
Oil palms are grown for their clusters of 
fruit, which can weigh 40 - 50 kg. Upon 
harvest, the fleshy fruit, pericarp and 
seeds are used for production of soap and 
edible vegetable oil; different grades of oil 
quality are obtained from the pericarp and 
the kernel, with the pericarp oil used 
mainly for cooking oil, and the kernel oil 
used in processed foods.
Fruit Bunch
• For each hectare of oil palm, which is 
harvested year-round, the annual production 
averages 10 tons of fruit, which yields 3,000 
kg of pericarp oil, and 750 kg of seed kernels, 
which yield 250 kg of high quality palm kernel 
oil as well as 500 kg of kernel meal. 
• Palm fronds and kernel meal are processed 
for use as livestock (animal) feed. 
• Some varieties have even higher 
productivities which has led to their 
consideration for producing the vegetable oil 
needed for biodiesel.
• For every 100 kilograms of fruit bunches 
(tandan buah), typically (biasanya) 25 - 30 
kg of edible pericarp oil and 2.0 – 2.5 kg 
of palm kernel oil can be extracted.
Propagation 
• Oil palm seeds are carefully selected and 
germinated under well-controlled condition 
in order to produce highest quality oil palm 
seedlings. 
• In 2002, a total of 42.6 million oil palm 
germinated seeds were produced in 
Malaysia. 
• These seeds are planted in nurseries 
where they will remain for at least 11 
months before planting in the field.
Contd/- 
This is a period of intensive care, when 
adequate irrigation, correct fertilization and 
immediate remedial treatment of any 
disease or pest attack are fundamental 
pre-requisites to ensure the production of 
healthy, well-grown seedling for 
transplanting in the field.
Contd/- 
• Preparing for a good nursery begins 
with: 
- Preparation of land 
- Construction of roads and drains 
- Installation of irrigation system 
• Producing good seedlings involves: 
- Selecting and planting of superior seeds 
- Nurturing the seeds 
- Culling
Nursery Management 
Land Preparation 
• Ideally, a nursery should be located on flat 
land as this would position and maintain the 
poly bags upright for proper growth of the 
seedlings. Flat land is also most suitable for 
performing other management and 
maintenance activities, which are constantly 
carried out in the nursery. 
• In sloping areas, the steepness of a slope 
should not exceed 15%.
Land Preparation (contd) 
• The use of clay soil is preferred when 
filling the polybags at the nursery. It would 
not break easily in polybags, a crucial 
criterion during transfer of seedlings to 
bigger polybags, or planting of seedlings in 
the field. 
• If clay soil is unavailable at the site, it 
should be brought from other areas.
Land Preparation (contd) 
Preparation of land for a nursery includes: 
(a) clearing of land, 
(b) loosening of soil using tractor with 
plough, 
(c) building of roads and drains, 
(d) installing irrigation system, and 
(e) erecting fences to keep away pests 
such as wild boars and cattle
Nurturing seeds and seedlings 
Germinated seeds: 
Once planted in small poly bags, the 
period of intensive care for the germinated 
seeds soon begins. Adequate irrigation, 
correct fertilization and immediate 
remedial treatment of any disease or pest 
attack are of utmost importance for the 
premium growth of the 
seedlings.
Seedling maintenance: 
• During the first two months, the seedlings 
are placed under coverings to shelter it 
from harsh weather. 
• Other maintenance involved are topping of 
polybags with new soils, weeding, keeping 
the polybags in upright position and to 
gradually remove the coverings from the 
seedlings.
Contd/- 
• In the nursery, rows after rows of poly bag 
beds are marked with signboards, which 
are used to identify the age group of each 
row of seedlings planted. 
• Each group are presented with the 
following information: 
- Number of seedlings planted 
- Date of planting in small polybags 
- Date of transfer to bigger polybags 
- Type of seedlings and the supplier
Watering (Irrigation) 
• The oil palm seedlings are watered daily. With 
each seedlings requiring minimum of 1.7 liter 
water per day (@ a supply of 76,600 liter of 
water daily is essential for watering a hectare of 
nursery area). As such, nursery is best located 
within an area with huge reservoir of water, 
where water is easily 
accessible even during 
drought season.
Contd/- 
# The popular choice for watering oil palm 
seedlings in the nursery is by using the 
Overhead Sprinkler System. The system is 
designed to provide consistent, adequate 
and efficient watering. 
# Others would use perforated lay-flat 
polythene tube spray-mist system or 
simply by hand watering. (Expert help is 
needed in planning watering schedule to 
minimize waste caused by run-off, wind 
drift and evaporation).
Infrastructure (Roads & Drains) 
The roads network in a nursery are 
planned and built as main roads (where 
most of the nursery transport passes), the 
subsidiary roads (which serves a link into 
the interior of the nursery) and perimeter 
roads (which provides accessibility for 
workers to carry out their daily activities at 
the nursery). 
(All roads, particularly the access road to 
the nursery, must always be kept in good 
order, to ease transportation of seedlings 
to plantation).
Contd/- 
Nurseries located in flood prone areas 
should be equipped with a good drainage 
system. Properly prepared drains and 
ditches will avoid flooding in these areas 
and saves potential loss of seedlings
Seedlings 
Planting materials: 
In order to obtain high yield of crude palm 
oil, the most important factor at the outset 
is the selection of planting materials. In 
Malaysia, the best planting material at the 
present time is the cross between dura 
and pisifera (D x P), which is known as 
tenera.
The selection of seedlings by removing or 
destroying abnormal oil palm seedlings (or 
culling) at the nursery will ensure only high 
quality seedlings are produced for 
planting. 
This process is vital (penting sekali) as 
planting of quality seedlings promises 
higher yield.
Culling of Seedlings: 
• Culling is carried out a few times during 
the year the oil palm seedlings were at the 
nursery. Normally, the first culling started 
about 1½ to 2½ months after the 
germinated seeds were planted in the 
small poly bags. 
• It is later repeated right before the 
seedlings were re-planted in bigger poly 
bags.
• The abnormality in seedlings planted in 
small poly bags is: 
- Narrow leaf; - Rolled leaf 
- Crinkled leaf; - Twisted leaf 
- ‘Co lante’; - Chimaera (diseased)
Culling (contd/-) 
After 3 to 4 months in the big poly bags and about a 
month before planting in the field, the seedlings are 
again culled. 
The abnormality in seedlings planted in big poly bags is: 
- Erect habit 
- Flat top 
- Stunted growth 
- Flaccid, limp appearance 
- Juvenile appearance 
- Wide internode 
- Short internode 
- Acute (narrow) pinnae
Fertilization 
The Malaysian climate and many of its 
soils are ideally suited for oil palm 
cultivation; humid tropical lowland climate 
with about 80 inches of annual rainfall, 
temperature ranged between 20 - 30°C, 
constant sunshine for at least 5 hours per 
day, together with well textured volcanic, 
alluvial or marine clay soils.
Contd/- 
However, high yields of fresh fruit bunches 
are not determine by these conditions 
alone. A promise of high fruit bunch yields 
comes with proper maintenance of the oil 
palm trees, particularly in the most 
effective way of applying the fertilizer and 
the best tool to use.
Pest and Disease Control 
• In oil palm plantation, better control of 
diseases and pests is crucial in reducing 
crop losses, as most parts of the trees 
could be easily affected; the bunches, the 
fronds, the male flowers, the spears or the 
trunk. 
• The popular approach towards this 
problem is by using chemical pesticides, 
which is not environmentally friendly.
Contd/- 
• Research are constantly being conducted 
with the aim to intensify awareness and 
better integration of biological control 
agent in pest management, thus reducing 
reliance on pesticides. 
• Among device recommended is 
pheromone trapping for trapping adult 
beetles (Oryctes sp), and owls for rat 
control.
Harvesting of Fresh Fruit Bunches 
Oil palm gives the highest yield of oil per 
hectare of any crop. Harvesting of oil palm 
bunches commences 30 months after 
planting reaches maturity in three years, at 
intervals of 7 to 10 days throughout the 
palm's economic life which may vary from 
20 to 30 years.
Contd/- 
• In Malaysia, good control of the harvesting 
standard ensures that oil quality is maintained at 
a high level. 
• Harvesting of the younger palm is carried out by 
means of a wide chisel, but when the palm 
grows beyond the access of the chisel, a sickle 
attached to a long bamboo pole is used. 
• MPOB has introduced mechanized devices fit for 
this purpose such as, the Harvesting Machine, 
the Mechanized Sickle and Tuah Chop Cutter.
Transportation and handling of fruit bunches 
• Injured fresh fruit bunches due to 
insufficient care during cutting, collection 
and loading for transportation to the mills 
could cost oil palm growers' maximum 
high quality oil.
Contd/- 
• Between the stage when the fruit bunch is cut 
and the time it is put into the sterilizer in the mill, 
some factors need to be avoided: 
- Harvesting fruit bunches when the fruit is 
overripe 
- Harvesting fruit bunches before the fruit is ripe 
- Injuring good, ripe fruit 
- Keeping good fruit bunches for more than 24 
hours before processing 
- Contamination of fruit with dust of earth during 
collection

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Coconut
CoconutCoconut
Coconut
 
Wheat
WheatWheat
Wheat
 
Coffee training
Coffee trainingCoffee training
Coffee training
 
Production technology of French bean
Production technology of French bean Production technology of French bean
Production technology of French bean
 
Blackgram
BlackgramBlackgram
Blackgram
 
Sugarcane ( Scientific cultivation of sugarcane crop)
Sugarcane ( Scientific cultivation of sugarcane crop)Sugarcane ( Scientific cultivation of sugarcane crop)
Sugarcane ( Scientific cultivation of sugarcane crop)
 
seed production of potato
seed production of potatoseed production of potato
seed production of potato
 
Jackfruit production technology
Jackfruit production technologyJackfruit production technology
Jackfruit production technology
 
Banana cultivation
Banana cultivationBanana cultivation
Banana cultivation
 
Cultivation of Pea
Cultivation of Pea Cultivation of Pea
Cultivation of Pea
 
Ber
BerBer
Ber
 
Scope of Vegetable seed production in India
Scope of Vegetable seed production  in India Scope of Vegetable seed production  in India
Scope of Vegetable seed production in India
 
Rice
RiceRice
Rice
 
Jasmine.pptx
Jasmine.pptxJasmine.pptx
Jasmine.pptx
 
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable Crops
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable CropsRole of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable Crops
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable Crops
 
Potato ppt
Potato pptPotato ppt
Potato ppt
 
Onion seed production
Onion seed productionOnion seed production
Onion seed production
 
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION
 
Cashewnut
CashewnutCashewnut
Cashewnut
 
Cultivation of sugarcane.........
Cultivation of sugarcane.........Cultivation of sugarcane.........
Cultivation of sugarcane.........
 

Ähnlich wie Oil palm

Ähnlich wie Oil palm (20)

oil_palm
oil_palmoil_palm
oil_palm
 
oilpalmproductiontechnology-180918045845.pptx
oilpalmproductiontechnology-180918045845.pptxoilpalmproductiontechnology-180918045845.pptx
oilpalmproductiontechnology-180918045845.pptx
 
Oil palm.pptx
 Oil palm.pptx Oil palm.pptx
Oil palm.pptx
 
Non-Traditional Crops
Non-Traditional CropsNon-Traditional Crops
Non-Traditional Crops
 
Cultivation pratices of walnut and hazel nut
Cultivation pratices of walnut and hazel nutCultivation pratices of walnut and hazel nut
Cultivation pratices of walnut and hazel nut
 
groundnut slide.pptx
groundnut slide.pptxgroundnut slide.pptx
groundnut slide.pptx
 
maize crop production
maize crop productionmaize crop production
maize crop production
 
rubber plant.pptx
rubber plant.pptxrubber plant.pptx
rubber plant.pptx
 
Kenaf
KenafKenaf
Kenaf
 
Agriculture
Agriculture Agriculture
Agriculture
 
clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
clove cultivation , clove , clove processing clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
clove cultivation , clove , clove processing
 
Production technology of vigna mungo,mash bean
Production technology of vigna mungo,mash beanProduction technology of vigna mungo,mash bean
Production technology of vigna mungo,mash bean
 
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF GROUNDNUT
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF GROUNDNUTPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF GROUNDNUT
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF GROUNDNUT
 
LECTURE.ppt
LECTURE.pptLECTURE.ppt
LECTURE.ppt
 
Lec 7 Clove.edited pptx-23.pptx
Lec 7 Clove.edited pptx-23.pptxLec 7 Clove.edited pptx-23.pptx
Lec 7 Clove.edited pptx-23.pptx
 
Safflower
Safflower Safflower
Safflower
 
Improved agrotechniques for Maize cultivation
Improved agrotechniques for Maize cultivationImproved agrotechniques for Maize cultivation
Improved agrotechniques for Maize cultivation
 
CROP PRODUCTION BK.pptx
CROP PRODUCTION BK.pptxCROP PRODUCTION BK.pptx
CROP PRODUCTION BK.pptx
 
Strawberry cultivation
Strawberry cultivationStrawberry cultivation
Strawberry cultivation
 
Loquat in Pakistan
Loquat in PakistanLoquat in Pakistan
Loquat in Pakistan
 

Mehr von Rione Drevale

Managing specialized risk_14
Managing specialized risk_14Managing specialized risk_14
Managing specialized risk_14Rione Drevale
 
Banana acclimatization
Banana acclimatizationBanana acclimatization
Banana acclimatizationRione Drevale
 
Strategic entrepreneurship tempelate
Strategic entrepreneurship tempelateStrategic entrepreneurship tempelate
Strategic entrepreneurship tempelateRione Drevale
 
Sign and symptoms in crops
Sign and symptoms in cropsSign and symptoms in crops
Sign and symptoms in cropsRione Drevale
 
L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1
L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1
L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1Rione Drevale
 
Agricultural technology upscaling_1
Agricultural technology upscaling_1Agricultural technology upscaling_1
Agricultural technology upscaling_1Rione Drevale
 
Water science l3 available soil water 150912ed
Water science l3 available soil water 150912edWater science l3 available soil water 150912ed
Water science l3 available soil water 150912edRione Drevale
 
Water science l2 cwr final full ed
Water science l2 cwr final full edWater science l2 cwr final full ed
Water science l2 cwr final full edRione Drevale
 
Risk management chpt 2
Risk management chpt 2Risk management chpt 2
Risk management chpt 2Rione Drevale
 
Risk management chpt 3 and 9
Risk management chpt  3 and 9Risk management chpt  3 and 9
Risk management chpt 3 and 9Rione Drevale
 

Mehr von Rione Drevale (20)

Risk financing
Risk financingRisk financing
Risk financing
 
Managing specialized risk_14
Managing specialized risk_14Managing specialized risk_14
Managing specialized risk_14
 
Arntzen
ArntzenArntzen
Arntzen
 
Banana acclimatization
Banana acclimatizationBanana acclimatization
Banana acclimatization
 
Strategic entrepreneurship tempelate
Strategic entrepreneurship tempelateStrategic entrepreneurship tempelate
Strategic entrepreneurship tempelate
 
Chapter 2
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2
 
Sign and symptoms in crops
Sign and symptoms in cropsSign and symptoms in crops
Sign and symptoms in crops
 
Chapter 4 risk
Chapter 4 riskChapter 4 risk
Chapter 4 risk
 
Chapter 5 risk_
Chapter 5 risk_Chapter 5 risk_
Chapter 5 risk_
 
Risk 6
Risk 6Risk 6
Risk 6
 
L3 amp l4_fpe3203
L3 amp l4_fpe3203L3 amp l4_fpe3203
L3 amp l4_fpe3203
 
L2 fpe3203
L2 fpe3203L2 fpe3203
L2 fpe3203
 
L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1
L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1
L5 fpe3203 23_march_2015-1
 
Agricultural technology upscaling_1
Agricultural technology upscaling_1Agricultural technology upscaling_1
Agricultural technology upscaling_1
 
Water science l3 available soil water 150912ed
Water science l3 available soil water 150912edWater science l3 available soil water 150912ed
Water science l3 available soil water 150912ed
 
Water science l2 cwr final full ed
Water science l2 cwr final full edWater science l2 cwr final full ed
Water science l2 cwr final full ed
 
W2 lab design_new2
W2 lab design_new2W2 lab design_new2
W2 lab design_new2
 
W1 intro plant_tc
W1 intro plant_tcW1 intro plant_tc
W1 intro plant_tc
 
Risk management chpt 2
Risk management chpt 2Risk management chpt 2
Risk management chpt 2
 
Risk management chpt 3 and 9
Risk management chpt  3 and 9Risk management chpt  3 and 9
Risk management chpt 3 and 9
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 

Oil palm

  • 1. Oil Palm The oil palms (Elaeis) belong to the Arecaceae, or palm family. They are used in commercial agriculture in the production of palm oil.
  • 2. • The oil palm is a tropical palm tree. There are two species, the better known one is the one originating from Guinea, Africa and was first illustrated by Nicholaas Jacquin in 1763, hence its name, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. The other species is Elaeis oleifera is native to tropical Central America and South America. • The generic name is derived from the Greek for oil, elaion, while the species name refers to its country of origin.
  • 4. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Elaeis Jacq. Species: Elaeis guineensis Elaeis oleifera
  • 5. • Mature trees are single-stemmed, and grow to 20 m tall. The leaves are pinnate, and reach between 3 - 5 m long. A young tree produces about 30 leaves a year. Established trees over 10 years produce about 20 leaves a year.
  • 6. • Oil palm is a crop that bears both male and female flowers on the same tree, meaning they are monoecious • The flowers are produced in dense clusters; each individual flower is small, with three sepals and three petals.
  • 7. • The trunks of young and adult plants are wrapped in fronds which give them a rather rough appearance. • The older trees have smoother trunks apart from the scars left by the fronds which have withered and fallen off.
  • 8. • Each tree produces compact bunches (tandan) weighing between 10 and 25 kilograms with 1000 to 3000 fruitlets per bunch. • Each fruitlet is almost spherical or elongated in shape. Generally the fruitlet is dark purple, almost black and the colour turns to orange red when ripe.
  • 9. Each fruitlet consists of an oily, fleshy outer layer (the pericarp), with a single seed (kernel), also rich in oil. The fruit takes five to six months to mature from pollination to maturity
  • 10. • A normal oil palm tree will start bearing fruits after 30 months of planting and will continue to be productive for the next 20 to 30 years thus ensuring a consistent supply of oil. • Unlike other relatives, the oil palm does not produce offshoots; propagation is by sowing the seeds.
  • 11. History of Oil Palm Cultivation in Malaysia • The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) originated from West Africa where it was growing wild and later developed into an agricultural crop. • It was first introduced to Malaya in early 1870’s as an ornamental plant (pokok hiasan). In 1917 the first commercial planting took place in Tennamaran Estate in Selangor, laying the foundations for the vast oil palm plantations and palm oil industry in Malaysia to what it is today.
  • 12. The cultivation of oil palm rapidly increased beginning in the sixties (1960s) under the government’s agricultural diversification programme which was to reduce the country’s economic dependence on rubber and tin.
  • 13. Late in the 1960s,the government introduced land settlement schemes (e.g. FELDA, etc.) for planting oil palm as a means to eradicate poverty for the landless farmers and smallholders.
  • 14. Current Scenario • The oil palm plantations in Malaysia are largely based on the estate management system and smallholders scheme. • Today, over 4 million hectares of land in Malaysia is under oil palm cultivation producing 15 million tons of palm oil in 2008.
  • 15. • Malaysia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world, accounting for 34% of the world’s traded edible oils & fats supply. • The industry provides employment to more than half a million people and livelihood to an estimated one million people.
  • 16. In Malaysia, 11% of the total land area (about 62% of the country’s agricultural land) is devoted to palm oil.
  • 17. • Worldwide palm oil production during the 2005 - 2006 growing season was 39.8 million metric tons, of which 4.3 million tons was in the form of palm kernel oil. • It is thus by far the most widely-produced tropical oil, and constitutes thirty-four (34%) percent of total edible oil production worldwide
  • 18. • In Malaysia, the trees planted are mainly the tenera variety, a hybrid between the dura and pisifera. • The tenera variety yields about 4 to 5 tons of crude palm oil (CPO) per hectare per year and about 1 ton of palm kernels.
  • 19. • The oil palm is most efficient in terms of production level, requiring only 0.25 hectares to produce one ton of oil, while • soybean, sunflower and rapeseed need 2.15, 1.50 and 0.75 hectares respectively.
  • 20. Agriculture Oil palms are grown for their clusters of fruit, which can weigh 40 - 50 kg. Upon harvest, the fleshy fruit, pericarp and seeds are used for production of soap and edible vegetable oil; different grades of oil quality are obtained from the pericarp and the kernel, with the pericarp oil used mainly for cooking oil, and the kernel oil used in processed foods.
  • 22. • For each hectare of oil palm, which is harvested year-round, the annual production averages 10 tons of fruit, which yields 3,000 kg of pericarp oil, and 750 kg of seed kernels, which yield 250 kg of high quality palm kernel oil as well as 500 kg of kernel meal. • Palm fronds and kernel meal are processed for use as livestock (animal) feed. • Some varieties have even higher productivities which has led to their consideration for producing the vegetable oil needed for biodiesel.
  • 23. • For every 100 kilograms of fruit bunches (tandan buah), typically (biasanya) 25 - 30 kg of edible pericarp oil and 2.0 – 2.5 kg of palm kernel oil can be extracted.
  • 24. Propagation • Oil palm seeds are carefully selected and germinated under well-controlled condition in order to produce highest quality oil palm seedlings. • In 2002, a total of 42.6 million oil palm germinated seeds were produced in Malaysia. • These seeds are planted in nurseries where they will remain for at least 11 months before planting in the field.
  • 25. Contd/- This is a period of intensive care, when adequate irrigation, correct fertilization and immediate remedial treatment of any disease or pest attack are fundamental pre-requisites to ensure the production of healthy, well-grown seedling for transplanting in the field.
  • 26. Contd/- • Preparing for a good nursery begins with: - Preparation of land - Construction of roads and drains - Installation of irrigation system • Producing good seedlings involves: - Selecting and planting of superior seeds - Nurturing the seeds - Culling
  • 27. Nursery Management Land Preparation • Ideally, a nursery should be located on flat land as this would position and maintain the poly bags upright for proper growth of the seedlings. Flat land is also most suitable for performing other management and maintenance activities, which are constantly carried out in the nursery. • In sloping areas, the steepness of a slope should not exceed 15%.
  • 28. Land Preparation (contd) • The use of clay soil is preferred when filling the polybags at the nursery. It would not break easily in polybags, a crucial criterion during transfer of seedlings to bigger polybags, or planting of seedlings in the field. • If clay soil is unavailable at the site, it should be brought from other areas.
  • 29. Land Preparation (contd) Preparation of land for a nursery includes: (a) clearing of land, (b) loosening of soil using tractor with plough, (c) building of roads and drains, (d) installing irrigation system, and (e) erecting fences to keep away pests such as wild boars and cattle
  • 30. Nurturing seeds and seedlings Germinated seeds: Once planted in small poly bags, the period of intensive care for the germinated seeds soon begins. Adequate irrigation, correct fertilization and immediate remedial treatment of any disease or pest attack are of utmost importance for the premium growth of the seedlings.
  • 31. Seedling maintenance: • During the first two months, the seedlings are placed under coverings to shelter it from harsh weather. • Other maintenance involved are topping of polybags with new soils, weeding, keeping the polybags in upright position and to gradually remove the coverings from the seedlings.
  • 32. Contd/- • In the nursery, rows after rows of poly bag beds are marked with signboards, which are used to identify the age group of each row of seedlings planted. • Each group are presented with the following information: - Number of seedlings planted - Date of planting in small polybags - Date of transfer to bigger polybags - Type of seedlings and the supplier
  • 33. Watering (Irrigation) • The oil palm seedlings are watered daily. With each seedlings requiring minimum of 1.7 liter water per day (@ a supply of 76,600 liter of water daily is essential for watering a hectare of nursery area). As such, nursery is best located within an area with huge reservoir of water, where water is easily accessible even during drought season.
  • 34. Contd/- # The popular choice for watering oil palm seedlings in the nursery is by using the Overhead Sprinkler System. The system is designed to provide consistent, adequate and efficient watering. # Others would use perforated lay-flat polythene tube spray-mist system or simply by hand watering. (Expert help is needed in planning watering schedule to minimize waste caused by run-off, wind drift and evaporation).
  • 35. Infrastructure (Roads & Drains) The roads network in a nursery are planned and built as main roads (where most of the nursery transport passes), the subsidiary roads (which serves a link into the interior of the nursery) and perimeter roads (which provides accessibility for workers to carry out their daily activities at the nursery). (All roads, particularly the access road to the nursery, must always be kept in good order, to ease transportation of seedlings to plantation).
  • 36. Contd/- Nurseries located in flood prone areas should be equipped with a good drainage system. Properly prepared drains and ditches will avoid flooding in these areas and saves potential loss of seedlings
  • 37. Seedlings Planting materials: In order to obtain high yield of crude palm oil, the most important factor at the outset is the selection of planting materials. In Malaysia, the best planting material at the present time is the cross between dura and pisifera (D x P), which is known as tenera.
  • 38. The selection of seedlings by removing or destroying abnormal oil palm seedlings (or culling) at the nursery will ensure only high quality seedlings are produced for planting. This process is vital (penting sekali) as planting of quality seedlings promises higher yield.
  • 39. Culling of Seedlings: • Culling is carried out a few times during the year the oil palm seedlings were at the nursery. Normally, the first culling started about 1½ to 2½ months after the germinated seeds were planted in the small poly bags. • It is later repeated right before the seedlings were re-planted in bigger poly bags.
  • 40. • The abnormality in seedlings planted in small poly bags is: - Narrow leaf; - Rolled leaf - Crinkled leaf; - Twisted leaf - ‘Co lante’; - Chimaera (diseased)
  • 41. Culling (contd/-) After 3 to 4 months in the big poly bags and about a month before planting in the field, the seedlings are again culled. The abnormality in seedlings planted in big poly bags is: - Erect habit - Flat top - Stunted growth - Flaccid, limp appearance - Juvenile appearance - Wide internode - Short internode - Acute (narrow) pinnae
  • 42. Fertilization The Malaysian climate and many of its soils are ideally suited for oil palm cultivation; humid tropical lowland climate with about 80 inches of annual rainfall, temperature ranged between 20 - 30°C, constant sunshine for at least 5 hours per day, together with well textured volcanic, alluvial or marine clay soils.
  • 43. Contd/- However, high yields of fresh fruit bunches are not determine by these conditions alone. A promise of high fruit bunch yields comes with proper maintenance of the oil palm trees, particularly in the most effective way of applying the fertilizer and the best tool to use.
  • 44. Pest and Disease Control • In oil palm plantation, better control of diseases and pests is crucial in reducing crop losses, as most parts of the trees could be easily affected; the bunches, the fronds, the male flowers, the spears or the trunk. • The popular approach towards this problem is by using chemical pesticides, which is not environmentally friendly.
  • 45. Contd/- • Research are constantly being conducted with the aim to intensify awareness and better integration of biological control agent in pest management, thus reducing reliance on pesticides. • Among device recommended is pheromone trapping for trapping adult beetles (Oryctes sp), and owls for rat control.
  • 46. Harvesting of Fresh Fruit Bunches Oil palm gives the highest yield of oil per hectare of any crop. Harvesting of oil palm bunches commences 30 months after planting reaches maturity in three years, at intervals of 7 to 10 days throughout the palm's economic life which may vary from 20 to 30 years.
  • 47. Contd/- • In Malaysia, good control of the harvesting standard ensures that oil quality is maintained at a high level. • Harvesting of the younger palm is carried out by means of a wide chisel, but when the palm grows beyond the access of the chisel, a sickle attached to a long bamboo pole is used. • MPOB has introduced mechanized devices fit for this purpose such as, the Harvesting Machine, the Mechanized Sickle and Tuah Chop Cutter.
  • 48. Transportation and handling of fruit bunches • Injured fresh fruit bunches due to insufficient care during cutting, collection and loading for transportation to the mills could cost oil palm growers' maximum high quality oil.
  • 49. Contd/- • Between the stage when the fruit bunch is cut and the time it is put into the sterilizer in the mill, some factors need to be avoided: - Harvesting fruit bunches when the fruit is overripe - Harvesting fruit bunches before the fruit is ripe - Injuring good, ripe fruit - Keeping good fruit bunches for more than 24 hours before processing - Contamination of fruit with dust of earth during collection