1. Chapter 2
Ecology of Socialization

2. The childhood shows the man, as
morning shows the day.
John Milton

3. Aims of Socialization

4. Terms
• Self-Concept
– An individual’s perception of his or her
identity as distinct from that of others
• Self-Esteem
– The value one places on his/her identity

5. Name
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial
Development Task
Developmental Stage
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy
Develop a basic sense of
trust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Early Childhood
Doubt
Develop autonomy
Initiative vs. Guilt
Play Age
Develop initiative
Industry vs. Inferiority
School Age
Develop feelings of
competence
Identity vs. Identity
Diffusion
Adolescence
Integrate early self with
changing self
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adulthood
Establish intimacy
Generativity vs. SelfAbsorption
Adulthood
Establish and guide the
next generation
Integrity vs. Despair
Senescence
Reach end of life with
positive self-esteem

6. Aims of Socialization
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Develop self-concept
Enable self-regulation
Empower achievement
Teach appropriate social goals
Implement developmental skills
social, emotional, cognitive skills

7. Self-Regulation
• The ability to control one’s impulses,
behavior, and/or emotions. . .
until
an appropriate time, place, or object is
available for expression
• Teens-prefrontal cortex just behind the
forehead

8. Developmental Task
• A task that lies between an individual
need and a societal demand

9. Agents of Socialization

10. Agents of Socialization
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Family
School and Child Care
Peers
Mass Media
The Community

11. Agents of Socialization
JEFF GREENBERG / PHOTOEDIT, INC.

12. Egocentrism
• The cognitive inability to look at the
world from any point of view other than
one’s own

13. Cultural Differences
Orientation
Collectivist /
Individualistic
Coping Style
Active/Passive
Attitude Toward
Authority
Submissive/
Egalitarian
Communication
Style
Open-Expressive/
Restrained-Private

14. Methods of Socialization

15. Affective Methods
• Include
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responses to others
feelings about self
feelings about others
expression of emotion

16. Attachment
• An affectional tie that one person forms to
another person, binding them together in
space and enduring over time

17. Methods
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Affective
Operant
Observational
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Apprenticeship
see text

18. Operant Methods
• Operant: Producing an effect
• Reinforcement
– An object or event presented following a
behavior that serves to increase the
likelihood that the behavior will occur
• Extinction
– The gradual disappearance of a learned
behavior following the removal of the
reinforcement

19. Operant Methods
• Punishment
– Physical or psychologically painful stimuli or
the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli
when undesirable behavior occurs
• Feedback
– Evaluative information, both positive and
negative, about one’s behavior

20. Observational Methods
• Modeling
– A form of imitative learning that occurs by
observing another person (the model)
perform a behavior and experience its
consequence

21. Cognitive Methods
• Instruction
• Setting Standards
• Reasoning
– Giving explanations or causes for an act
See text

22. Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian
• Parent-centered; Characterized by
unquestioning obedience to authority
• Permissive
• Child-centered; Characterized by lack of
directives or authority
• Authoritative
• Democratic; Authority is based on
competence or expertise

23. Sociocultural Methods

24. Apprenticeship
• A process in which a novice is guided by
an expert to participate in and master
tasks
• Structuring
• Collaborating
• Transferring

25. Outcomes of
Socialization

26. Outcomes
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Values
Attitudes
Motives and attributions
Self-esteem
Self-regulation/behavior
Morals
Gender roles