SUNDARBANS AND ITS POLLUTION AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

1. SUNDARBAN AND ITS
POLLUTION &
MANAGEMENTS
PRESENTED BY –
MUHAMMAD
Environmental Science & Disaster Management
Daffodil International University
COURSE : COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT

2. SUNDARBAN the largest Mangrove forest in the world.
Total Area : 6017 Sq.km.
Land Area: 4113 Sq.km.
Water Body: 1094 Sq.km.
Major rivers: Pashur, Baleswar,
Shibsa etc.

3. WILDLIFE OF SUNDARBANS
Wildlife Number
Tiger 400-440
Otter 20000-25000
Dear 100000-150000
Monkey 40000-50000
Wild boar 20000-25000
Crocodile 150-200a

4. MAJOR VEGETATION

5. BOIDIVERSITY
FLORAL BIODIVERSITY NUMBERS
PLANT SPECIES 334
ALGAL SPECIES 165
ORCHID SPECIES 13
FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY NUMBERS
REPTILES 35 SPECIES
BIRDS 315 SPECIES
MAMMALS 42 SPECIES
FISHES 291 SPECIES

6. LIVELIHOODS

7. SUNDARBANS AND LIVELIHOODS
Items Quality( Annual Average of
last years)
Fish & Dry fish
44 Metric Tons
Golpata (Nypa) 22620 Metric tons
Honey & Wax 1455 Metric Tons
Goran (Ceriops) Stem 564 Metric Tons
Tourists 87 Thousands
A Total of 3.5 million people of adjoining 17 Upazillas are depended on Sundarbans

8. Tourism In Sundarbans
• Forest Department Provides
Permission & Security
• Tours operated by Private
Operators and water vessels
owners
• Tour Season: October- March

9. WORLD HERITAGE
• Because of rich Biodiversity and ecological
importance these three sites have been declared as
World Heritage (798th) by UNESCO in 1997.
• India on the other side declared 33.7% of their
forest Sundarbans National Park in 1987.

10. POLLUTION IN SUNDARBAN

11. Oil Pollution - OIL SPILL in Sundarbans
•9 December 2014
•350,000 litres spread out
•350 km2 Area
•70,000 litres of oil had been cleaned
up by local residents, the Bangladesh
NAVY and the government of
Bangladesh

12. Effect of Oil Pollution in Sundarban
• Oil Spills Damage Beaches, Marshlands and Fragile Aquatic
Ecosystems
• Oil Spills Kill Birds
• Oil Spills Kill Marine Mammals
• Oil Spills Kill Fish
• Oil Spills Destroy Wildlife Habitat and Breeding Grounds

13. Heavy Metal Pollution
Heavy metal pollution in Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem Cadmium,
chromium, copper, nickel, lead, mercury, and arsenic are the most
common heavy metal pollutants. Mercury and cadmium are of
greatest concern for living organisms, including mangrove wetland
species, which concentrate heavy metals in their tissues, becoming
highly contaminated in the process.

14. Effect of Heavy metal pollution
• change in the biogeochemistry of mangrove sediments and
physiology of mangrove species
• death of mangrove species
• contamination through the food chain
• Significant environmental risk for future generations.

15. Agrochemical Pollution in Sundarban
•pesticide, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides
•However, excessive and improper use of
pesticides and fertilizers in the cropped area may
pose a significant risk to coastal waters with
surface soil erosion and wash-out of the
agricultural field by rainfall.
•Pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and
heptachlor are extensively used in Bangladesh.
Dieldrin is about 40–50 times more toxic than
DDT

16. Effect of agrochemical pollution
• change the physical and chemical properties of mangrove sediment
and change the patterns of sedimentation and shoreline configuration
• loss of biodiversity
• increased fish mortalities
• human health risk
• Contamination through food chain.

17. Nutrient Pollution in sundarbans
The main nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and they
enter the coastal waters from point and non-point sources.
Eutrophication may cause algal blooms, changes in the aquatic
community structure, decreased biological diversity, fish kills, and
oxygen depletion events

18. SUNDARBANS MANAGEMENT

19. During the last 3 decades, large parts of Sundarbans have been
protected for Wildlife, particularly for Tigers and Deer, by
creating sanctuaries.
• Three sites have been declared
as Wildlife Sanctuaries in 1977
under wildlife Act-1974. These
are: Sundarbans-East (Area 312
sq. km): Sundarbans-South
(Area 370 sq. km) and
Sundarbans- West (Area 715 sq.
km). Total area 1397 sq. km
(23.3 % of the total forest).
SUNDARBAN WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

20. A 10 km wide belt in the north and east of
Sundarbans forest has been declared as ECA
by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
with an area of 175,000 hectares
The main objective of this ECA providing
protection to the Reserve Forest and
conservation of its biodiversity.
There has been a great deal ofchange in the
land use patterns and agricultural lands have
been transferred togather that are developed
for fish and shrimp culture.
SUNDARBANS ECA

21. PRINCIPLES OF FOREST MANAGEMENT
• Since 1974 the emphasis of forests management has gradually shifted
from
– timber production to ecological requirements
– conservation of biological diversity
– meeting bonafide subsistence consumption needs of local people
– climate change mitigation and adaptation functions
– services of forests.
– Co--mmaannaagement system

22. • The history of the Sundarbans dates back to 12th century. During the Mughal
period (12 to 15th century) Raja Basanta Rai took refuge in the Sundarbans
from the advancing armies of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
• Many of the buildings built by Mughal later fell to the hands of
Portuguese pirates, salt smugglers and dacoits in the 17th century.
• End of 18th century British Govt. brought Sundarbans under Government
control and they promoted deliberate conversion to agricultural land.
• By 1870 about 3000 sq. km forest had been cleaned. In 1878 the forest was
declared as Reserved Forest.
HISTORY OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

23. FOREST MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES
• The principal policy and legislation related to Sundarbans Mangrove management
are:
– The Forest Act of 1927 and its amendments
– The Protection and Conservation of Fish Act, 1950.
– The Embankment and Drainage Act, 1952
– The Wildlife Ordinance 1973 and Wildlife (Preservation) Act, 1974
– The Protection and Conservation of Fish (Amendt) Ordinance, 1982
– The Marine Fisheries Ordinance, 1983
– The Protection and Conservation of Fish Rules, 1985.
– The Brick Burning Act, 1991
– The National Forest Policy of Bangladesh, 1994.
– The National Environment Act, 1995
– The Environment Conservation Rules 1997

24. FOREST MANAGEMENT
• 1974: Wildlife (Preservation) Act
• 1983: Sundarbans Wildlife Management Plan
• 1994: Forest Policy
• 2000: Amendment of Forest Act
• 2004: Social Forestry Rules
• 2009--22001177: Bangladesh‘s Tiger Action (440 tigers)
• 2010--22002200: The Integrated Resources Management Plans (IRMP), has
been developed for ten-year (2010- 2020) with ten strategic programs.

25. CO-MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• Co--management refers to sharing of responsibilities established through
formation of Co-management Councils and committee (CMC).
• CMC perform activities of Protected Forest Area under the guidance of
council and approved by FD.
• People (30-100) of the adjacentvillages organized to form with 1/3
female members
• The Co—management system in which 50% of revenue back to CMC to
bear recurring expenditure of management. C
• Co--management is the main principle of natural resources management
as per new Wildlife (Preservation and security) act 2012.. CMC is
empowered to collect revenue on behalf of forest department.

26. TEN PROGRAMS (2010-2020)
• Habitat Protection Programs
• Wildlife Sanctuaries Management Programs
• Sustainable Forests Management Programs
• Food Security and Wetland Management Program
• Climate Change Adaptation Programs
• Eco-Tourism Programs
• Facilities Development Programs
• Conservation Outreach, Conservation Research.
• Participatory Monitoring and Capacity Building Programs
• Administrative and Budget Programs