254244095 reactivos-cytec-cu-oxidado

Summary
This Technology Note has been prepared to offer
suggestions for the effective application of AERO
XD900 and XD902 promoters for use in copper
oxide flotation. The work suggests that there may
be some synergy in using these two products fol-
lowing sulfidization. All of the work has been
done on African mixed sulfide/oxide ores, and the
results could potentially have application in all
copper oxide ores where the oxide minerals are
discrete, rather than low Cu content minerals
such as cupriferous goethite (Ref 1).
It has been demonstrated that use of AERO
XD900 promoter on its own can be effective but
tends to require very high dosage. In addition to
cost considerations, higher dosages of AERO
XD900 promoter have the disadvantage that they
can create excessive foaming and an over-stable
froth (excessive foaming can be minimized with
the use of AERO XD903 promoter). Concentrate
filtration also tends to be very difficult. Applica-
tion of AERO XD900 promoter following CPS
(controlled potential sulfidization – Ref 2) allows
a major reduction in dosage and tends to result
in improved recovery and superior concentrate
grade. Use of xanthate alongside NaSH and
AERO XD900 promoter and AERO XD902
promoter also appears beneficial.
Test Work Procedure
The bulk of this work involved taking the rougher
tails after flotation of sulfides from a mixed sul-
fide/oxide ore at two African customers. Slurry
samples were screened to remove trash and
+500µm material, then split into charges using a
rotary splitter. Tests were done using both 2.5l
and 4.5l cells on a Denver D12 machine. Tests
were conducted at natural pH (typically pH 8.0 –
pH 8.5) after test work at pH 9.0 and pH 9.5
(with NaOH) showed no advantage. Flotation
times up to 24 minutes were investigated, but
the bulk of the work used a flotation time of 12
minutes.
Only the test work for Customer 1 was conducted
on ore milled in the laboratory. In this case, bulk
sulfide/oxide rougher concentrates were produced.
Concentrates and tails were filtered, dried,
weighed and prepared. Most assays were per-
formed by an international met lab.
In the final sets of work, tails assays were done in
duplicate, sending the second sample under differ-
ent nomenclature. Further repeats were conducted
when these did not match.
One of the two customers has two ores which
feed separate lines in the plant. These are under-
ground ore, often referred to as LOB (lower ore
body) and the open pit ore.
Notes:
AS Cu = acid soluble copper. For most of this
work, acid was 5% H2SO4, agitated at room
temperature for 20 minutes.
AI Cu is acid (as above) insoluble copper which
generally refers to the sulfides, metallic Cu and
low solubility minerals such as chrysocolla. AI Cu
Application of AERO®
XD900 and AERO XD902
Promoters for Flotation of Copper Oxide Ores
T E C H N O L O G Y N O T E Mineral Processing
www.cytec.com

can be determined by aqua regia dissolution of the
residue from AS Cu dissolution, but is more often
determined by difference, TCu – ASCu.
T Cu is total copper, usually analyzed following
dissolution with boiling aqua regia.
1) Performance of AERO XD900 promoter
on its own, versus with NaSH
One of the African operations treats a mixed sul-
fide/oxide ore, although sulfides tend to dominate.
AS Cu tends to vary between 0.2% and 0.5%. On
the day this test work was done, AS Cu levels were
at their minimum.
Results show superior AS Cu grade/recovery at
two dosage levels when Reagent S-8881 (an early
AERO XD900 promoter) was used alongside 245
g/t NaSH + 33 g/t SiPX.
Continuing the work at the other African
Concentrator (Ref 3), where AS Cu levels are
significantly higher, the series of tests shown below
was run on underground ore.
In this case, minimal AS Cu was achieved with
dosages of AERO XD902 promoter between 48
g/t and 170 g/t. Only by using 320 g/t of AERO
XD902 promoter, on its own, did we start to
achieve respectable AS Cu grade/recovery. The
addition of 30 g/t SiPX alongside low dosages of
AERO XD902 promoter did not improve per-
formance. Much better performance was seen
when the reagent was used after sulfidization,
with and without xanthate.
In a second series of tests on the second customer
underground ore, higher dosages of AERO
XD902 promoter were used.
This time, high AS Cu grade/recovery was only
achieved using 550 g/t AERO XD902 promoter,
with 350 g/t only achieving 22% AS Cu recovery.
The performance of 550 g/t AERO XD902 alone
was matched using 370 g/t NaSH + 250 g/t
AERO XD902 and by 550 g/t NaSH + 230 g/t
AERO XD902. There was an outlier, however, in
the repeat of the test using 350 g/t NaSH + 230
g/t AERO XD902.
A subsequent set of tests was run on a second
African open pit ore. The objective was to look at
NaSH, PAX and AERO XD900 promoter
requirements. Results for AS Cu recovery and AS
Cu grade have been plotted as AERO XD900
promoter dosage versus NaSH dosage.
This set of results appeared to be quite a setback
as it seemed that use of NaSH + PAX alone could
achieve high AS Cu recovery. Use of AERO
XD900 promoter managed to yield small increases
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
AS Cu grade (%)
ASCurecovery(%)
34 g/t S-8881
64 g/t S-8881
129 g/t S-8881
245 g/t NaSH, 33 g/t A343, 33 g/t S-888
238 g/t NaSH, 32 g/t A343, 64 g/t S-888
244 g/t NaSH 32 g/t A343 Standard
Head 0.21% AS Cu
Flotation of First Customer Sulfide Rougher Tails
AS Cu Grade vs Recovery
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AS Cu grade (%)
213 g/t AERO XD902
350 g/t AERO XD902
550 g/t AERO XD902
170 g/t NaSH, 230 g/t AERO XD902
Head 1.24% AS Cu
ASCurecovery(%)
Second Customer Underground Sulfide Tails Flotation
AS Cu Grade vs Recovery
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
AS Cu grade (%)
48 g/t AERO XD902
100 g/t AERO XD902
170 g/t AERO XD902
320 g/t AERO XD902
30 g/t A343, 50 g/t
AERO XD902
30 g/t A343, 100 g/t
AERO XD902
360 g/t NaSH, 29 g/t A343,
48 g/t AERO XD902
400 g/t NaSH, 30 g/t A343,
100 g/t AERO XD902
420 g/t NaSH, 100 g/t
AERO XD902
380 g/t NaSH 30 g/t A343
Standard
380 g/t NaSH 30 g/t A343
420 g/t NaSH 60 g/t A343
Head 1.16% AS Cu
ASCurecovery(%)
African Customer Underground, Flotation
of Sulfide Rougher Tails AS Cu Grade vs Recovery

3
in recovery but with a major drop in concentrate
grade. Looking more closely at the results, howev-
er, it was seen that NaSH + PAX appeared to hit a
maximum at 50% AS Cu recovery. Increasing
NaSH from 700 g/t to 1400 g/t and PAX from
105 g/t to 170 g/t did not improve AS Cu recov-
ery. In the tests without PAX, at both 700 g/t and
1400 g/t NaSH, increasing the dosage of AERO
XD900 promoter from 75 g/t to 120 g/t did
achieve significantly higher AS Cu recovery at
equivalent concentrate grade. It was again clearly
demonstrated that little AS Cu recovery could be
achieved with low dosages of AERO XD900
promoter alone.
As the previous tests had demonstrated the value
in having NaSH and PAX present, the following
set of tests was run on the second customer’s open
pit ore to determine if AERO XD900 promoter
added any value when used in conjunction with
these products.
In all tests 700 g/t NaSH was added and condi-
tioned for four minutes prior to addition of the
collector. Duplicate tests were run where 100 g/t
PAX was added to the first rougher. High AS Cu
grade concentrate was produced at high grade in
the first rougher but little additional AS Cu recov-
ery was achieved in the second rougher. Repeating
the test (PAX only to first rougher) but adding 70
g/t AERO XD900 promoter (black line) or an
additional 200 g/t NaSH + 70 g/t AERO XD900
promoter (pink line) both brought about an addi-
tional 15%-20% AS Cu recovery gain to final
conc. Use of 70 g/t AERO XD900 promoter (no
PAX) gave superior results to the PAX only test
but optimum results were seen when both PAX
and AERO XD900 promoter were added to the
first rougher. Unfortunately no test was run where
PAX was added to first and second roughers.
At the request of the first customer plant, a series
of tests were run to demonstrate the effectiveness
of AERO XD900 promoter at recovering oxide.
The first customer treats a high grade ore at typi-
cally 3.8% AI Cu and 0.8% AS Cu. They normal-
ly achieve >90% recovery of AI Cu but <30%
recovery of AS Cu. In this work, xanthate dosage
was held constant at 30 g/t SiPX + 30 g/t PAX.
This work differs from previously shown results,
in that a bulk sulfide/oxide conc is produced
rather than floating an oxide conc following sul-
fide flotation. Hence, the surface responses for T
Cu and AS Cu have been included. The test work
was done over a period of two days, with a signifi-
cant change in ore quality between days, so it will
be seen that the effect of different day is highly
significant.
Second Customer AS Copper Recovery vs AERO XD900 Dosage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
AERO XD900 Dosage (g/t)
0 g/t NaSH, 0 g/t PAX
Head = 0.90% AS Cu
ASCurecovery(%)
Note: four tests with same
recovery obscure each other
Second Customer AS Copper Grade vs AERO XD900 Dosage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ASCuGrade(%)
Head = 0.90% AS Cu
AERO XD900 Dosage (g/t)
Second Customer Flotation of Sulfide Tails AS Cu Grade vs Recovery
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
AS Cu Grade
ASCuRecovery(%)
Collector to Rghr 1 Rghr 2
PAX none
AERO XD900 condition
4 min none
PAX NaSH + XD900
PAX XD900
AERO XD900 + PAX condition
4 min none
All tests 700 g/t NaSH to head
Head - 0.90% AS Cu

4
N aS H d os ag e
AEROXD900dosage
0 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 4.21 4.41 4.61 4.8 1 5
1 5.2
1 5.4
1 5.4
1 5.6
1 5.61 5.8 1 5.81 6
Combined Roughers T Cu Grade
N aS H d os ag e
AEROXD900dosage
0 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 4.21 4.41 4.61 4.8 1 5
1 5.2
1 5.4
1 5.4
1 5.6
1 5.61 5.8 1 5.81 6
Combined Roughers T Cu Grade
Summary of Fit
RSquare 0.923682
RSquare Adj 0.8321
Root Mean Square Error 1.068849
Mean of Response 15.15915
Observations (or Sum Wgts) 12
Effect Tests
Source Nparm DF Sum of Squares F Ratio Prob > F
Day 1 1 25.146189 22.0110 0.0054
NaSH dosage 1 1 0.403250 0.3530 0.5783
AERO XD900 dosage 1 1 0.110098 0.0964 0.7688
NaSH dosage* AERO XD900
dosage
1 1 1.515640 1.3267 0.3015
dosage
1 1 0.857460 0.7506 0.4259
Cytec OREPREP®
frother
dosage
1 1 1.001504 0.8766 0.3921
Summary of Fit
RSquare 0.934278
RSquare Adj 0.856401
Effect Tests
Day 1 1 78.75451 16.5772 0.0096
NaSH dosage 1 1 100.60553 21.1767 0.0058
AERO XD900 dosage 1 1 2.53455 0.5335 0.4979
dosage
1 1 3.00296 0.6321 0.4626
dosage
1 1 29.30725 6.1690 0.0556
Cytec OREPREP®
frother
dosage
1 1 2.53544 0.5337 0.4978
* Not all effects, particularly grade, show statistical significance to >90%, so a degree of caution should be used rather than taking
all contours too literally. Even so, particularly for AS Cu recovery, the effects of NaSH dosage and AERO XD900 promoter
dosage do appear strong.

5
N aS H d osag e
AEROXD900dosage
0 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00
0
20
40
60
80
100
2 .3
2 .4
2 .5
2 .6
2 .7
2 .8
2 .9
3
3 .1
3 .2
3 .3
Combined Roughers AS Cu Grade
N aS H d os ag e
AEROXD900dosage
0 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00
0
20
40
60
80
100
4 0 4 5 5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
7 0
7 5
8 0
Combined Roughers AS Cu Recovery
Summary of Fit
RSquare 0.949601
Effect Tests
Day 1 1 7.2047480 56.6689 0.0006
NaSH dosage 1 1 0.2259616 1.8714 0.2296
AERO XD900 dosage 1 1 0.2325667 1.9261 0.2239
dosage
1 1 0.2391924 1.9810 0.2183
dosage
1 1 0.0004016 0.0033 0.9562
Cytec OREPREP®
frother
dosage
1 1 0.0606608 0.5024 0.5101
Summary of Fit
RSquare 0.939374
Effect Tests
Day 1 1 269.95274 11.4686 0.0195
NaSH dosage 1 1 877.75608 37.2902 0.0017
AERO XD900 dosage 1 1 240.72351 10.2268 0.0241
dosage
1 1 68.40509 2.9061 0.1490
dosage
1 1 96.65026 4.1060 0.0986
Cytec OREPREP®
frother
dosage
1 1 1.25839 0.0535 0.8263

6
2) Effect of AERO XD900 promoter and
AERO XD902 promoter Conditioning
Time
Since high energy conditioning is necessary for use
of AERO XD900 promoter and similar formula-
tions in Kaolin processing, the question arose as to
whether additional conditioning time might
improve its effectiveness for oxide copper flota-
tion. Tests were run on second customer’s open pit
ore using 70 g/t AERO XD900 promoter at three
conditioning times: one minute, four minutes and
12 minutes in 1) tests with only 700 g/t NaSH
added, 2) tests with 700 g/t NaSH then 100 g/t
PAX.
Use of PAX alongside this relatively low dosage of
AERO XD900 promoter proved beneficial.
Conditioning for 12 minutes was deleterious to
performance, with superior performance being
achieved at one minute and four minutes condi-
tioning.
3) What Did Not Prove So Effective
3.1 Emulsification
It was thought that because the AERO XD900
promoter and AERO XD902 promoter molecules
were relatively water insoluble, use of an emulsifier
might aid its distribution through the pulp
(Cytec’s Reagent S-9947).
As can be seen from the plot of duplicate tests,
there appears to be no metallurgical advantage to
adding an emulsifier. It would appear that the
AERO XD902 promoter disperses adequately on
its own.
3.2 Use of CYQUEST® 3223 dispersant
It was thought that use of CYQUEST 3223
dispersant might aid the use of AERO XD900
promoter by blocking adsorption on to surface of
slimes and dispersing slimes from the surface of
the oxide copper. Two sets of test work were run
using CYQUEST 3223 dispersant and in neither
set was any advantage seen.
This may have been because a dispersant was not
necessary on this ore, or it may have been due to
CYQUEST 3223 depressing the AS Cu to some
degree as a result of the high dosage.
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2 4 6 8
AS Cu Grade
10 12 14 16
ASCuRecovery(%)
Collector to Rghr 1 Rghr 2
XD900 + PAX condition 1 min none
XD900 condition 1 min none
All tests 700 g/t NaSH to head
Head - 0.90% AS Cu
0
Second Customer Flotation of Sulfide Tails AS Cu Grade vs Recovery
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
AS CuGrade (%)
800 g/t NaSH, 100 g/t
AERO XD902
800 g/t NaSH, 100 g/t
AERO XD902
800 g/t NaSH, 100 g/t
AS Cu Recovery (%)
800 g/t NaSH, 100 g/t
AS Cu Recovery (%)
Head 1.14% AS Cu
ASCuRecovery(%)
Second Customer Open Pit Sulfide Tails
Flotation AS Cu Grade vs Recovery
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
AS Cu grade (%)
34 g/t Reagent S8881
129 g/t CYQUEST 3223, 64 g/t
Reagent S8881
330 g/t CYQUEST 3223, 64 g/t
Reagent S8881
Head 0.21% AS Cu
ASCuRecovery(%)
Flotation of First Customer Sulfide
Rougher Tails AS Cu Grade vs Recovery
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AS Cu grade (%)
48 g/t AERO XD902
100 g/t AERO XD902
170 g/t AERO XD902
320 g/t AERO XD902
50 g/t CYQUEST 3223,
100 g/t AERO XD902
100 g/t AERO XD902
100 g/t AERO XD902
.
Head 1.16% AS Cu
ASCuRecovery(%)
Second Customer Underground Flotation of Sulfide

7
3.3 Ammonium sulfate
In a paper by David Bastin of Liege University,
Belgium (Ref 4) it was suggested that use of ammo-
nium sulfate significantly boosted AS Cu recovery in
CPS with xanthate. Looking again at the paper,
higher recoveries were achieved but at very poor
grades (relative to feed grade). The idea may have
come from the much older paper (Ref 5), which
describes use of ammonium sulfate as a means of
controlling the harmful effect of overdose of
sulfidizer.
In this work it can be seen that use of ammonium
sulfate had a negative impact on flotation perform-
ance. This may be because the levels of NaSH used
were below the threshold level where ammonium
salts start to show an advantage by control of excess
hydrosulfide.
Recommendations
• As AERO XD900 and XD902 promoters tend to
solidify at lower temperatures (<17°C), try to do
test work at the temperature of the plant pulp.
• Adequate conditioning after NaSH addition is nec-
essary to avoid excessive frothing.
• Use of xanthate (PAX or NaBX), in addition to
sulfidization, and AERO XD900 promoter and
AERO XD902 promoter can aid recovery.
• Very slimy ores can make use of AERO XD900
and XD902 promoters difficult, due to generation
of an over-stable froth. Look at either de-sliming or
use of polyphosphate type dispersants.
• Experiment with conditioning time of AERO
XD900 and XD902 promoters, but 1-3 minutes is
a good starting point.
• To maintain Cu recovery through cleaning, it is
necessary to maintain the cleaning stages at similar
potentials to the roughing stage.
• For a mixed copper sulfide/oxide ore, it may be
valuable (when feasible) to clean the sulfide and
oxide concentrates separately, as kinetics of oxide
flotation are likely to be slower.
References
Ref 1: Lee J.S, Nagaraj D.R. and Coe J.E., 1998,
Practical Aspects of Oxide Copper Recovery with
Alkyl Hydroxamates, Minerals Engineering Vol 11
No 10 p929–939.
Ref 2: Nagaraj D.R. and Gorken A., 1991, Potential
controlled flotation and depression of copper sulfides
and oxides using hydrosulfide in nonxanthate sys-
tems, Canadian Metall. Quarterly Vol 30 No 2 pp
79–86.
Ref 3: Kasanda J.K., Mpashi P. and Mumba C.,
1998, Laboratory Optimisation of the Underground
Copper Ore Flotation Recovery at Second customer
Concentrator, 100th AGM of the CIM, Montreal.
Ref 4: Bastin D., Frenay J. and Philippart P., 2003,
Ammonium Sulfate as Promoting Agent of the
Sulfidization Process of Cu-Co Oxide Ores From
The Luiswishi Deposit (DRC), Handout from Poster
session at XXII IMPC Cape Town 2003.
Ref 5: Zhang W. and Poling G.W., 1987,
Ammonium Sulfate as Activator in Sulpidized
Xanthate Flotation of malachite, unknown.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
AS Cu grade (%)
129 g/t CYQUEST 3223, 64 g/t
Reagent S8881
330 g/t CYQUEST 3223, 64 g/t
Reagent S8881
Head 0.21% AS Cu
ASCuRecovery(%)
Flotation of First Customer Sulfide

8
References not mentioned in the main text which
may be of value to enthusiastic oxide floaters:
Hallimond tube only
Salmon-Vega S., Herrera-Urbina R., Sanchez-
Corrales V.M., Robles-Vega A., 2003, Floatability
of oxidised copper, oxidised chalcocite and copper
slag using octyl hydroxamate as a collector, 2003,
Cobre 2003 Volume III.
On use of ammonium sulfide
Kongolo K., Kipoka M., Minanga K. and Mpoyo
M., 2003, Improving the efficiency of oxide cop-
per-cobalt ores flotation by combination of sul-
fidisers, Minerals Engineering 16, pp 1023–1026.
Potential use of aldoximes for oxide copper
flotation
Das K.K., Pradip and Suresh B., 1995, Role of
Molecular Architecture and Chain Length in the
Flotation-Separation of Oxidised Copper-Lead-
Zinc Minerals Using Salicylaldoxime derivatives,
XIX IMPC.
An early paper on use of sulfidization,
xanthate + AERO XD900 promoter and
AERO XD902 promoter
Evrard L. and De Cuyper J., 1975, Flotation of
copper-cobalt oxide ores with alkyl hydroxamates,
Proc 11th IMPC Cagliari.
Suggested use of imidazolines for malachite
flotation
Ackerman P.K., Harris G.H., Klimpel R.R. and
Aplan F.F., 1999, Use of Chelating Agents as
Collectors in the Flotation of Copper Sulfides and
Pyrite, Minerals and Metallurgical processing Vol
16, No 1.
Cytec Industries Inc. in its own name and on behalf of its affiliated companies (collectively, "Cytec") decline any liability with respect to the
use made by anyone of the information contained herein. The information contained herein represents Cytec's best knowledge thereon with-
out constituting any express or implied guarantee or warranty of any kind (including, but not limited to, regarding the accuracy, the com-
pleteness or relevance of the data set out herein). Cytec is the sole owner or authorized user of the intellectual property rights relating to
the information communicated. The information relating to the use of the products is given for information purposes only. No guarantee or
warranty is provided that the product is adapted for any specific use. The user or purchaser should perform its own tests to determine the
suitability for a particular purpose. The final choice of use of a product remains the sole responsibility of the user.
© 2010 Cytec Industries Inc. All rights reserved.
TRADEMARK NOTICE: The ® indicates a Registered
Trademark in the United States and the ™ or *
indicates a Trademark in the United States. The mark
may also be registered, the subject of an application
for registration or a trademark in other countries.
MCT-1107-V2
• Email: custinfo@cytec.com Worldwide Contact Info: www.cytec.com US Toll Free 800-652-6013 Tel 973-357-3193 •

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