SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 46
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
WELCOME TO THE PRESENTATION ON
FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACTM 1980
AND FOREST, WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSUES FOR
SUSTAINABLE MINING
BY
Ravindra Nath Saxena
Managing Director & CEO
Alpine Techno-legal Consulting (P) Limited,
Former Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Madhya Pradesh
1 General Constitution & Non Forest Land under Forest Conservation Act 1980
OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION
• Current regulatory regime of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972; Indian Forest Act, 1927; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Scheduled
Tribe & Other Traditional Forest Dweller (Recognition of Forest Right) Act, 2006;
Panchayatiraj Extension to (Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.
• Land matters in forest clearance
• Statutory & non-statutory reforms for sustainable mining.
• Experience sharing of obtaining “forest clearance” and “environment clearance” of
Tara Coal Block, CG.
• Mitigation planning and formulation of Wildlife Habitat Conservation &
Management Plan, Reclamation Plan, Landscape Plan (SMC).
• Issues related to Connecting Corridors, National Tiger Conservation Authority.
• Mine closure and post mining issues.
• Temporary working permission, net ptrsent value, forest types, forest density etc.
At the time of promulgation of the Constitution of India, subject of “forests”
was kept in the “State List”. There was no entry of “wildlife”.
“Forests” transferred to the “Concurrent List”, List-III as Entry–17A and
“Wildlife” as the Entry-17B by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
Article-251 & 254 of the Constitution provides that state statutes cannot be
repugnant to Central Acts. If there is any repugnancy, state statutes
automatically becomes “null & void”.
Constitutional provisions related to
“forest” & “wildlife”
All forest & wildlife statutes - FCA, WLPA, IFA, PESA, STOFDRFRAct are Central Acts. The
statutory reforms are in jurisdiction of the Parliament. Statutory reforms virtually
impossible for next 2 years.
Evolution of the forests and environment related
legislations -
Indian Forest Act, 1865, 1878 and 1927 -
India is having a rare distinction of long tradition of professional
forestry with a history of forest legislations since 1865, when most of the
forests were brought under the Government control. The first Indian Forest
Act was proclaimed in 1865 and was subsequently revised in 1878. Again the
old forest act was repealed and present Indian Forest Act was promulgated
in 1927, with consolidation of regulatory laws related to forests, the Indian
forests were managed for production. Subsequently, several amendments of
the Act were made and some of the States have promulgated their own
Forest Acts. The present Indian Forest Act, 1927 is being revised by the MOEF
and is being renamed as the “Indian Natural Eco-systems Act”. The details of
evolution of forest legislations have been provided in Chapter-I, II, V and VI.
National Forest Policies - 1894, 1952 and 1988
National Forest Policies
ndia is one of the few countries which has a forest policy since 1894. It was revised in
1952 and again in 1988. The main plank of the Forest Policy of 1988 is protection,
conservation and development of forest. The main aims are - (i) maintenance of
environmental stability through preservation and resotration of ecological balance ;
(ii) conservation of natural heritage ; (iii) to check soil erosion and denudation in
catchment area of rivers, lakes and reservoirs ; (iv) ensure check on extension of sand
dunes in desert areas of Rajasthan and along coastal tracts ; (v) substantial increase in
forest tree cover through massive afforestation and social forestry programmes; (vi)
steps to meet requirement of fuelwood, fodder, minor forest produce and small
timber to rural and tribal populations; (vii) increase in productivity of forest to meet
the national needs ; (viii) encouragement of efficient utilisation of forest produce and
optimum substitution of wood and ; (ix) steps to create massive people’s movement
with invovement of women to achieve the objectives and minimise pressure on
existing forests.
• The detailed National Forest Policy, 1988 has been provided in Chapter-IV.
Major Developments after N.F.P., 1988
• Case of T. N. Godavarman ver Union of India. Virtually re-written forestry
sector.
• PILs and judicial activism.
• FRA and PESA. Roll back not possible, have to devise ways to develop
syntheis approach.
• Flood of international conventions.
• Fast track amendments in WLPA – 1991, 1993, 2003 and 2006. WLPA
(Amendment) Bill, 2010 pending before the Parliament.
• Statutory functions of NTCA and CZA.
• Astronomical demand for forest land.
• Demand from industry for minng and infra-structure projects.
• Climate Change
• Ecosystem services approach in management.
Transfer of “forests” from State to Concurrent
List of the Constitution of India
After the promulgation of the Constitution of India on 26th January, 1950. The
“Forests” were placed in the “State List” (Seventh Schedule, List-II), but in the 27th
year of the Republic of India under the recommendations of the National Agriculture
Commission a need was felt to upgrade the status of “forests” from the “State List”
to “Concurrent List”. Accordingly the Constitution 42nd (Amendment) Act, 1976 was
passed and as per Section-57 “Entry-17A. Forests” was inserted in the “Concurrent
List” (Seventh Schedule, List-III). The Part-XI of the Constitution of India, Chapter-I,
Legislative Relations, Distribution of Ligislative Powers defines the relations between
the Parliament and State Legislative Assembles. The Articles-245, 246, 249, 250 and
251 provide very insight about the Centre-State Legislatures relations. The Article-
251 and 254 throws light on the inconsistency of the legislation made by the
Parliament under Article-249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
These articles are produced below for ready reference.
Article - 251
“Article-251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under Articles-
249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States - Nothing in Article-
249 and 250 shall restrict the power of the Legislature of a State to make any
law which under this Constitution it has power to make, but if any provision of
law made by the legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law
made by Parliament which Parliament has under either of the said articles
power to make, the law made by the Parliament, whether passed before or
after the law made by the legislature of the State, shall prevail, and the law
made by the Legislature of the State shall to the extent of the repugnancy, but
so long only as the law made by Parliament continues to have effect, be
inoperative”.
Article - 254
Article-254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the
Legislatures of States - (1) If any provision of law made by the Legislature of a State is
repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to
enact, or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in
the Concurrent List, then, subject to the provisions of clause (2), the law made by Parliament,
whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case
may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall,
to the extent of the repugnancy, be void.
(2) Where a law made by the Legislature of a State [***]1 with respect to one of the
matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions
of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the
law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the
consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State.
Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any
law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or
repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State
Article-253 of the Constitution provides that, ALL the
international conventions, protocols, treatises are
implementable in the country. Following conventions
have got impact on forestry & wildlife sectors:
 World Conservation Union (IUCN).
 Ramsar Convention.
 Bonn Convention.
 CITES.
 Crane Convention.
 International Whaling Convention.
 Important Bird Areas (IBA).
 Convention on Biological Diversity.
Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976 has empowered the
Parliament to effectively legislate on forest related issues. The
“Forests” remained with the Ministry of Agriculture for a long time. In
1978, the Govt. of India issued directive to all State Governments to
check indiscriminate diversion of forest areas for non-forest purposes.
But the response of most of the State Governments were lukewarm in
this matter and this situation forced the Central Government to
proclaim Presidential Ordinance for “Forest Conservation Act” on 25th
October, 1980 to regulate diversion of forest land for non-forest
purposes.
PRECARIONS CONDITION OF MINING UNDER THE
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (SCHEDULE – VIII)
Environment & Residuary
Power
Entries–6,24,27,53, 54 & 97
Union List, List-I
SPCB’S/PCC’S Under State
Government
Mines & Mineral Development
Entry – 54,
List-I, Union List
Entry – 50, List – II
State List
Forest & Wildlife, Land
Entries – 17 A, 17B
Concurrent List
List – III
Entry – 18 State List, List-II
Articles – 245 to 254 deal with Union-State relations. Sometimes
Statutes have overlapping jurisdictions; rarely repugnant also.
Constitutional amendments shall take very long time.
Efficiency and attitude of civil services are the key words for success.
Perfect “project planning” to reduce timeline is must for success.
FOREST POLICY AND LEGISLATIONS
• First National Forest Policy enunciated in
1894, replaced by another policy in 1952 and
present policy was promulgated in 1988.
• First Indian Forest Act was enacted in 1865.
Second IFA was placed in statute book in
1878. The present IFA was promulgated in
1927.
• Till 1935, the subject of forests was placed in
the “federal list”. Government of India Act, 1935
transferred it to the “state list”.
Macro-planning issues for Sustainable Mining in India
A. Develop composite digital GIS maps with layer of –
 Forest, identify fragile ecosystems, unique habitats
 Wildlife (particularly Tiger and Asiatic Elephants); distribution of
national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves, community
reserves, Tiger and Elephant Reserves with their Buffer Zones and
connecting corridors. Sites covered under International Conventions.
 Mineral deposits / reserves, identify requirement of fuel, atomic and
strategic mineral bearing sites.
 Biodiversity hot-spots with Biodiversity Indexes.
 Area of tribal communities (particularly primitive tribal groups),
 Distribution of species of “Red Data Book” (IUCN, ZSI and BSI).
 Water regime, vulnerable ecosystems & catchment areas.
 Schedule-V and VI areas with PESA ramifications.
B. Identify GO – Areas : low risk areas, medium risk areas, high risk areas,
NO- GO Areas. Define “Criteria & Indicators” for selection.
C. Develop “Regional Mining Strategies” – MOEF attempt resisted in 2006
D. Define & develop parameters for site / project assessment by FAC,
SAG and EAC. Develop mathematical models to avoid arbitrariness.
Barrier Analysis to Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
• Intricately woven “forest clearance” and “environment clearance”, but
impact assessment carried by different departments of State
Government & MOEF, and two different committees – FAC and EAC
examine project proposals.
• Land is having heterogeneous origin – forest, revenue forest,
dictionary meaning conforming forests, blanket notifications.
• Frequent modifications of constitution of committees.
• Absence of specifications of “parameters of impact assessments” in
FCA and EPA. Parameters of “impact assessment” modified frequently
by committees without any justification. Same parameter assessed by
two committees.
• Cumbersome, lengthy case assessment at several levels.
• No well established co-relation between “forest clearance” &
“environment clearance”.
• Move to amend IFA and make it PESA and ST&OTFD(RFR) Act
compliant – shall lead to lots of local socio-political interference.
TWO STAGE “FOREST CLEARANCE” MECHANISM UNDER
FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980;
Flow chart for obtaining “environment clearance”
Post “environment clearance” monitoring mechanism
Statutory & Non-statutory Reforms required in
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Statutory Amendments
 Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2004 are still silent
about – de-notification, assignment of forest areas
and working plan operations. Revise FCA form urgently.
 Parameters for evaluation of “forest” and “wildlife”
not framed; insert parameters in Section-2(ii) of
FCA.
 Non-statutory FCA Guidelines, being modified frequently
with-out any vision / justification – notify only
“statutory guidelines” in the Gazette of India. Root
cause of confusion & delay. Sometimes guidelines
are contradictory also.
 De-link FCA from ST & OTFD (RFR) Act, 2007. There is no
linkage between these two Acts – causing delay.
Non- statutory Amendments
 Current “FCA application form absolutely out-dated” –
details about impact of climatic change & edaphaic
factors, silvicultural aspect of forest crop,
working plan prescriptions, status of wildlife
either missing or topsy turvey, biodiversity
indexing, reclamation plan, landscape plan etc. are
missing but GOI is insisting on these details at
advance stage.
 Details of forest crop – girth class-wise numbers,
condition of forest crop (coppice or high forest),
growing stock, volume of timber & fuelwood,
number of trees / ha., projection of crop longevity
projections (senescence), site quality and density
assessment, basal area calculation, status of
regeneration, analysis of biotic factors etc.not provided.
Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms
Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms
 Specify standard sampling techniques.
 Biodiversity indexing – Shannon-Weiner Index ,
Brillouin Index, Brillouin Eveness Index, Simpson’s Index ,
Margalef Index, McIntosh's Measure of Diversity, Berger-
Parker Index etc.
 Inventory of species of “Red Data Book” of
International Union for Conservation of Union, Botanical
Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India.
 Issue “terms of reference” for the projects above 100 ha.
(as being performed under environment clearance,
Environment Impact Assessment, 2006).
 Issue specific statutory guidelines for “Wildlife Impact
Assessment” (WIA) and for preparation of “Wildlife
Habitat Conservation Plan”.
 Specify “target species(s)” for “Wildlife Habitat
Conservation Plan”.
Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms
 Project Impact Assessment with reference to “porosity”
and ‘fragmentation” of forest crop.
 Specify limited role of “EAC (Mining & Coal)” in forest and
wildlife matters – causing duplication of
work without any utility / justification.
 “Expert appraisal Committee” (EAC) not having any role in
Landscape Management Plan, Reclamation Plan,
“Wildlife Habitat Conservation Plan”, biodiversity
indexing etc.
 Get prepared State / District / Regional Mining Strategies
for clarity of vision or deciding priority areas – cover
about 60 mineral rich districts.
 Thorough crop assessment before deciding NO-GO
areas. Parameter of satellite imagery cannot be acceptable.
 Geo-coordinates in all maps for meticulous assessment.
Non- statutory Amendments Reforms
 Adequate still photography of forest crop – crown,
stem and ground to make status clear.
 Adequate video-graphy to demonstrate crop
conditions, site quality, crown density, stem conditions,
status of regeneration, status of biodiversity, use of
habitat by wildlife, basal area calculation, as evidence
to substantiate yield table projections etc.
 Mandatory screening of video-film of diversion area
before FAC and SAG.
 State Advisory Group (SAG) should be a permanent
body like FAC. Frequent change of members is
detrimental to the cause of site assessment.
 Drastically reduce processing levels – ministerial staff
and Secretariat staff cannot contribute to processing
except delay & confusion.
Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms
 No site inspection during monsoon period i.e. Jul to
October. Monsoon provides wrong parameters for
assessment.
 Impose area-wise “processing fee”, use this fund for
data generation. Sell data to project proponent for
saving time.
 Annual monitoring of mining sites by satellite
imageries – monitoring of demarcation violation and
progress of reclamation operations are possible.
 Punish violation of “forest demarcation” under Indian
Forest Act, 1927. Cognizable offence, stringent law.
 Assess “Nistar & livelihood issues of local
communities”. Compensate loss of livelihood.
 RET species – No vague comments, use and quantify
RET species under IUCN criteria.
Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms for Monitoring
 Annual monitoring of mining sites by remote
sensing / satellite imageries – monitoring of
demarcation violation and progress of
reclamation operations are possible.
 Constitute Monitoring Committee under Principal
Chief Conservator of Forest, Nodal Officer FCA as
Member Secretary.
 Collect seeds from “plus trees” of felling area for
plantation to maintain “genetic pool” of the area.
 Compulsory submission of annual “Monitoring
Report” to MOEF.
 Capacity Building of assessing officers and
machinery – administrative and technical angles.
Non- statutory Amendments Reforms
 Prepare cause list of cases to be listed before State Advisory
Group and Forest Appraisal Committee.
 Make presentation compulsory before State Advisory Group,
Forest Appraisal Committee and Environment Assessment
Committee. The discussion should be compulsorily video-
graphed for transparency.
 Several members of these assessment committees are not
having technical qualification, don’t possess any specialization,
often don’t have right type of mind-set for rational development
of the country. Appoint members with utmost care and after
thorough verification of their antecedents.
 Assess quality of timber in the adjoining felling coupes /
relevant timber depot to decide future of crop.
 Examine “water quality” for toxins & silt load particularly down
stream of metallic mines, tailing ponds, ash-dykes and
beneficiation plants – large scale mortality of trees taking place.
Forest Cover of India (S.F.R., 2011 of Forest Survey
of India)
Diversion of about 300 sq.kms. forest areas (0.04%) in next 20 years
can solve the energy problems of the country. Most of these coal
blocks are situated in different micro & milli-watersheds –
consequently it would not cause great ecological problems.
Coal Blocks are site specific projects and should get priority
Mineral rich areas
of coal and coal bed
methane (CBM).
Also inhabit large tribal
Population - FRA
FORESTS AT A GLANCE
• Geographical area – 32,87,263 sq. kms.
• Forest area – 7,57,740 sq. kms.
• Forest cover – 6,78,333 sq. kms. – the eco-resource for livlihood.
• Legal status of forest area –
A. Reserve Forests (RF) – 3,99,919 sq. kms.
B. Protected Forests (PF) – 2,38,434 sq. kms.
C. Un-classed forests – 1,36,387
• Un-culturable non-forest areas – 2,11,286 sq. kms.
• Growing Stock – 4740.858 million cubic meter
• Growing Stock / ha. – 74.42 cubic meter
• Current Annual Increment – 8.76 million cubic meter
• Current C.A.I. - 0.69 cubic meter / ha.
• Potential CAI possible - 3.60 cubic meter / ha. (Peterson’s formula)
• Simpson’s Biodiversity Index, Berger-Parker Species Richness Index, Shannon
Weiner Biodiversity Index not provide promising picture.
• Forest cover stagnant with cyclical change, qualitative deterioration of
ecological resources due to scarcity of finances.
So far the forest cover has been analyzed on
“area parameter” only; if we analyze forest
cover in terms of productivity {0.69
cmt./ha./annum, world average 3.10
cmt./ha./annum}, growing stock, site quality,
biodiversity, almost absence of trees above
selection girth, density, regeneration, MAI, CAI,
susceptibility to biotic pressure, site quality
distribution, rapidly vanishing mesophytic
species, increasing dominance of xerophytic
species, rapidly drying forest area due to
repeated coppicing – scenario is not promising.
Continue…
Existing forest cover – 6,33,397 sq. km.
Target forest cover as per National Forest
Policy, 1988 –10,84,917 sq. km.
Gap in forest cover – 4,51,520 sq. km.
Almost impossible to increase forest cover
except reducing diversions & effective
extension in non-forest areas. Thus FCA,
EPA enactments are the only solutions.
Climate Change & Forests
•Continuous monitoring of forest crop, particularly at
2035 and 2085 levels on C-Stocks..
•Increased capacity of Forests to sequester more
carbon.
•Investment in climate change sector.
•Developing “Cs & Is” for monitoring of forests.
Red indicates that a change in vegetation is projected at that grid in the
time-period of 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 (under A1B
scenario). Green indicates that no change in vegetation is projected
by that period.
Climate Change and Forests
Vegetational changes projected by 2021-2050 and 2071-2100
Based on computer simulation models of National Remote Sensing
Agency & ICFRE
PROJECTED
IMPACT OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ON
FORESTED
GRIDS IN INDIA
A2 SCENARIO
Source: Chaturvedi et al., 2011
39% of the forest grids likely
change under A2 scenario by
2085 causing loss of Carbon
stock and biodiversity
1 = stable grids
2=forest grids
undergoing
change
Biodiversity Vulnerable Grids of India (marked red)
in the A1B scenario – for India - 2035 and 2085
Climate Change and Biodiversity
Vegetational changes projected by 2021-2050 and 2071-2100
Assessing crop condition and crop longevity projection in
the context of Climate Change and Kyoto protocol
Lessons of Conference of Parties (COP) of Kyoto Protocol
held at Durban
 India and China are placed in Non-Annex List of
Kyoto Protocol.
 No legally binding GHG emission reduction can be
enforced on India. But China has developed their
“power sector” and now submitting voluntary GHG
reduction by 20% achievable by 2030.
 India in under tremendous pressure to reduce GHG
emission voluntarily.
 India has been provided time till 2017 to decide the
matter - wise decision to develop “power sector”
before deadline.
Sample Plots & Biodiversity indexing
* N.B. Kind attention invited to blanks, under stocked and encroachments
Alternate Mining Area in Revised Proposal
39
Assessing Stem Condition in Timber Depot
Present & Potential “Protected Areas” of India
1 General Constitution & Non Forest Land under Forest Conservation Act 1980
STATUS OF PROTECTED
AREAS
There are 85 NPs and 445
sanctuaries, 11 Biosphere
Reserves in the country.
Area 148532.88 sq.km
Mostly located in the Central
India & the Himalayas. Coincide
with forest cover.
Many sanctuaries located in
revenue areas only.
 Potential for 750 PAs, covering
1,90,000 sq. kms.
SENSITIVE ISSUES
 Marine NPs, coral
reefs.
 Mangrove forests.
 Sites of migratory
species.
 Breeding grounds.
 Endemic fauna
and flora.
 Biodiversity
hotspots.
 Sites covered
under conventions
BIODIVERSITY SECTOR
 With over 45,000 plant species and 81,000 animal
species, India is one of the world's 12 mega-biodiversity
centers.
 The ethos of conservation is ingrained in India's cultural
heritage, developmental activities are increasingly
threatening this rich biodiversity.
 Approximately 20 wildlife species are categorized as
"possibly extinct," 1,500 plant species are considered
vulnerable and endangered, and some domesticated
breeds have suffered genetic erosion.
Enunciate Biodiversity (Conservation) Policy.
Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas
Act, 1996 or PESA (73rd Constitution
Amendment) is not having overriding effect on
IFA or WLPA.
 Issue ‘white paper’ on this imbroglio before it
becomes too late.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Economic and environmental laws
Economic and environmental lawsEconomic and environmental laws
Economic and environmental lawsPratisha Swain
 
Aiufwp eia response (1)
Aiufwp eia response (1)Aiufwp eia response (1)
Aiufwp eia response (1)sabrangsabrang
 
Aiufwp eia response (1) converted
Aiufwp eia response (1) convertedAiufwp eia response (1) converted
Aiufwp eia response (1) convertedZahidManiyar
 
Indian forest act 1927
Indian forest act 1927Indian forest act 1927
Indian forest act 1927gaurav gautam
 
Environmental legislation & water pollution acts
Environmental legislation & water pollution actsEnvironmental legislation & water pollution acts
Environmental legislation & water pollution actsManthan Dhavne
 
Environmental laws
Environmental lawsEnvironmental laws
Environmental lawsAdil Shaikh
 
Case Study on Environmental Laws in India
Case Study on Environmental Laws in IndiaCase Study on Environmental Laws in India
Case Study on Environmental Laws in IndiaVipul Dinodia
 
Provisions of Forest rights act 2006
Provisions of Forest rights act 2006Provisions of Forest rights act 2006
Provisions of Forest rights act 2006GANESH M
 
Water protection act
Water protection actWater protection act
Water protection actShubham Gupta
 
Environmental legislation 1
Environmental legislation 1Environmental legislation 1
Environmental legislation 1Adane Nega
 
Environmental Laws Of India
Environmental Laws Of IndiaEnvironmental Laws Of India
Environmental Laws Of IndiaDeep Khandelwal
 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981KUSH VERMA
 

Was ist angesagt? (19)

Economic and environmental laws
Economic and environmental lawsEconomic and environmental laws
Economic and environmental laws
 
Aiufwp eia response (1)
Aiufwp eia response (1)Aiufwp eia response (1)
Aiufwp eia response (1)
 
Aiufwp eia response (1) converted
Aiufwp eia response (1) convertedAiufwp eia response (1) converted
Aiufwp eia response (1) converted
 
Indian forest act 1927
Indian forest act 1927Indian forest act 1927
Indian forest act 1927
 
Environmental legislation & water pollution acts
Environmental legislation & water pollution actsEnvironmental legislation & water pollution acts
Environmental legislation & water pollution acts
 
Environmental law
Environmental lawEnvironmental law
Environmental law
 
Environmental laws
Environmental lawsEnvironmental laws
Environmental laws
 
Water protection act 1974
Water protection act 1974Water protection act 1974
Water protection act 1974
 
Environment law ppt
Environment law pptEnvironment law ppt
Environment law ppt
 
Case Study on Environmental Laws in India
Case Study on Environmental Laws in IndiaCase Study on Environmental Laws in India
Case Study on Environmental Laws in India
 
Provisions of Forest rights act 2006
Provisions of Forest rights act 2006Provisions of Forest rights act 2006
Provisions of Forest rights act 2006
 
Water protection act
Water protection actWater protection act
Water protection act
 
Extention fc 08102021
Extention fc 08102021Extention fc 08102021
Extention fc 08102021
 
Forest right act src ppt
Forest right act src pptForest right act src ppt
Forest right act src ppt
 
Land acquisition fra_pesa_
Land acquisition fra_pesa_Land acquisition fra_pesa_
Land acquisition fra_pesa_
 
Pollution control acts
Pollution control actsPollution control acts
Pollution control acts
 
Environmental legislation 1
Environmental legislation 1Environmental legislation 1
Environmental legislation 1
 
Environmental Laws Of India
Environmental Laws Of IndiaEnvironmental Laws Of India
Environmental Laws Of India
 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
 

Ähnlich wie 1 General Constitution & Non Forest Land under Forest Conservation Act 1980

Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019
Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019
Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019RavindraSaksena
 
Environmental Laws
Environmental LawsEnvironmental Laws
Environmental LawsShubham Goel
 
Environment Laws
Environment LawsEnvironment Laws
Environment LawsSameer003
 
Indian government laws on environment
Indian government laws on environmentIndian government laws on environment
Indian government laws on environmentStudent
 
Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian Efforts
Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian EffortsBiodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian Efforts
Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian EffortsClearIAS
 
3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation Act
3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation Act3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation Act
3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation ActRavindraSaksena
 
Environmental legislation
Environmental legislationEnvironmental legislation
Environmental legislationVijay Hemmadi
 
Environmental laws
Environmental laws  Environmental laws
Environmental laws Ghassan Hadi
 
Environment laws
Environment lawsEnvironment laws
Environment lawsMd Alam
 
Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02
Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02
Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02DIPANSHU KAMBOJ
 
Environmental legislation in india
Environmental legislation in indiaEnvironmental legislation in india
Environmental legislation in indiaJITHINEJ
 
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...Kiran Sc
 
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...Kiran Sc
 
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIAENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIAAr Naveen Naveen
 
Environmental laws of india , Ecology
Environmental laws of india , EcologyEnvironmental laws of india , Ecology
Environmental laws of india , EcologyK040798s
 
3 THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONS
3  THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONS3  THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONS
3 THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONSRavindraSaksena
 
Constitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protectionConstitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protectionKiran Prasad Naik
 

Ähnlich wie 1 General Constitution & Non Forest Land under Forest Conservation Act 1980 (20)

Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019
Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019
Fca m&m article_final_11.03.2019
 
Environmental Laws
Environmental LawsEnvironmental Laws
Environmental Laws
 
Environment Laws
Environment LawsEnvironment Laws
Environment Laws
 
Indian government laws on environment
Indian government laws on environmentIndian government laws on environment
Indian government laws on environment
 
Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian Efforts
Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian EffortsBiodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian Efforts
Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian Efforts
 
3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation Act
3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation Act3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation Act
3 Pure & Applied Aspect of Forest Conservation Act
 
Joy
JoyJoy
Joy
 
Environmental legislation
Environmental legislationEnvironmental legislation
Environmental legislation
 
Environmental laws
Environmental laws  Environmental laws
Environmental laws
 
Environment laws
Environment lawsEnvironment laws
Environment laws
 
Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02
Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02
Environmentallaws 120329210534-phpapp02
 
Environmental legislation in india
Environmental legislation in indiaEnvironmental legislation in india
Environmental legislation in india
 
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
 
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
Environmental legislation, Environmental Policies of Government, Environmenta...
 
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIAENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
 
Environmental laws of india , Ecology
Environmental laws of india , EcologyEnvironmental laws of india , Ecology
Environmental laws of india , Ecology
 
3 THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONS
3  THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONS3  THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONS
3 THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONS
 
Pre-operational & Environmental Mitigation Planning for Multipurpose Hydel Pr...
Pre-operational & Environmental Mitigation Planning for Multipurpose Hydel Pr...Pre-operational & Environmental Mitigation Planning for Multipurpose Hydel Pr...
Pre-operational & Environmental Mitigation Planning for Multipurpose Hydel Pr...
 
Air Control Act.pptx
Air Control Act.pptxAir Control Act.pptx
Air Control Act.pptx
 
Constitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protectionConstitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protection
 

Mehr von RavindraSaksena

8. TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...
8.	TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...8.	TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...
8. TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...RavindraSaksena
 
7. MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.
7.	MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.7.	MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.
7. MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.RavindraSaksena
 
5. THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...
5.	THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...5.	THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...
5. THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...RavindraSaksena
 
2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...
2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...
2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...RavindraSaksena
 
1 1. FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...
1 1.	FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980  -  FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...1 1.	FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980  -  FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...
1 1. FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...RavindraSaksena
 
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageries
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageries2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageries
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageriesRavindraSaksena
 
Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011
Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011
Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011RavindraSaksena
 
CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011
CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011
CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011RavindraSaksena
 
RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018
RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018
RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018RavindraSaksena
 
Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020
Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020
Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020RavindraSaksena
 
RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020
RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020
RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020RavindraSaksena
 
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014RavindraSaksena
 
ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014
ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014
ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014RavindraSaksena
 
Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019
Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019
Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019RavindraSaksena
 
Aiilsg goi _12.02.2019_final
Aiilsg goi _12.02.2019_finalAiilsg goi _12.02.2019_final
Aiilsg goi _12.02.2019_finalRavindraSaksena
 
Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]
Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]
Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]RavindraSaksena
 
Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018
Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018
Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018RavindraSaksena
 

Mehr von RavindraSaksena (17)

8. TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...
8.	TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...8.	TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...
8. TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...
 
7. MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.
7.	MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.7.	MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.
7. MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.
 
5. THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...
5.	THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...5.	THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...
5. THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972; WILDLIFE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; WILDLIFE ...
 
2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...
2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...
2 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITY, BIODIVERSITY...
 
1 1. FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...
1 1.	FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980  -  FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...1 1.	FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980  -  FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...
1 1. FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - FOREST , WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSU...
 
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageries
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageries2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageries
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageries
 
Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011
Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011
Cgmdc tara fac_wildlife_presentation_10.03.2011
 
CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011
CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011
CGMDC CICL IFFCO_Tara Coal Block presentation_09.03.2011
 
RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018
RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018
RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018
 
Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020
Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020
Lnct environment day forests of india & biodiversity_05.06.2020
 
RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020
RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020
RNS Forests Types of india 21.03.2020
 
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014
 
ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014
ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014
ICFRE RNS reclamation planning_28.11.2014
 
Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019
Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019
Rns tree transplanting techniques_final_18.08.2019
 
Aiilsg goi _12.02.2019_final
Aiilsg goi _12.02.2019_finalAiilsg goi _12.02.2019_final
Aiilsg goi _12.02.2019_final
 
Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]
Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]
Presentation iifm csr_rns_09.01.2020 [autosaved]
 
Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018
Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018
Coal summit presentation_upload_05-06_sep_2018_21.08.2018
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Reportamberjiles31
 
MC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in JhangMC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in Jhangmcgroupjeya
 
PDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdf
PDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdfPDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdf
PDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdfHajeJanKamps
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfChicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfSourav Sikder
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...Brian Solis
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsIntellect Design Arena Ltd
 
7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.ukaroemirsr
 
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsData skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsyasinnathani
 
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptxHELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptxHelene Heckrotte
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toumarfarooquejamali32
 
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Onlinelng ths
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Winbusinessin
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003believeminhh
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...Khaled Al Awadi
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfAnhNguyen97152
 
Developing Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, Ours
Developing Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, OursDeveloping Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, Ours
Developing Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, OursKaiNexus
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfCharles Cotter, PhD
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.mcshagufta46
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
 
MC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in JhangMC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in Jhang
 
PDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdf
PDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdfPDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdf
PDT 89 - $1.4M - Seed - Plantee Innovations.pdf
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfChicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
 
7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk
 
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsData skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
 
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptxHELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
HELENE HECKROTTE'S PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO.pptx
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
 
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
 
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV IndustriesInvestment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
 
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...NewBase  25 March  2024  Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
NewBase 25 March 2024 Energy News issue - 1710 by Khaled Al Awadi_compress...
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
 
Developing Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, Ours
Developing Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, OursDeveloping Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, Ours
Developing Coaching Skills: Mine, Yours, Ours
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
 

1 General Constitution & Non Forest Land under Forest Conservation Act 1980

  • 1. WELCOME TO THE PRESENTATION ON FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACTM 1980 AND FOREST, WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENT ISSUES FOR SUSTAINABLE MINING BY Ravindra Nath Saxena Managing Director & CEO Alpine Techno-legal Consulting (P) Limited, Former Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Madhya Pradesh
  • 3. OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION • Current regulatory regime of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; Indian Forest Act, 1927; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Scheduled Tribe & Other Traditional Forest Dweller (Recognition of Forest Right) Act, 2006; Panchayatiraj Extension to (Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996. • Land matters in forest clearance • Statutory & non-statutory reforms for sustainable mining. • Experience sharing of obtaining “forest clearance” and “environment clearance” of Tara Coal Block, CG. • Mitigation planning and formulation of Wildlife Habitat Conservation & Management Plan, Reclamation Plan, Landscape Plan (SMC). • Issues related to Connecting Corridors, National Tiger Conservation Authority. • Mine closure and post mining issues. • Temporary working permission, net ptrsent value, forest types, forest density etc.
  • 4. At the time of promulgation of the Constitution of India, subject of “forests” was kept in the “State List”. There was no entry of “wildlife”. “Forests” transferred to the “Concurrent List”, List-III as Entry–17A and “Wildlife” as the Entry-17B by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976. Article-251 & 254 of the Constitution provides that state statutes cannot be repugnant to Central Acts. If there is any repugnancy, state statutes automatically becomes “null & void”. Constitutional provisions related to “forest” & “wildlife” All forest & wildlife statutes - FCA, WLPA, IFA, PESA, STOFDRFRAct are Central Acts. The statutory reforms are in jurisdiction of the Parliament. Statutory reforms virtually impossible for next 2 years.
  • 5. Evolution of the forests and environment related legislations - Indian Forest Act, 1865, 1878 and 1927 - India is having a rare distinction of long tradition of professional forestry with a history of forest legislations since 1865, when most of the forests were brought under the Government control. The first Indian Forest Act was proclaimed in 1865 and was subsequently revised in 1878. Again the old forest act was repealed and present Indian Forest Act was promulgated in 1927, with consolidation of regulatory laws related to forests, the Indian forests were managed for production. Subsequently, several amendments of the Act were made and some of the States have promulgated their own Forest Acts. The present Indian Forest Act, 1927 is being revised by the MOEF and is being renamed as the “Indian Natural Eco-systems Act”. The details of evolution of forest legislations have been provided in Chapter-I, II, V and VI.
  • 6. National Forest Policies - 1894, 1952 and 1988 National Forest Policies ndia is one of the few countries which has a forest policy since 1894. It was revised in 1952 and again in 1988. The main plank of the Forest Policy of 1988 is protection, conservation and development of forest. The main aims are - (i) maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and resotration of ecological balance ; (ii) conservation of natural heritage ; (iii) to check soil erosion and denudation in catchment area of rivers, lakes and reservoirs ; (iv) ensure check on extension of sand dunes in desert areas of Rajasthan and along coastal tracts ; (v) substantial increase in forest tree cover through massive afforestation and social forestry programmes; (vi) steps to meet requirement of fuelwood, fodder, minor forest produce and small timber to rural and tribal populations; (vii) increase in productivity of forest to meet the national needs ; (viii) encouragement of efficient utilisation of forest produce and optimum substitution of wood and ; (ix) steps to create massive people’s movement with invovement of women to achieve the objectives and minimise pressure on existing forests. • The detailed National Forest Policy, 1988 has been provided in Chapter-IV.
  • 7. Major Developments after N.F.P., 1988 • Case of T. N. Godavarman ver Union of India. Virtually re-written forestry sector. • PILs and judicial activism. • FRA and PESA. Roll back not possible, have to devise ways to develop syntheis approach. • Flood of international conventions. • Fast track amendments in WLPA – 1991, 1993, 2003 and 2006. WLPA (Amendment) Bill, 2010 pending before the Parliament. • Statutory functions of NTCA and CZA. • Astronomical demand for forest land. • Demand from industry for minng and infra-structure projects. • Climate Change • Ecosystem services approach in management.
  • 8. Transfer of “forests” from State to Concurrent List of the Constitution of India After the promulgation of the Constitution of India on 26th January, 1950. The “Forests” were placed in the “State List” (Seventh Schedule, List-II), but in the 27th year of the Republic of India under the recommendations of the National Agriculture Commission a need was felt to upgrade the status of “forests” from the “State List” to “Concurrent List”. Accordingly the Constitution 42nd (Amendment) Act, 1976 was passed and as per Section-57 “Entry-17A. Forests” was inserted in the “Concurrent List” (Seventh Schedule, List-III). The Part-XI of the Constitution of India, Chapter-I, Legislative Relations, Distribution of Ligislative Powers defines the relations between the Parliament and State Legislative Assembles. The Articles-245, 246, 249, 250 and 251 provide very insight about the Centre-State Legislatures relations. The Article- 251 and 254 throws light on the inconsistency of the legislation made by the Parliament under Article-249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States. These articles are produced below for ready reference.
  • 9. Article - 251 “Article-251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under Articles- 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States - Nothing in Article- 249 and 250 shall restrict the power of the Legislature of a State to make any law which under this Constitution it has power to make, but if any provision of law made by the legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament has under either of the said articles power to make, the law made by the Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the legislature of the State, shall prevail, and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall to the extent of the repugnancy, but so long only as the law made by Parliament continues to have effect, be inoperative”.
  • 10. Article - 254 Article-254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States - (1) If any provision of law made by the Legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then, subject to the provisions of clause (2), the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void. (2) Where a law made by the Legislature of a State [***]1 with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State. Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State
  • 11. Article-253 of the Constitution provides that, ALL the international conventions, protocols, treatises are implementable in the country. Following conventions have got impact on forestry & wildlife sectors:  World Conservation Union (IUCN).  Ramsar Convention.  Bonn Convention.  CITES.  Crane Convention.  International Whaling Convention.  Important Bird Areas (IBA).  Convention on Biological Diversity.
  • 12. Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 The 42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976 has empowered the Parliament to effectively legislate on forest related issues. The “Forests” remained with the Ministry of Agriculture for a long time. In 1978, the Govt. of India issued directive to all State Governments to check indiscriminate diversion of forest areas for non-forest purposes. But the response of most of the State Governments were lukewarm in this matter and this situation forced the Central Government to proclaim Presidential Ordinance for “Forest Conservation Act” on 25th October, 1980 to regulate diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes.
  • 13. PRECARIONS CONDITION OF MINING UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (SCHEDULE – VIII) Environment & Residuary Power Entries–6,24,27,53, 54 & 97 Union List, List-I SPCB’S/PCC’S Under State Government Mines & Mineral Development Entry – 54, List-I, Union List Entry – 50, List – II State List Forest & Wildlife, Land Entries – 17 A, 17B Concurrent List List – III Entry – 18 State List, List-II Articles – 245 to 254 deal with Union-State relations. Sometimes Statutes have overlapping jurisdictions; rarely repugnant also. Constitutional amendments shall take very long time. Efficiency and attitude of civil services are the key words for success. Perfect “project planning” to reduce timeline is must for success.
  • 14. FOREST POLICY AND LEGISLATIONS • First National Forest Policy enunciated in 1894, replaced by another policy in 1952 and present policy was promulgated in 1988. • First Indian Forest Act was enacted in 1865. Second IFA was placed in statute book in 1878. The present IFA was promulgated in 1927. • Till 1935, the subject of forests was placed in the “federal list”. Government of India Act, 1935 transferred it to the “state list”.
  • 15. Macro-planning issues for Sustainable Mining in India A. Develop composite digital GIS maps with layer of –  Forest, identify fragile ecosystems, unique habitats  Wildlife (particularly Tiger and Asiatic Elephants); distribution of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves, community reserves, Tiger and Elephant Reserves with their Buffer Zones and connecting corridors. Sites covered under International Conventions.  Mineral deposits / reserves, identify requirement of fuel, atomic and strategic mineral bearing sites.  Biodiversity hot-spots with Biodiversity Indexes.  Area of tribal communities (particularly primitive tribal groups),  Distribution of species of “Red Data Book” (IUCN, ZSI and BSI).  Water regime, vulnerable ecosystems & catchment areas.  Schedule-V and VI areas with PESA ramifications. B. Identify GO – Areas : low risk areas, medium risk areas, high risk areas, NO- GO Areas. Define “Criteria & Indicators” for selection. C. Develop “Regional Mining Strategies” – MOEF attempt resisted in 2006 D. Define & develop parameters for site / project assessment by FAC, SAG and EAC. Develop mathematical models to avoid arbitrariness.
  • 16. Barrier Analysis to Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; • Intricately woven “forest clearance” and “environment clearance”, but impact assessment carried by different departments of State Government & MOEF, and two different committees – FAC and EAC examine project proposals. • Land is having heterogeneous origin – forest, revenue forest, dictionary meaning conforming forests, blanket notifications. • Frequent modifications of constitution of committees. • Absence of specifications of “parameters of impact assessments” in FCA and EPA. Parameters of “impact assessment” modified frequently by committees without any justification. Same parameter assessed by two committees. • Cumbersome, lengthy case assessment at several levels. • No well established co-relation between “forest clearance” & “environment clearance”. • Move to amend IFA and make it PESA and ST&OTFD(RFR) Act compliant – shall lead to lots of local socio-political interference.
  • 17. TWO STAGE “FOREST CLEARANCE” MECHANISM UNDER FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980;
  • 18. Flow chart for obtaining “environment clearance”
  • 19. Post “environment clearance” monitoring mechanism
  • 20. Statutory & Non-statutory Reforms required in Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Statutory Amendments  Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2004 are still silent about – de-notification, assignment of forest areas and working plan operations. Revise FCA form urgently.  Parameters for evaluation of “forest” and “wildlife” not framed; insert parameters in Section-2(ii) of FCA.  Non-statutory FCA Guidelines, being modified frequently with-out any vision / justification – notify only “statutory guidelines” in the Gazette of India. Root cause of confusion & delay. Sometimes guidelines are contradictory also.  De-link FCA from ST & OTFD (RFR) Act, 2007. There is no linkage between these two Acts – causing delay.
  • 21. Non- statutory Amendments  Current “FCA application form absolutely out-dated” – details about impact of climatic change & edaphaic factors, silvicultural aspect of forest crop, working plan prescriptions, status of wildlife either missing or topsy turvey, biodiversity indexing, reclamation plan, landscape plan etc. are missing but GOI is insisting on these details at advance stage.  Details of forest crop – girth class-wise numbers, condition of forest crop (coppice or high forest), growing stock, volume of timber & fuelwood, number of trees / ha., projection of crop longevity projections (senescence), site quality and density assessment, basal area calculation, status of regeneration, analysis of biotic factors etc.not provided. Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms
  • 22. Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms  Specify standard sampling techniques.  Biodiversity indexing – Shannon-Weiner Index , Brillouin Index, Brillouin Eveness Index, Simpson’s Index , Margalef Index, McIntosh's Measure of Diversity, Berger- Parker Index etc.  Inventory of species of “Red Data Book” of International Union for Conservation of Union, Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India.  Issue “terms of reference” for the projects above 100 ha. (as being performed under environment clearance, Environment Impact Assessment, 2006).  Issue specific statutory guidelines for “Wildlife Impact Assessment” (WIA) and for preparation of “Wildlife Habitat Conservation Plan”.  Specify “target species(s)” for “Wildlife Habitat Conservation Plan”.
  • 23. Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms  Project Impact Assessment with reference to “porosity” and ‘fragmentation” of forest crop.  Specify limited role of “EAC (Mining & Coal)” in forest and wildlife matters – causing duplication of work without any utility / justification.  “Expert appraisal Committee” (EAC) not having any role in Landscape Management Plan, Reclamation Plan, “Wildlife Habitat Conservation Plan”, biodiversity indexing etc.  Get prepared State / District / Regional Mining Strategies for clarity of vision or deciding priority areas – cover about 60 mineral rich districts.  Thorough crop assessment before deciding NO-GO areas. Parameter of satellite imagery cannot be acceptable.  Geo-coordinates in all maps for meticulous assessment.
  • 24. Non- statutory Amendments Reforms  Adequate still photography of forest crop – crown, stem and ground to make status clear.  Adequate video-graphy to demonstrate crop conditions, site quality, crown density, stem conditions, status of regeneration, status of biodiversity, use of habitat by wildlife, basal area calculation, as evidence to substantiate yield table projections etc.  Mandatory screening of video-film of diversion area before FAC and SAG.  State Advisory Group (SAG) should be a permanent body like FAC. Frequent change of members is detrimental to the cause of site assessment.  Drastically reduce processing levels – ministerial staff and Secretariat staff cannot contribute to processing except delay & confusion.
  • 25. Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms  No site inspection during monsoon period i.e. Jul to October. Monsoon provides wrong parameters for assessment.  Impose area-wise “processing fee”, use this fund for data generation. Sell data to project proponent for saving time.  Annual monitoring of mining sites by satellite imageries – monitoring of demarcation violation and progress of reclamation operations are possible.  Punish violation of “forest demarcation” under Indian Forest Act, 1927. Cognizable offence, stringent law.  Assess “Nistar & livelihood issues of local communities”. Compensate loss of livelihood.  RET species – No vague comments, use and quantify RET species under IUCN criteria.
  • 26. Non- statutory Amendments / Reforms for Monitoring  Annual monitoring of mining sites by remote sensing / satellite imageries – monitoring of demarcation violation and progress of reclamation operations are possible.  Constitute Monitoring Committee under Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Nodal Officer FCA as Member Secretary.  Collect seeds from “plus trees” of felling area for plantation to maintain “genetic pool” of the area.  Compulsory submission of annual “Monitoring Report” to MOEF.  Capacity Building of assessing officers and machinery – administrative and technical angles.
  • 27. Non- statutory Amendments Reforms  Prepare cause list of cases to be listed before State Advisory Group and Forest Appraisal Committee.  Make presentation compulsory before State Advisory Group, Forest Appraisal Committee and Environment Assessment Committee. The discussion should be compulsorily video- graphed for transparency.  Several members of these assessment committees are not having technical qualification, don’t possess any specialization, often don’t have right type of mind-set for rational development of the country. Appoint members with utmost care and after thorough verification of their antecedents.  Assess quality of timber in the adjoining felling coupes / relevant timber depot to decide future of crop.  Examine “water quality” for toxins & silt load particularly down stream of metallic mines, tailing ponds, ash-dykes and beneficiation plants – large scale mortality of trees taking place.
  • 28. Forest Cover of India (S.F.R., 2011 of Forest Survey of India) Diversion of about 300 sq.kms. forest areas (0.04%) in next 20 years can solve the energy problems of the country. Most of these coal blocks are situated in different micro & milli-watersheds – consequently it would not cause great ecological problems. Coal Blocks are site specific projects and should get priority Mineral rich areas of coal and coal bed methane (CBM). Also inhabit large tribal Population - FRA
  • 29. FORESTS AT A GLANCE • Geographical area – 32,87,263 sq. kms. • Forest area – 7,57,740 sq. kms. • Forest cover – 6,78,333 sq. kms. – the eco-resource for livlihood. • Legal status of forest area – A. Reserve Forests (RF) – 3,99,919 sq. kms. B. Protected Forests (PF) – 2,38,434 sq. kms. C. Un-classed forests – 1,36,387 • Un-culturable non-forest areas – 2,11,286 sq. kms. • Growing Stock – 4740.858 million cubic meter • Growing Stock / ha. – 74.42 cubic meter • Current Annual Increment – 8.76 million cubic meter • Current C.A.I. - 0.69 cubic meter / ha. • Potential CAI possible - 3.60 cubic meter / ha. (Peterson’s formula) • Simpson’s Biodiversity Index, Berger-Parker Species Richness Index, Shannon Weiner Biodiversity Index not provide promising picture. • Forest cover stagnant with cyclical change, qualitative deterioration of ecological resources due to scarcity of finances.
  • 30. So far the forest cover has been analyzed on “area parameter” only; if we analyze forest cover in terms of productivity {0.69 cmt./ha./annum, world average 3.10 cmt./ha./annum}, growing stock, site quality, biodiversity, almost absence of trees above selection girth, density, regeneration, MAI, CAI, susceptibility to biotic pressure, site quality distribution, rapidly vanishing mesophytic species, increasing dominance of xerophytic species, rapidly drying forest area due to repeated coppicing – scenario is not promising.
  • 31. Continue… Existing forest cover – 6,33,397 sq. km. Target forest cover as per National Forest Policy, 1988 –10,84,917 sq. km. Gap in forest cover – 4,51,520 sq. km. Almost impossible to increase forest cover except reducing diversions & effective extension in non-forest areas. Thus FCA, EPA enactments are the only solutions.
  • 32. Climate Change & Forests •Continuous monitoring of forest crop, particularly at 2035 and 2085 levels on C-Stocks.. •Increased capacity of Forests to sequester more carbon. •Investment in climate change sector. •Developing “Cs & Is” for monitoring of forests.
  • 33. Red indicates that a change in vegetation is projected at that grid in the time-period of 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 (under A1B scenario). Green indicates that no change in vegetation is projected by that period. Climate Change and Forests Vegetational changes projected by 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 Based on computer simulation models of National Remote Sensing Agency & ICFRE
  • 34. PROJECTED IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FORESTED GRIDS IN INDIA A2 SCENARIO Source: Chaturvedi et al., 2011 39% of the forest grids likely change under A2 scenario by 2085 causing loss of Carbon stock and biodiversity 1 = stable grids 2=forest grids undergoing change
  • 35. Biodiversity Vulnerable Grids of India (marked red) in the A1B scenario – for India - 2035 and 2085 Climate Change and Biodiversity Vegetational changes projected by 2021-2050 and 2071-2100
  • 36. Assessing crop condition and crop longevity projection in the context of Climate Change and Kyoto protocol Lessons of Conference of Parties (COP) of Kyoto Protocol held at Durban  India and China are placed in Non-Annex List of Kyoto Protocol.  No legally binding GHG emission reduction can be enforced on India. But China has developed their “power sector” and now submitting voluntary GHG reduction by 20% achievable by 2030.  India in under tremendous pressure to reduce GHG emission voluntarily.  India has been provided time till 2017 to decide the matter - wise decision to develop “power sector” before deadline.
  • 37. Sample Plots & Biodiversity indexing
  • 38. * N.B. Kind attention invited to blanks, under stocked and encroachments Alternate Mining Area in Revised Proposal
  • 39. 39
  • 40. Assessing Stem Condition in Timber Depot
  • 41. Present & Potential “Protected Areas” of India
  • 43. STATUS OF PROTECTED AREAS There are 85 NPs and 445 sanctuaries, 11 Biosphere Reserves in the country. Area 148532.88 sq.km Mostly located in the Central India & the Himalayas. Coincide with forest cover. Many sanctuaries located in revenue areas only.  Potential for 750 PAs, covering 1,90,000 sq. kms.
  • 44. SENSITIVE ISSUES  Marine NPs, coral reefs.  Mangrove forests.  Sites of migratory species.  Breeding grounds.  Endemic fauna and flora.  Biodiversity hotspots.  Sites covered under conventions
  • 45. BIODIVERSITY SECTOR  With over 45,000 plant species and 81,000 animal species, India is one of the world's 12 mega-biodiversity centers.  The ethos of conservation is ingrained in India's cultural heritage, developmental activities are increasingly threatening this rich biodiversity.  Approximately 20 wildlife species are categorized as "possibly extinct," 1,500 plant species are considered vulnerable and endangered, and some domesticated breeds have suffered genetic erosion.
  • 46. Enunciate Biodiversity (Conservation) Policy. Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 1996 or PESA (73rd Constitution Amendment) is not having overriding effect on IFA or WLPA.  Issue ‘white paper’ on this imbroglio before it becomes too late.