What is medical imaging? Why ultrasound imaging is required? History of ultrasound What is ultrasound Physical definition Medical definition Ultrasound production The Returning echo Doppler effect What is Doppler ultrasound Principles of instrumentation in ultrasonography Transmitter and receiver circuits of ultrasound Mechanical assembly of ultrasound machine Manufacturing companies of USG Sonoscape S40 color Doppler ultrasound system Clinical applications of ultrasound Future of ultraso

1. Ultrasound Machine-A
Revolution In Medical Imaging
1

2. Contents:-
1. What is medical imaging?
2. Why ultrasound imaging is required?
3. History of ultrasound
4. What is ultrasound
A. Physical definition
B. Medical definition
5. Ultrasound production
6. The Returning echo
7. Doppler effect
8. What is Doppler ultrasound
9. Principles of instrumentation in ultrasonography
10. Transmitter and receiver circuits of ultrasound
11. Mechanical assembly of ultrasound machine
12. Manufacturing companies of USG
13. Sonoscape S40 color Doppler ultrasound system
14. Clinical applications of ultrasound
15. Future of ultrasound
16. Conclusion
2

3. What is Medical Imaging?
It is a technique and process used to create
image of the internal as well as external human
body parts for clinical purpose .
3

4. Why ULTRASOUND Imaging Is
Required?
• Ultrasound imaging provides a pictorial
status of particular organ which is to be
treated
• Ultrasound makes a surgical targets more
clear and precise
• Ultrasound provides a pictorial status of fetus
development right from 4th week to 36th- 38th
week
• Ultrasound make therapeutic targets easy to
detect and treat
4

5. HISTORY OF
ULTRASOUND……………..
•In 1880 brothers Jacques et Pierre Curie noted
that the electricity is created in the crystal of
quartz under mechanical vibration. This
phenomenon was described as
the piezoelectric effect.
•Diagnosis medical application in use since
late 1950’s like visualizing cerebral chamber.
5

6. What is Ultrasound :Physical
Definition
• Ultrasound is a mechanical, longitudinal wave with a
frequency exceeding the upper limit of human
hearing, which is 20,000 Hz or 20 kHz.
6

7. What is Ultrasound : Medical
Definition
• Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound is the use of
high frequency sound to aid in diagnosis
and treatment of patient.
• Frequency Ranges Used In Medical
Ultrasound are 2.5-40MHZ
7

8. Ultrasound Production:
 Transducer contains piezoelectric
elements/crystals which produce the
ultrasound pulses (transmit 1% of the time)
 These elements convert electrical energy into
a mechanical ultrasound wave
8

9.  Reflected echoes return to the scan head
where the piezoelectric elements convert the
ultrasound wave back into an electrical signal
 The electrical signal is then processed by the
ultrasound system
9

10. Doppler Effect
10
• The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency
detected when the sound is moving relative to the
hearer. It is important to note that the effect does not
result because of an actual change in the frequency of
the source.

11. Modes of ultrasound
 A-mode (A=amplitude)
The amplitude of reflected ultrasound is displayed on an oscilloscope
screen
 M-mode (M=motion) It reflects a motion of the heart structures over time
Due to its excellent temporal resolution (high sampling rate), M-mode is
extremely valuable for accurate evaluation of rapid movements.
 B-mode (B=brightness) (2D in echocardiography) This is now the
essential imaging modality in the diagnostic ultrasound. An amplitude of
the reflected ultrasound signals is converted into a gray scale image
 D-mode (D=Doppler)
This imaging mode is based on the Doppler effect ie. change in frequency
(Doppler shift) caused by the reciprocal movement of the sound generator
and the observer.
11

12. What is Doppler Ultrasound?
• A Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive test that can be used to
estimate our blood flow through blood vessels by bouncing
high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) off circulating red
blood cells.
APPLICATIONS:
• Blood clots
• Poorly functioning valves in leg veins (venous insufficiency)
• Heart valve defects and congenital heart disease
• A blocked artery (arterial occlusion)
• Decreased blood circulation into legs (peripheral artery disease)
• Bulging arteries (aneurysms)
• Narrowing of an artery, such as in our neck (carotid artery stenosis)
12

13. Principles of Instrumentation In
Ultrasonography
13
• All ultrasound scanners consist of similar
components that perform the same key
functions.
• One of these is a transmitter that sends pulses
to the transducer, a receiver and a processor
that detects and amplifies the backscattered
energy.

14. Transmitter circuit of ultrasound
Around transistor T1 (BC549) generates an 8MHz signal, which serves as input to
the first decade counter built around IC1. The decade counter divides the oscillator
frequency to 800 kHz. The output of IC1 is fed to the second CD4017 decade
counter (IC2), which further divides the frequency to 80 kHz.
The flip-flop (IC3) divides 80kHz signal by 2 to give 40kHz signal, which is transmitted
by ultrasonic transducer TX.
14

15. Receiver circuit of ultrasound
It is necessary to down-convert the 40kHz signal into 4kHz to bring it
in the audible range. The receiver’s transducer unit (RX) detects the
transmitted 40kHz signal, which is amplified by the amplifier built
around transistor BC549 (T2). The amplified signal is fed to decade
counter IC4, which divides the frequency to 4 kHz.
Transistor T3 (SL100) amplifies the 4kHz signal to drive the speaker.
15

16. Mechanical assembly Of Ultrasound
Machine
1.Transducer:
Probe
Pulse Control
2.CPU (Central Processing Unit)
3.Key Board
4.Display
5.Storage device
6.Printer
16

17. Images 17

18. Different components of US
Machine
18
The following parts:
1. Transducer (probe)
• The probe is the mouth and ears of the ultrasound
machine.
• In the probe, there are one or more quartz crystals
called piezoelectric crystals.
• When an electric current is applied to these
crystals, they change shape rapidly.

19. Different components of US
Machine
19
Transducer (pulse controls)
• The operator, called the ultrasonographer,
changes the amplitude, frequency and duration
of the pulses emitted from the transducer probe

20. Different components of US
Machine
20
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The CPU is the brain of an ultrasound machine.
• The CPU is a computer that contains the
microprocessor, memory, amplifiers and power
supplies for the microprocessor and transducer
probe.
• The transducer receives electrical currents from the
CPU and sends electrical pulses that are created by
returning echoes.

21. Different components of US
Machine
21
3.Keyboard/Cursor
• Ultrasound machines have a keyboard and a
cursor.
• The keyboard allows the operator to add notes
and to take measurements of the image.

22. Different components of US
Machine
22
5 Display
• Displays the image from the ultrasound data
processed by the CPU.
• This image can be either in black-and-white or color,
depending upon the model of the ultrasound
machine

23. Different components of US
Machine
23
5. Disk Storage
• The processed data and/or images can be stored
on disks.
• These disks can be hard disks, floppy disks,
compact disks (CDs), or digital video disks
(DVDs).
• Most of the time, ultrasound scans are filled on
floppy disks and stored with the patient's medical
records.

24. Different components of US
Machine
24
6. Printers
Most ultrasound machines have printers which are
thermal . These can be used to capture a printed
picture of the image from the monitor.

25. Working of the USG machine: 25

26. MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
OF USG 26
MANUFACTURER MODEL COST (Rs)
1.PHILIPS HEALTHCARE EPIQ 7 243754.00
2.GE HEALTHCARE LOGIQ E9 225443.00
3.SIEMENS ACUSON P500 211553.00
4.CARESTREAM HEALTH CARESTREAM
TOUCH
ULTRASOUND
149239.00
5.TOSHIBA MEDICAL
SYSTEMS CORPORATION
EB1970UK
endobronchial
148255.00
6.HITACHI MEDICAL
CORPORATION
Aplio™ 500/400/300 175358.00
:

27. SONOSCAPE S40 COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
SYSTEM
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Full Digital Super-wide Band Beam Former,
2. Digital Dynamic Focusing,
3. Variable Aperture and Dynamic Tracing,
4. Wide Band Dynamic Range,
5. Multi-Beam Parallel Processing designed to
comply with applicable international standards and
regulations, ensuring the safety and availability of
this product.
6. Based on the computer technology and Linux
operation system, which make the system more
flexible and stable.
7. User Friendly.
27

28. Different ultrasound probes
 C362, convex high-density probe for adults' examinations
Field of use: Abdominal examinations, obstetrics,
 L742, linear high-density probe for examinations of vessels
Field of use: Abdominal examinations, pediatry,
 5P1, sectorial phased probe for pediatric examinations
Field of use: Cardiology, pediatry
 МРТЕЕ, transesophageal probe
Field of use: Cardiology, surgery.

28

29. FURTHER MORE DETAILS…
ADVANTAGES:
• New generation digital front-end
technology
• Spatial compound imaging
• Post-processing technology
• Tissue harmonic imaging
• High pulse repetition frequency
• Panoramic imaging
• 4D imaging
• Graphic diagnosis icon
• Touch screen with human-computer
interaction technology
• Keyboard lifting system
DISADVANTAGES:
• Bulky
• Heat development and cavity
formation
• Sensors having minimum sensing
distance
• Targets of low density like foam and
cloth tend to absorb sound energy,
these materials may be difficult to
sense at long range
• Temperature, pressure, humidity, air
turbulence affect the ultrasonic
response
29

30. Clinical application of ultrasound
• Anaesthesiology-
Ultrasound is commonly used by
anesthesiologists to guide injecting
needles when placing local anaesthetic
solutions near nerves
• Cardiology-
Echocardiography is an essential tool in
cardiology, to diagnose e.g. dilatation of
parts of the heart and function of heart
ventricles and valves
• Gastroenterology-
In abdominal sonography, the solid organs
of the abdomen the pancreas, aorta, inferior
vena cava, liver, gall bladder, bile ducts,
kidneys, and spleen are imaged.
• Obstetrics-
Obstetrical is commonly used during
pregnancy to check on the development of the
fetus.
30

31. Clinical application of
ultrasound
• Urology-
To determine, for example, the amount of
fluid retained in a patient's bladder.
In a pelvic sonogram, organs of the
pelvic region are imaged.
This includes the uterus and ovaries or
urinary bladder.
Males are sometimes given a pelvic
sonogram to check on the health of their
bladder, the prostate, or their testicles
(for example to distinguish epididymitis
from testicular torsion).
31
•Gynecology-
Gynecologic sonography is used
extensively:
To assess pelvic organs,
To diagnose and manage gynecologic
problems including, leiomyoma, ovarian
cysts and lesions,
To Identify ectopic Pregnancy,
To Diagnose Gynecologic Cancer

32. The Future OF Ultrasound:
HIGH POWER ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGY:
• New powerful, technology that is not only safe and environmentally friendly in
its application but is also efficient and economical.
• Reduce or eliminate the need for chemicals or heat application in a variety of
industrial processes.
•This innovative new technology, of low frequency, high-power ultrasound (20kHz
- 1MHz), can be applied to a large number of industry processing applications
including food safety related areas.
•Innovative Ultrasonics is a company specializing in process development,
engineering design, installation and equipment in the area of high-powered
ultrasonics for new and existing industrial applications.
• The use of high-power ultrasonics in industry is rapidly expanding throughout
Europe and North America.
32

33. CONCLUSION:
• Sonography is effective for soft tissues imaging of
many different systems
• Ultrasound machine is rapid ,easy to use .
• Ultrasound machine is free from ionizing radiations.
• Ultrasound has not only been used to made or
exclude diagnoses, but it has also become the
modality of choice in the imaging of both the stable
and unstable pediatric patients.
33

34. REFERENCES
http://www3.gehealthcare.in/en/products/categories/ultrasound
http://gpsmedical.typepad.com/
http://dinesh-projects.blogspot.in/2012/04/ultrasonic-transmitter-and-
receiver.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389210000064
http://www.meditech.cn/meditech-edu/ultrasound-scanner-2.asp
http://dothealth.com/Content/Uploads/live/preview/20131220121521-Color-
Doppler-Ultrasound-System-S11.jpg
http://www.solutionmedical.gr/default.aspx?pageid=9413&type=product
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