Harbours: History of water transportation, components of harbour, classification of harbours. Introduction of Transportation Engineering Harbours Engineering maximum data use for civil engineering students.

1. DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Harbours Engineering
The History Of
Water (Harbours)transportation
Harbours
Harbours Are Broadly Classified
Er. RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
(M.Tech)

2. Contents
• Harbours: History of Water Transportation
• Components of harbour,
• Classification of harbours.
• Ports and docks.
• Modern trends in water transportation

3. INTRODUCTION
• Transportation is the movement of humans,
animals and goods from one location to
another.
• Modes of transport include air, rail, road,
water, cable, pipeline and space.
• Humans' first means of transport involved
walking, running and swimming.

4. • The domestication of animals introduced a
new way to lay the burden of transport on
more powerful creatures, or humans riding
animals for greater speed and duration.
• Inventions such as the wheel and the sled
helped make animal transport more efficient
through the introduction of vehicles.

5. The History of
Water (Harbours)Transportation
• The history of transportation on water goes
back thousands of years. Because water is the
one thing that mankind needs to survive,
civilizations have always been settled
near and around water.
• Historically, societies have always located near
water, due partly to the fact that water enables
more efficient travel compared to going over
land.

6. • Waterways are critically important to the
transportation of people and goods throughout
the world.
• The complex network of connections between
coastal ports, inland ports, rail, air, and truck
routes forms a foundation of material
economic wealth worldwide.

7. • Waterways are important to a society. They
allow the ease of transportation to ship goods
and people to all parts of the world.
• Types of water transport include boats, ships,
barges, canoes, and submarines
• Within the United States, waterways have been
developed and integrated into a world-class
transportation system that has been
instrumental in the country’s economic
development.

8. • Today, there are more than 17,700 kilometers
of commercially important navigation channels
in the lower 48 states.

9. WATER TRANSPORTATION
• Transport which can move on water are called water
transport. Water transportation is the intentional
movement by water over large distances.
• Historically water was transported by hand in dry
countries, by traditional waters such as the sakkas of
Arabia and Bhishti of India.
• Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest mode of
transport. It operates on a natural track and hence does
not require huge capital investment in the construction
and maintenance of its track except in case of canals.

10. • The cost of operation of water transport is also
very less.
• It has the largest carrying capacity and is most
suitable for carrying bulky goods over long
distances.
• It has played a very significant role in
bringing different parts of the world closer and
is indispensable to foreign trade.

11. • WATER TRANSPORT : Inland, Ocean,
Overseas, Shipping, Liners, Tramps, Tankers,
Cargo, Passengers, Rivers, Lakes Canals,
Coastal Shipping.
• Boats
• Steamers
• For Passenger
• For Cargo

12. • Water transportation is the intentional
movement of water over large distances.
Methods of transportation fall into three
categories:
• Aqueducts:- which include pipelines, canals,
tunnels and bridges .
• Container shipment : which includes
transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship.
• Towing:- where a tugboat is used to pull
an iceberg or a large water bag along behind it.

13. Water transportation
• The water transportation can further be
subdivided into two categories:
• Inland transportation and
• Ocean transportation.

14. Inland Water transportation
• Inland Water transportation is either in the
form of river transportation or canal
transportation.

15. Ocean transportation
• Ocean Water transportation is adopted for
trade and commerce.
• It is estimated that about 75 per cent of
international trade is carried out by shipping.
• The development of navy force is intended for
national defense.
• water transportation has an limitation and it
possesses high flexibility.

16. Harbours
A harbour can be defined as a sheltered area of
the sea in which vessels could be launched,
built or taken for repair; or could seek refuge
in time of storm; or provide for loading and
unloading of cargo and passengers.

17. HARBOURS ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED
• Natural harbours
• Semi-natural harbours
• Artificial harbours.

18. Natural Harbours
• Natural formations affording safe discharge
facilities for ships on sea coasts, in the form of
creeks and basins, are called natural harbours.
• With the rapid development of navies
engaged either in commerce or war, improved
accommodation and facilities for repairs,
storage of cargo and connected amenities had
to be provided in natural harbours.

19. • The size and draft of present day vessels have
necessitated the works improvement for
natural harbours.
• The factors such as local geographical
features, growth of population, development of
the area, etc. have made the natural harbours
big and attractive. Bombay and Kandla are,
examples of natural harbours

20. Semi-natural harbours
• This type of harbour is protected on sides by
headlands protection and it requires man-made
protection only at the entrance.
• Vishakhapatnam is a semi-natural harbour.

21. Artificial harbours
• Where such natural facilities are not available,
countries having a seaboard had to create or
construct such shelters making use of
engineering skill and methods, and such
harbours are called artificial or man-made
harbours.
• Madras is an artificial harbour.

22. • Thus, a naval vessel could obtain shelter
during bad weather within a tract or area of
water close to the shore, providing a good hold
for anchoring, protected by natural or artificial
harbour walls against the fury of storms

23. Natural roadsteads
• A deep navigable channel with a protective
natural bank or shoal to seaward is a good
example of a natural roadstead known as a
circumscribed natural roadstead. as shown in
fig.

25. • A confined area naturally enclosed by islands
as in a creek if available is known as a
circumscribed natural roadstead.

27. Artificial roadsteads
• These may be created suitably by constructing
a breakwater or wall parallel to the coast or
curvilinear from the coast
• As an alternative a circumscribed artificial
roadstead could be formed by enclosing tract
provided good anchorage, by projecting solid
walls called jetties, from the shore.

28. • Another method is to create a confined basin
of small area having a narrow entrance and
exit for ships.
• Such roadsteads with smaller inner enclosures
and wharf and with loading and unloading
facilities are commonly provided for fishing
vessels.

30. Site selection
• The guiding factors which play a great role in
choice of site for a harbour are as follows
• Availability of cheap land and construction
materials
• Transport and communication facilities
• Natural protection from winds and waves
• Industrial development of the locality

31. • Sea-bed subsoil and foundation conditions
• Traffic potentiality of harbour
• Availability of electrical energy and fresh
water
• Favorable marine conditions
• Defence and strategic aspects

32. Shape of the harbour
The following principles should be kept in mind:
• In order to protect the harbour from the sea
waves, one of the pier heads should project a
little beyond the other.
• Inside the pier heads, the width should widen
very rapidly.
• The general shape of the harbours should be
obtained by a series of straight lengths and no
re-entrant angle should be allowed

33. Harbor planning
The important facts to be studied and scrutinized
can be enumerated as follows:
• It is necessary to carry out a thorough survey
of the neigh bourhood including the foreshore
and the depths of water in the vicinity .
• The borings on land should also be made so as
to know the probable subsurface conditions on
land. It will be helpful in locating the harbour
works correctly

34. • The nature of the harbour, whether sheltered or
not, should be studied.
• The existence of sea insect undermine the
foundations should be noted.
• The problem of silting or erosion of coastline
should be carefully studied.
• The natural metrological phenomenoa should
be studied at site especially with respect to
frequency of storms, rainfall, range of tides,
maximum and, minimum temperature and of
winds, humidity, direction and velocity of
currents, etc.

35. From their utility and situation harbours are
further classified into three major types
• (i) Harbours of refuge including Naval bases.
• (ii) Commercial harbours, connected with
ports.
• (iiI) Fishery harbours:

36. Requirements of Harbour of Refuge
• (i) Ready accessibility.
• (ii) Safe and commodious anchorage.
• (iii) Facilities for obtaining supplies and
repairs.

37. • On dangerous coast-lines, disabled or damage
ships, under stress of weather conditions will
need quick shelter and immediate repairs.
• All types of naval craft, small and big will
need refuge in an emergency and hence such
refuge harbours should provide commodious
accommodation.

38. Requirements of Commercial Harbour
• (i) Spacious accommodation for the mercantile
marine.
• (ii) Ample quay space and facilities for
transporting, loading and unloading cargo.
• (iii) Storage sheds for cargo.
• (iv) Good and quick repair facilities to avoid
delay.
• (v) More sheltered conditions as loading and
unloading could be done with advantage in
calmer waters.

39. • Commercial harbours could be situated on
coasts or estuaries of big rivers or even on
inland river coasts.
• They do not normally have any emergency
demand like a harbour of refuge and
practically the size and number of ships using
such harbours are known factors.

40. Requirements of Fishing Harbour
• (i) Harbour should be constantly open for
departure and arrival of fishing ships.
• (ii) Loading and unloading facilities and quick
despatch facilities for the perishable fish catch
like railway sidings and roads.
• (iii) Refreigerated stores with ample storin
space for preserving the catch.

41. Accessibility and size of harbours:
• Accessibility depends on the location of the harbour.
• The harbour entrance should be designed and located
for quick easy negotiation by ships, overtaken by
storms.
• At the same time, it should be narrow enough not to
expose the harbour to the effects of the stormy sea.
• Maximum dimensions up to 600' have bee adopted.
• The entrance is generally placed to receive the ship
direct from the worst storm affected part of the sea,
with a passage to the interior of the harbour so arranged
to minimise the effect of rough seas.

42. • Size of harbour depends upon the number and
size of ships likely to use the harbour at one time.
• Some of the biggest modern ships are 900' to
1000‘ long and about a 100' wide and there
should be sufficient area to manoeuvring them,
without collision.
• Thus, the size is determined by,
• (i) Accomodation required.
• (ii) Convenience for manoeuvring and navigation.
• (iii) Adaptability to natural features.

43. • THANKS!
• Gmail : ramkumawat001@gmail.com