Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel wit…

24. •Glycolysis was the very 1st biochemistry studied and it is
the 1st metabolic pathway discovered.
•Louis pasture(1854-1864): observed that fermentation is
caused by micro-
organisms and also found that aerobic growth requires
less glucose than anaerobic condition.

25. •Buchner(1897): found that reaction of glycolysis can be
carried out in a cell-free yeast extract.
•Harden and young(1905): found that (1). Inorganic
phosphate is required fermentation.
(2). Yeast extract could be separated in
small molecular weight essential coenzymes and bigger
molecules called zymase.

26. •There is 60% of ingested food consist of polysaccharide
carbohydrates, while the disaccharide carbohydrates like
sucrose and lactose are important in the diet of infants.
•The end product of carbohydrate digestion is mainly
glucose, fructose and
galactose.

27. •These simple sugars are absorbed in the intestine
and are carried to the liver through the blood stream.
Here they are transferred into glycogen through
glucose-6-phosphate.
•The glycogen is stored in the liver.
•The carbohydrate metabolism or digestion of
carbohydrate is takes by two
steps:
1. CATABOLISM
2. ANABOLISM

28. Glycolysis: ( Embden-meyerhof-parnas method/pathway)
* Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose upto the
formation of pyruvic acid. Each glucose molecules forms
two molecules of pyruvic acid.
* The breakdown of glucose is takes place in a series
of steps, each stepwise reaction is catalyzed by a specific
enzyme.
*Glycolysis may be divided into two phases :
1.Preparatory phase.
2.Oxidative phase.

29. 1. Preparatory phase :-
The 1st four (1-4) steps in glycolysis represents the
preparatory phase.
In this phase breakdown of glucose and low energy
phosphorylation occurs and I is expended.

30. • It is the first step in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
•The glucose is stable compound so, it normally resist the breakdown.
•The activation of glucose molecule takes place by a reaction called
oxidative phosphorylation.
•A phosphate group is attached to glucose by a low energy phosphate bond ( -p ),
and glucose-6-phosphate is formed.
• The reaction is facilitated by an enzyme called
Hexokinase with mg2+ as an activator.
•The phosphate group is derived from ATPwhich breakdown to ADP.
example:-
* The hormones insulin and estrogen promote phosphorylation of
blood glucose to glucose-6- phosphate.

31. 2.ISOMERISATION:-
•Glucose-6-phosphate undergoes internal molecular
rearrangement to form Fructose-6-phosphate.
• The catalytic enzyme is Phosphoglucoisomerase.
•No changes takes place in the low energy value of the
phosphate bond.
3.SECOND PHOSPHORYLATION :-
•Fructose-6-phosphate undergoes phosphorylation to form
fructose-1,6-diphosphate.
• The catalytic enzyme is phosphofructokinase.
•The phosphate group is derived fromATP which breaks
down toADP.

32. 4.CLEAVAGE:-
• Fructose-1,6-diphosphate splits into two halves between
carbon atom 3 and 4 under the action of enzyme Aldolase.
•The two halves phosphates, each contain three carbon atoms,
but are not identical.
• The one half is dihyroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
and the other is 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.
•These molecules undergoes isomerization and become
identical 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) molecules.
• The catalyzing enzyme is Triosephosphate isomerase.
.