1. FUTURISTIC MATERIALS FOR
STRATEGIC APPLICATIONS
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007
Email : sridlhi@vsnl.com Website : www.shriraminstitute.org
Presented by :
DR. R.K. KHANDAL
DIRECTOR

2. Maximum output from minimum inputs is the key criteria
Innovation means High Level of Creativity; acceptable to all !
Futuristic Materials
 Ahead of times
 Innovative
 Revolutionary

3. Dynamics of Future
Futuristic Materials
Applications Sustainability Continuity
Existence KnowledgeGrowth
• Safety
• Security
• Infrastructure
• Industry
• Value Addition
• Value Creation
• Health • Energy • Continuos
improvement

4. Better living
standards
Increasing population
Developments in
science & technology
Products’
Functionality
End-use applications
Miniaturization of
products
Energy, food &
water
Safety, health
Market forces &
competition
National security
Environment
Protection
Sustainability
New or modified
materials &
processes
New &
adapted
product
Opportunities Challenges
Futuristic Materials: Drivers
 Challenges & Opportunities are the drivers of Innovations

5. Future Challenges
Energy  Dependence on
fossil fuels
Sustainability
Parameters
Present
Status
Future
Challenges
Food
Environment
Security
 Localized self-
reliance
 Global warming
 GHG emissions
 Polarization
 Global dynamics
 Tapping renewable
resources
 Security
 Safety
 Protection
 Green technology
 Empowerment
 Sovereignty
 Sustainability
 Challenges of future would be overcome by unique futuristic materials

6. Materials: Requirements & Challenges
 Agro
Renewable
resources
 Green buildings
 Modifying materials
Energy efficient
Green substitutes
Wealth
Better functionality
Cost-effectiveness
Environment
protection
Food Safety
Security
 Solar
 Hydro
 Global warming
 Waste
Heat,light,electricity
Fuel
Fuel & Electricity
 Plastic Value added products
 Agro Composites
 Novel materials
Parameters Challenges
 Localized self-
reliance
Security & Safety
 Futuristic materials would render devices required to overcome
challenges

7. Materials as Renewable Resources
•Solar
•Agro
•Hydro

8. Solar Energy : Conversion
Solar Energy
Electrical
(Photovoltaics) Thermal
ElectricEnergy
ThermalEnergy
Thermo
Chemical
Process
ChemicalEnergy
MechanicalEnergy
Photon
Solar Thermal; Most exploited : Material & Design specific
Solar Chemical; Evolving : Material specific
Electrochemical
Need exists for development of materials capable of converting
solar energy to chemical energy i.e. photochemical conversion

9. Solar Energy : Photochemical Conversion
For degradation
of undesired
molecules
Create new
species /
molecules
Solar Energy
Transform one
form to another
Bio or chemical
degradation
 Association
 Linkages
 Conversions
 Reversible
 Irreversible
Photochemical
Conversion
Development of materials active under solar energy;
various spectral regions & their intrinsic properties
 Photoactive materials would enable tapping solar energy

10. Materials for Energy Conversion : Semiconductors
Challenge is to maneuver the band gap;sensitive to visible
light.
6.3 eV 3.15 eV 1.58 eV
U.V
200 nm 400 nm 800 nm
Visible
TiO2
ZnO
CdS
WO3
Band gap
Energy
EMS(λ)
TiO2 = 3.20 eV
ZnO = 3.35 eV
WO3 = 2.80 eV
CdS = 2.42 eV
Semiconductors are the most ideal and preferred materials.

11. Solar Energy : Scope & Challenges
Dilute
(1kW/cm2
)
Materials for thermal conversion are well developed & being
exploited.
Intermittent (2-8
hrs/day)
Concentrated
(High energy density)
INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC
Storable
(24 hrs/day)
Easy accessibility
 Solar energy Photochemical
pathway Fuel High grade
energy
Low accessibility
Thermal Chemical
Materials
Metals
Glass
Polymer
Devices
Collectors
Mirrors
Plates
?
Designing materials for harnessing solar energy through
photochemical conversion is the challenge.
Materials active in visible light would be the aim for photochemical
conversion.
SCOPEENERGY CHALLENGES
Materials for photochemical
conversion

12. Futuristic Materials : Photochemical Conversion
Nanostructures
Advantages
 Utilization of unabsorbed part of solar spectrum
 Reduced heat dissipation
100 nm50 nm
Reactivity
10 nmSize (nm)
Mesoporous
Nanotubes & Nanowires
Quantum Dots

13. Renewable Resources : Agro Sector
For wine production
Not a viable feedstock of ethanol
in transport fuel
For potable ethanol production
Non viable feedstock of ethanol
in transport fuel
Cassava has been used for
potable ethanol production
Cant become major feedstock
Technology is still under
development stage
Plant Biofuel
Cellulosics &
Lignocellulosics
Fruits
Grains
Tuber
 “Food vs Fuel” is a challenge to realize agri products for fuel

14. Futuristic Materials: Hydro based
Light will be captured by the
Ruthenium, electrons will move
from the donor(D) to acceptor(A),
electrons will be taken from the
water by the donor, just as in nature
and will be used to make hydrogen
DONOR
This system is a analogue to Dye-
senstized solar cell
Photon
ACCEPTOR
Coupled Supercomplexes for Water Splitting

15. Materials for Environment Protection
Smart materialsGreen Buildings

16. Solar Selectivity : Materials Response
Frequency
(Hz)
Visible
Infrared
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Cosmicrays
1081010
101210141016
1018
10201022
Radiofrequency
Gammarays
Microwave
High Potential for harnessing
the solar energy
Processes
involved Inner
electronic
transition
Outer
electronic
transition
Molecular
Vibrations
Molecular
rotations
vibrations
Electron
spin
resonance
Nuclear
magnetic
resonance
 Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the via
media for harnessing solar energy.
 Solar sensitive materials undergo region specific
transition Solar energy conversion

17. Energy Efficient Materials : Requirements
 Thin coatings based on the unique properties of spectrally
selective materials on building components can help conserve
energy.
Criteria Requirement Design Materials
Admit light,
reject solar heat
Transmit:
400 to 700nm
Reflect:
700 to >2500nm
Solar heating
Radiative
cooling
Transmit /absorb:
<2500nm
Reflect : >2500nm
Emit : >5000nm
TiO2 Bi2O3 Zn/
Cu, Ag, Au/TiO2
Bi2O3
Al2O3 / MO/ Al2O3
SiO2;oxynitrides
Dielectric/ Metal/
Dielectric layer
Cermet Coating
Oxides
Semiconductor

18. Futuristic Materials : Amorphous Metals
 Super-cooled; Glassy metals
 Twice as strong as steel
 Unique electronic properties
 Suitable for military applications & power grid applications

19. Futuristic Materials : Metal foams
 Titanium hydride + Molten aluminium Metal foam
 High strength to weight ratio
 Strong; Light; 75-95% empty space
 Futuristic material for building floating cities
cool

20. Smart Futuristic Materials : Green Buildings
 On exposure to inputs, some materials exhibit change
 Utilization of such materials is key for green buildings
Thermochromic
Material Input
Heat
Electrochromic
Photochromic Radiation (light)
Output
Colour
Electroluminescent Electric potential
Solar Radiation
Heat
LightPhotoluminescent
Thermoluminescent
Piezoelectric Mechanical Force
Heat
Electric potential
ShapePyroelectric
Electrostrictive
Magnetostrictive Magnetic potential
Electric Potential

21. Materials for Security
Nanocomposites
Metamaterials
Modifying existing materials
Designing novel materials

22. Futuristic Materials: Nanomaterials
Shapes
Quantum dots
Size
Nanoparticles
Nanowires
Nanotubes
1-10 nm
1-100 nm
1-100 nm
1-100 nm
Materials
Metals, Semi-conductor,
Magnetic materials
Ceramic oxides
Carbon, layered metal
chalcogenides
Nanoporous
solids
2-D arrays
0.5-10 nm
Several nm2
-µm2
Metals, oxides, sulfides,
nitrides, Semi-conductors
Zeolites, phosphates, etc.
The unique size & shape of nanomaterials have led to novel chemistries
Metals, Semi-conductor,
Magnetic materials
Surface & thin
films 1-1000 nm A variety of materials

23. Futuristic Materials: Fullerenes
Chemically and Physically stable
High Tensile strength
Highest packing density
Resilient; Used in combat armor
Base material for superconductors and insulators
Suitable for hydrogen storage

24.  Unique chemistry
 Superconductive materials; Ideal for electronics
 300 times stronger than steel
Futuristic Materials: Carbon Nanotubes

25. Futuristic Materials: Metamaterials
η =√ µrεr
 Metamaterials are engineered to have EM responses which
are impossible in naturally occurring materials
1
2
1
2
+ve R.I.
-ve R.I.
Refractive Index
η =√ µrεr
µr: Permeability to magnetic field
εr: Permeability to electric field
µr or εr= - ve
Induced phenomena
 µr, εr= +ve
 Natural phenomena

26. Thank You