All human joints including axial and appendicular skeleton will clear all the concepts and doubts of learner related to joints and different classification of joints with detail. Also, help student, learner, reader to communicate.
2. Introduction
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The adult human body has 206 bones, and with the
exception of the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is
connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the
location where bones come together.
Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At
these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent
bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the
bones of other joints may be joined to each other by
connective tissue or cartilage.
These joints are designed for stability and provide for
little or no movement. Importantly, joint stability and
movement are related to each other. This means that
stable joints allow for little or no mobility between the
adjacent bones.
Conversely, joints that provide the most movement
between bones are the least stable. Understanding the
3. Definition of joints
A joint, also called an articulation, is any place where
adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate
with each other) to form a connection.
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be
classified either histologically on the dominant type of
connective tissue functionally based on the amount of
movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body
are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
4. Functions of joints
Joints hold the skeleton together and support
movement. There are two ways to categorize joints.
I.The first is by joint function, also referred to as range
of motion.
II.The second way to categorize joints is by the material
that holds the bones of the joints together; that is an
organization of joints by structure.
Joints in the human skeleton can be grouped by
function (range of motion) and by structure (material).
Here are some joints and their categorizations.
5. Cont……..
Joint Range of Motion
and Material
Skull Sutures Immovable fibrous
joints
Knee Full movement
synovial capsule
hinge joint
Vertebrae Some movement
cartilaginous joint
10. Joints can be classified:
1. Histologically, on the dominant type of
connective tissue-
fibrous,
cartilaginous
synovial
11. 2. Functionally, based on the amount of movement
permitted-
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
Diarthrosis (freely moveable).
12.
13. Fibrous joints or (synarthrodial joint)
The bones are joined by fibrous tissue, namely
dense fibrous connective tissue, and no joint cavity
is present. The amount of movement allowed
depends on the length of the connective tissue fibers
uniting the bones. Although a few are slightly
movable, most fibrous joints are immovable.
15. The three types of fibrous joints are
a. Sutures
b. Syndesmoses
c. Gomphoses
16. Sutures are immobile joints in the cranium. The plate-like bones of the skull are
slightly mobile at birth because of the connective tissue between them, termed
fontanelles.
This initial flexibility allows the infant’s head to get through the birth canal at delivery
and permits the enlargement of the brain after birth.
As the skull enlarges, the fontanelles reduce to a narrow layer of fibrous connective
tissue that suture the bony plates together. Eventually, cranial sutures ossify- the
two adjacent plates fuse to form one bone (termed synostosis).
17.
18. Gomphoses
Gomphoses are the
immobile joints between the
teeth and their sockets in
the mandible and maxillae.
The periodontal ligament is
the fibrous tissue that
connects the tooth to the
socket.
19. Syndesmoses are slightly
movable joints
(amphiarthroses). In
syndesmosis joints, the two
bones are held together by an
interosseous membrane.
Middle Tibiofibular Joint, a
fibrous joint formed by the
interosseus membrane
connecting the shafts of the
tibia and the fibula[1].
20. Cartilaginous joints
Definition-
Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the
bones are entirely joined by cartilage, either
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. These joints
generally allow more movement than fibrous joints
but less movement than synovial joints.
OR
There are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses
and symphyses.
21. In a synchondrosis, the bones
are joined by hyaline cartilage.
Synchondroses are found in
the epiphyseal plates of
growing bones in children.
The epiphyseal plate of
growing long bones and the
first sternocostal joint that
unites the first rib to the
sternum are examples of
synchondroses.
1. Primary cartilaginious joints
22. Secondary cartilaginous joints
These include fibrocartilaginous and hyaline joints, which usually occur at the
midline. Some examples of secondary cartilaginous joints in human anatomy
would be the manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium and the
sternum), intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis.
At a symphysis, the bones are joined by fibrocartilage, which is strong and flexible.
24. Introduction
A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones or cartilage with a
fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined
bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds
the bones' articulating surfaces.
This joint unites long bones and permits free bone movement and greater
mobility. The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid. The joint
capsule is made up of an outer layer, the articular capsule, which keeps the
bones together structurally, and an inner layer, the synovial membrane,
which seals in the synovial fluid.
25. Synovial joints
Definition- A synovial joint is the type of joint found between
bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the
limbs (e.g. shoulder, hip, elbow and knee). Characteristically it
has a joint cavity filled with fluid.
26. Functions
Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to
rotate around each other.
This produces movements called abduction (away),
adduction (towards), extension (open), flexion (close), and
rotation.
Synovial fluid, also known as joint fluid, is a thick liquid
located between your joints. The fluid cushions the ends of
bones and reduces friction when you move your joints.
29. Planar or gliding joints
Planar joints have bones with articulating
surfaces that are flat or slightly curved
faces. These joints allow for gliding
movements, and so the joints are
sometimes referred to as gliding joints. The
range of motion is limited in these joints and
does not involve rotation.
Gliding joints allow the bones to glide past
one another in any direction along the
plane of the joint — up and down, left and
right, and diagonally.
31. HINGE JOINTS OR GINGLYMOID
JOINTS
Hinge joints are a type of joint that functions much like the hinge
on a door, allowing bones to move in one direction back and
forth with limited motion along other planes.
The fingers, toes, elbows, knees, and ankles contain hinge joints.
Hinge joints are complex and contain many muscles and tissues.
A hinge joint (ginglymus or ginglymoid) is a bone joint in which
the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner
as to permit motion only in one plane.
The articular surfaces of the bones are connected by strong
collateral ligaments.
The best examples of ginglymoid joints are the Interphalangeal
joints of the hand and those of the foot and the joint between the
humerus and ulna. The knee joints and ankle joints are less
typical, as they allow a slight degree of rotation or of side-to-side
movement in certain positions of the limb. The knee is the largest
hinge joint in the human body.
32. Pivot joints
Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the
other bone. This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves
around its own axis.
Pivot joints allow rotation for both internal and external. External rotation is when we
rotate an arm outward and internal rotation is when we rotate an arm inward.
34. Condylar joints
The condyloid joint is a type of synovial joint. In one articular surface of the bone,
there is an ovoid convexity in which it articulates with other bone having an
ellipsoidal cavity. This joint allows rotation but no movement.
Anatomical terminology. A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or
bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical
cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
36. Function of condyle joint
1. Condyle - Refers to a large prominence, which often provides structural support to
the overlying hyaline cartilage. It bears the brunt of the force exerted from the joint.
Examples include the knee joint (hinge joint), formed by the femoral lateral and medial
condyles, and the tibial lateral and medial condyles
2. Condyloid joints allow movement with two degrees of freedom much like saddle joints.
They allow flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and therefore also allow
circumduction.
3. Mandibular condylar cartilage plays a crucial role in
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function, which includes facilitating
articulation with the TMJ disc, reducing loads on the underlying
bone, and contributing to bone remodeling.
37. Condyle bones
It is one of the markings or
features of bones, and can refer
to:
• On the femur, in the knee joint-
Medial condyle. ...
• On the tibia, in the knee joint-
Medial condyle.
• On the humerus, in the elbow joint-
• On the mandible, in the
temporomandibular joint
• On the occipital bone, in the atlanto-
occipital joint
39. Saddle joint
Definition- Saddle joints are another type of synovial joint. The saddle joint gets its name because the bone forming one
part of the joint is concave (turned inward) at one end and looks like a saddle. The other bone's end is convex (turned outward),
and looks like a rider in a saddle.
OR
A saddle joint (sellar joint, articulation by reciprocal reception) is a type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are
reciprocally concave and convex. It is found in the thumb, the thorax, the middle ear, and the heel.
40. FUNCTIONS
The flexion-extension and abduction-adduction characteristics of this joint allow your thumb to spread out wide to
help grasp large objects, while also allowing it to move inward, to tightly touch each of your other fingers.
This is also a fairly common site for osteoarthritis, which can cause pain, weakness, and stiffness in your thumb
and inner wrist.
Sternoclavicular joint Trapeziometacarpal joint
41. Palmar view:- anterior view, observation of the palm of the
hand
Dorsal view:- posterior view, observation in the dorsal face
of the hand
Ulnar view:- a medial viewing angle (ulna side)
Radial view:- a lateral viewing angle (radius side)
Thumb in resting position of a left hand.
(A) Frontal plane and (B) sagittal plane.
42.
43. ASSIGNMENT
PREPARE A ASSIGNMENT ON BALL AND SOCKET JOINT WITH DESCRIPTION AND
LABEL DIAGRAM
IT WILL BE SUBMITTED BY FRIDAY (25TH MARCH, 2022) AT 10:00 AM
AT least there should be 3 REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY.
