Citation and referencing in research work

Citation and Referencing
in Research Work

- to overview referencing practices in research
- to explain WHY it is necessary to cite the sources we
use to support what we write in our papers; and
- to explain HOW to cite these sources in correct
APA style (i.e., according to the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association).
Purpose of the presentation

Overview of the
Referencing Style andPractices

Citation
 Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or
unpublished source (not always the original source).
 More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric
expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work
that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references
section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging
the relevance of the works of others to the topic of
discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
 Generally the combination of both the in-body citation
and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly
thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by
themselves are not).

References to single, machine-readable assertions in
electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications,
a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important
purposes:
 to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism)[1]
 to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources,
 to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced
material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and
 to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the
author has used.[2]
1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "What Does it Mean to Cite?" MIT Academic
integrity. http://web.mit.edu/academicintegrity/citing/whatandwhy.html.
2. Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ALWD Citation Manual: A
Professional System of Citation, 4th ed.(New York: Aspen, 2010)

There are literally hundreds of different referencing
styles from which to choose when you are citing the
sources of your research material.
Different academic disciplines have differing priorities of
what is important to the subsequent reader of an
academic paper, and different publishing houses have
differing rules about the citation of sources.
Which referencing style is the right one ?

Some styles in Practice
FACULTY RECOMMENDED REFERENCING STYLES
Arts
Harvard, Chicago, MLA, APA, University of
Auckland Style
Business and Economics APA
The Business of Writing: Written Communication
Skills for Business Students
Creative Arts and Industries APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA
Education APA
Engineering Harvard, Chicago, UoA Engineering Numbered Style
Law New Zealand Law Style Guide
Medical and Health Sciences Vancouver, APA
Science Referencing styles recommended by Science
Departments
Scientific style and format : the CBE manual for
authors, editors, and publishers
Theology Chicago

1. APA stands for "American Psychological Association"
and comes from the association of the same name.
 Although originally drawn up for use in psychological
journals, the APA style is now widely used in the social
sciences, in education, in business, and numerous
other disciplines.
2. MLA comes from the "Modern Language Association of
America" and is used mainly in English and the
Humanities.
A few of the common referencing
styles and their origins

3. Chicago is sometimes referred to as Turabian or
Chicago/Turabian.
 It comes from the "Chicago Manual of Style" and the
simplified version of it, "A Manual for Writers of Term
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations", that Kate
Turabian wrote [Source: The Writing Center at the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill].
 Chicago is used mainly in the social sciences,
including history, political studies, and theology.
Styles and their origins cont

4. Vancouver originally came from The International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors which produced
the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to
Biomedical Journals" following a meeting that was held
in Vancouver in 1978 [Source: Jönköping University Library].
 The Vancouver style is used mainly in the medical
sciences.

5. Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform
System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law
Review Association.
 The Harvard style and its many variations are used in
law, natural sciences, social and behavioural
sciences, and medicine.
If you are unsure which referencing system to use, consult your course
guide or ask your lecturer or tutor
Thankfully, there are some referencing styles used by the majority of disciplines !

APA is an author/date referencing system common in the social
sciences; it uses parenthetical in-text citations to refer readers to the list
of references at the end of the paper. Numbered notes or footnotes are
reserved for extra explanatory information that would disrupt the
continuity of the text. The date of the research is important in scientific
disciplines, since it conveys how recent or indeed historical the material
is, thus the author/'s last name and the year of publication appear within
the text. Page numbers are used in the text only in the case of direct
quotations, not for paraphrased material.
Example
Pinker (1999) notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an
obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease.
A brief outlines and difference of the
APA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes

APA
The alphabetical Reference List at the end of the paper provides the
necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited
in the body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of
the author followed by the initials and the year of publication in brackets.
In the case of a book with one author, the title of the book comes next, in
italics, with just the initial letter of the first words of the title and subtitle
capitalised. This is followed by the place of publication, and the name of
the publisher. The information in the List of References must be detailed
enough to enable the reader to easily locate the edition or volume or
issue number, in the case of journals, or web page etc.
Example
Pinker, S. (1999). Words and rules: The ingredients of language.
London: Phoenix.
A brief outlines and difference of the
APA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes

The MLA system, common in the arts and humanities, is similar to APA
in that it uses parenthetical in-text citations keyed to a List of Works cited
at the end of the paper. The author's last name appears in the text close
to the borrowed material along with a page number rather than the year.
Literature and language rely more on exactly where in the text the
quoted material can be found, either directly quoted or paraphrased,
rather than the year . Numbered notes or footnotes are only for extra
information that would disrupt the continuity of the text. MLA is generally
simpler and more economical than other styles; interruptions are kept to
a minimum, usually citing just the last name of the author and the
relevant page number within the text.
Some scholars in the fields of art, dance, history, music, religion, theatre
and theology use Documentation Notes (endnotes or footnotes) to
document sources. In this case, a list of works cited or a bibliography
may be unnecessary.
Example
Pinker notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an
obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (281).

MLA
The List of Works Cited at the end of the paper provides the necessary
information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited in the
body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of the
author followed by the first names. In the case of a book with one author,
the title of the book comes next, italicised, with the initial letter of each
significant word in the title capitalised. This is followed by the place of
publication, and the name of the publisher, the year of publication, and
finally the medium.
Example
Pinker, Steven. Words and Rules: the Ingredients of Language. London:
Phoenix, 1999. Print.

The Chicago notes-bibliography citation system, used by some
humanities and social sciences, signals to the reader by a superscript
number at the end of the sentence that a source has been used:
Example
According to Pinker, memory loss, including memory for words, is an
obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease.1
The source of the quotation and information about the author, title
and publication details and the relevant page numbers are then cited
in a correspondingly numbered footnote at the bottom of the page, or
endnote at the end of the paper. If the text is cited again, the
subsequent notes may be shortened.2
________________________________________
1 Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language (London:
Phoenix, 1999), 281.
2 Pinker, Words and Rules, 297.
Chicago notes

Although the same information appears in both the notes and the
bibliography it serves two different functions: The notes supply a quick
check of the source, and the bibliography illustrates the extent of the
research and the relationship to earlier studies. Thus both notes and
bibliography are usually provided.
There are, however, slight differences in punctuation since the notes are
designed to be read as text and the bibliography constitutes a list of
independent entries.
The author's name appears in the notes as first name last name, Mickey
Mouse, while the bibliography entry inverts them, Mouse, M.
Number all notes consecutively from 1. Substantive notes are inserted
as appropriate within the list of footnotes.3
________________________________________
3 Supplementary information that would disrupt the flow of the text ...
Chicago notes

 How and when to cite within text according to APA style
 How to create a References list, citing a variety of
sources:
 Print sources
 Electronic sources
 Media sources
 What to do if we come across something unusual not
covered
In this presentation, We will cover
 Personal communication
 Materials in Websites
 Unpublished sources

Why Should be Cited?
1. Citing identifies sources used in a research project
2. It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and writers
whose words or ideas you borrow, acknowledging their
role in shaping your research.
3. It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this material
4. To avoid charges of plagiarism

What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is:
 The unacknowledged use or appropriation of another
person’s words or ideas
 A form of cheating or stealing
 A serious academic offense
When we borrow words or ideas from sources to support
our argument or research we must give proper credit. By
crediting our sources, we avoid plagiarism.
If we do not cite a source--intentionally or unintentionally--
we are guilty of plagiarism.

When Should be Cited?
Many students plagiarize unintentionally.
Remember, whenever we summarize,
paraphrase or quote another author's
material we must properly credit our
source.
If we are using another person’s idea, we
must also cite our source!
My parent always said,
“Don’t wet your bed”
(Mom, 1990).
When in doubt, give credit to source!

Summary, Paraphrase, Quote
 A summary (aka ‘abstract’) briefly captures the main
ideas of your source
 A paraphrase is a restatement of the text of your source
in your own words
 Quotations can be direct (using quotation marks) or
indirect (no quotation marks and often introduced by
‘that’)
 A noted psychologist states, “As recently as 20 years ago, a bed-
wetter was psychologically castigated for what could have been
a physiological problem” (Tikling, 2009).
 A noted psychologist observes that just two decades ago bed-
wetters suffered psychologically for a medical problem that may
have had a physiological source (Tikling, 2009).
In any of these cases, must credit to source

How to Cite?
There are two parts to citing according to APA style:
1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the
body of your essay or paper
2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of
your paper
Note:
 Sources cited in the text must appear in the References page.
 Conversely, each entry in the References page must be cited in the
text.

What is APA?
 APA = American Psychological Association
 Promulgates guidelines for preparing research papers and
projects and scholarly manuscripts in the social science
 “APA style” refers to a system of citing research sources
 For all papers in APA style, use 12-pt, Times New Roman
font

Purpose of APA-style references in the
body of a paper?
The references in the body of the paper gives appropriate
credit to the person or persons whose words or ideas we
are using to support what we have written in our paper.
If we do not give credit to those whose work we use, we are
guilty of plagiarism, which is a VERY serious violation of
academic integrity.

APA provides guidelines for citations
In-text citations:
“References . . . are cited in text with an author-date . . .
and are listed alphabetically in the reference list cited”
(Publication Manual, 2010).
Reference list citations:
“Choose references judiciously . . . [and] reference data
must be correct and complete” (Publication Manual, 2009).

If we use a direct quotation from an original source, we
give the author(s) credit for her/his/their words as
follows.
Where we must include the page number(s) of the
quotation to enable the readers to find it.
“Cognitive therapy is more effective than psychoanalysis
in the treatments of phobias” (Jones & Smith, 2002, p.
44).

If we paraphrase from a source (i.e., translate it into our
own words), we should give the author(s) credit for their
ideas as follows.
According to Jones and Smith (2002), phobias can be
treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than
psychoanalysis.

If we refer to a primary source (e.g., a journal article by
Jones) we read about in a secondary source (e.g., a
textbook by Smith), we must create the following type of
citation.
According to Jones (as cited in Smith, 2003), phobias
can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy
than psychoanalysis.

If we refer to a personal communication (e.g., an e-mail
message or conversation) that is not available to the
readers, we must include it in the body of our paper in
the following way.
According to P. J. Jones, Director of the Counseling
Center (personal communication, May 1, 2002),
phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive
therapy than psychoanalysis.

If we refer to an online source (e.g., the website of the
British Psychological Association), we must include it in
the body of our paper in the following way.
Phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive
therapy than psychoanalysis (British Psychological
Association, n.d.).

Important details to remember...
 Use an ampersand (&) between authors when their
names are within parentheses.
. . . is the most effective treatment (Smith & Jones, 1999)
 Use a regular “and” between authors when their names
are not within parentheses.
. . . is the most effective treatment according to Smith and Jones
(1999).
 If our source does not have a date, replace the date in
the citation with n.d., which is the abbreviation for “no
date.”
. . . British Psychological Association (n.d.).

APA-Style References in the Body of
the Paper

In-Text Citations
Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the
sentence before the punctuation mark.
 Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist mostly of
two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal
chemicals (Wasser, 2009).
We must provide information that will allow the reader to
locate exactly where we found information in our source.
Usually this is the author's last name and the year of
publication, for example: (Wasser, 2009)

In-Text Citations, Cont’d
When the author's name appears as part of sentence (known
as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in the parenthetical
citation. Just give the year of publication:
 Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is ultimately a genetically
predisposed behavior.
When there are two authors, name both authors every time
their work is referenced in your paper:
 Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling (2008) found
that early onset social anxiety disorder results from adverse
parental responses to bedwetting.
 The study also showed that there was a high rate of alcohol and
drug abuse associated with unresolved bedwetting issues (Selbst
and Tikling, 2008).

Other Citation Possibilities
When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including
the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first
author and replace the others with “et al.”:
 Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a
genetic predisposition for their behaviors.
 In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the
unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity.
When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the
others as in second example above in all citing instances.
If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency),
use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be
abbreviated after the first instance:
 According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-
economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental
Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000)
When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the
reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if
periodical, book, report, use italics:
 Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)
A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends
use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.

Other Citation Possibilities
Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your in-text citation. In that
case, you should place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon:
 Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic pleasure (Freud
1901; Jung 1905).
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a direct quotation;
chapter; figure; table; or equation at the appropriate point in the your text:
 In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, “I believe that syphilis leads to erythrophobia only
in those people who in their childhood had to energetically suppress their rage toward
their parents because of unjust punishment [especially because of punishment for
enuresis]” (Brabant, Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271).
 Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of enuresis in young
children (1916, chapter 3).

In-text Citing of Electronic Sources
Treat electronic sources the same as print sources.
Direct quotations from e-sources which don’t have page numbers are referenced
by paragraph or heading and paragraph number, if available:
 Eiberg, Berendt, and Mohr (1995) concluded in a Danish study that “nocturnal
enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age
affects about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wide range of
frequencies between populations” (para. 4).
 A recent Italian study found that “the prevalence of enuresis was higher when
the child was from a family of low socio-economic status despite the child's
age group” (Chiozza et al., 2002, “Results,” para 3). [This source has > 6
authors (in fact, 8), so ‘et al.’ is used for all authors after the first named
author.]

APA-Style References
in the
ReferenceSection

References List
 The References list appears at the end of your paper on
its own page.
 Everything you referenced in your text must be listed in
your References list .
 Conversely, everything you list in the References list must
be cited in your essay.
 The References list provides the information needed for a
reader to find and retrieve any source used in your paper.

Sample References Page
*Sources are listed alphabetically
Indent all lines after
the first ½ inch for
each reference
listed
*The entire
References page
is double-spaced
Title “References” is centered
at the top of the page
Be sure to
include the digital
object identifier
(doi), if the
source has one
All citations end
in a period (.),
except those with
a doi or URL
*All papers in APA
style must be in 12-
pt., Times New
Roman font

Most Periodical Citations Will Include:
 Author
 Date
 Title
 Source information
 DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Bennett, H. J. (2004, December). Bedwetting: An overview
of treatment options. Nutrition Health Review, 90, 5-7.
doi:10.9911.1137/1 Page numbers
Last Name, Abbreviated First
Commas
Source in italics
Year, Month (in parentheses)
Period
All words in title are lower case--
except for first word, first word after a
colon, and proper nouns
Volume # in italics
“digital object identifier”

Digital Object Identifier (doi)
 A unique alphanumeric sequence, starting with “10,” used to
identify and to locate an item on the Internet
 Example: doi:10.1000/186.ken888.888lee (no period at the end)
 Also assigned to print sources
 In a database, the doi is sometimes hidden behind a button with
the name of the database on it (e.g., PsychINFO) or the word
“Article.”
 When a doi is present, the URL is not necessary

General Tips: Print Resources
Author’s last name first, then his first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated.
Lee, K.
If more than one author, but no more than six, list all authors, separated
by a comma, and connecting the last with an ampersand:
Schulman, S. L., Colish, Y., von Zuben, F. C., & Kodman-Jones, C.
Titles of books and periodicals are italicized and only the first word in
title and after a colon and proper nouns are capitalized:
Water world: Enuresis, the wet and dry of it.
Clinical Pediatrics
Article and chapter titles appear in regular font with same rules for
capitalization:
To treat bed-wetting, healthy doses of patience.

Books : What Should Be Included?
Author(s) or Editor(s).
(Date of publication).
Complete title.
Edition (if indicated).
Place of publication:
Publisher.
DOI (if available).
Butler, R. J., Green, D., & Procter, H.
(2007).
Child within: Taking the young
person's perspective by
applying personal construct
psychology.
(2nd ed).
Chichester, England:
Wiley & Sons.
10.1007/978-1-84882-023-4

Book Examples
With one author:
Seligman, L. (1999). Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive,
systematic guide to treating mental disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
With three to six authors:
Tikling, S. F., Avulsion, D. T., Bonds, B., & Huckabee, T. S. (2008).
Unstoppable leakages: Every child deserves plumbing. Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield.
List all authors Last Name in full, then first
(and middle) name(s) abbreviated
Italicize title of book
Use a colon between the
main title and the subtitle
Remember to indent all
lines after the first line ½
inch
Date of publication in parentheses,
followed by a period
Publisher’s
name
If city of
publication is
not welknown,
add state
postal code

Books, Cont
Editors as authors:
Schmandt, J., & Schmundt, R. (Eds.). (1999). Regional bedwetting
styles: Impacts and response strategies. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Book by a corporate author:
National Research Council. (1992). China and the damming of the
Three Gorges: Opportunities for psychic enuresis. Washington:
National Academy.
For books with editors, list the editor’(s)
name(s) followed by “Eds.” in parentheses.
Follow with a period.
For corporate author, use full name

Two or More Sources by the Same Author(s):
Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2009). The changing
atmosphere: Enuretic raindrops. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2010). The adipose
greenhouse: Population, climate change, and creating a sustainable
water supply. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
List sources by the same author(s) in chronological order of their publication date.

Periodical Articles:
What Should Be Included?
Author(s).
Article title.
(Publication date in
parenthesis.).
Periodical title (journal,
magazine) italicized.
Volume # italicized, (Issue # in
parentheses),
Page numbers of the article.
Digital Object Identifier or URL
preceded by the phrase,
“Retrieved from” (w/o quotation
marks)
Depends on the type of
periodical: Journal,
Magazine, or Newspaper
But they generally require
this information

Journal Articles
Author(s).
(Date of publication.).
Article title.
Periodical title (journal, magazine,
newspaper) Italicized.
Volume #(Issue #),
Page #.
Digital Object Identifier.
Farley, H. W., Long, H., Close, G.,
& Short, M.
(2008).
The scientific case for modern
anthropogenic causes for enlarged
prostate due to childhood enuresis in
adult males.
Monthly Review
60(3),
68-90.
doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.

Articles
Journal article with doi:
Farley, H. W., Long, H., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for
enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review, 60(3), 68-90.
doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.
Magazine:
Manthorpe, C, Womening, M., Evadam, J., & Biternatura, L. (2009, May). "Feminists look at the scienc
of enuretic doppelgangers. New Scientist 85(3), 29-31.
Newspaper:
Tilgham, S. M. (2009, September 30). Science vs. women--a radical solution. New York Times, pp. F1,
F5.
Volume numbers in italics
Dates: For journals, year; for magazine, month and if applicable,
week; for daily newspaper, date. Note Formats: YYYY, MMM, DD.
Issue # in parentheses
Periodical titles in italics
In a newspaper article reference, use “pp.” if more
than one page, “p.” if only a single page.

General Tips
Electronic Resources
Digital Object Identifier (doi): Imperative that you include the doi if it’s
available
e.g., doi:10.3598.23444/k8iei.777 (no period at the end)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): If the doi is not available, use the URL
(begins with “http:”) preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from”
e.g., Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com (no period at the end)
Database: Generally not necessary to identify, unless the database is
archival (e.g., JSTOR, ERIC)

Internet Sources
Author(s), if available:
(Date electronic
publication was last
updated.).
Title of the document.
Title of scholarly project,
database, periodical, or
website.
URL address
Woo, C., & Hwang, D.
(2010).
Adjunctive behaviors in enuretic
preschoolers.
In S. Sue (Ed.), The Stanford
encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2010
ed.).
Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavi
oralism

Websites
Joyce, J., Dedalus, S., Bloom, L., & Bloom, M. (2009). Chiastic structure and
its affect on Mobius strips, Escher prints, and enuretic behaviors of gimpy
gertys. HyperJoyce Studies. Hypermedia Joyce Studies, 10. Retrieved from
http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/main/essays.php?essay=joyce
Yee, P., & Yee, K. (2008). Climatological impacts on and fractal patterns of
urinal stains. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov

Electronic Articles
Journal:
Laurance, A. R. A. B. (2008). Can carbon-
laundering save bedsheets? Bioscience, 58(4),
286-87. doi:10.2010.1492/cc.3shps
Digital Object Identifier
No period
Volume #(Issue#),
page numbers

Electronic Articles, Cont..
Newspaper:
Ball, J. N., Chain, A., & Bonds, B. (2008, October 9).
“Warmer climates a determinant in free-flow enuretic
behaviors.” Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A5.
Source in italics
Date article was published
If only a single page, use “p.”; if continuous pages, use
hyphen, e.g., A1-A5

Electronic Books
Electronic versions of print book:
Salty, J. (2009). Bed-time stories for bedwetters: Putting a cork in it [10th ed.]. doi:
10.1036/00713393722
Sweet, W. (2010). Kicking the bedwetting habit: What it takes to dry up [Rev. ed.].
Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com
Electronic-only book:
Trojan, S. C. (n.d.). Creating a climate for change: Communicating change and
facilitating social change. Retrieved from http://www.googlebooks.com/itemID=456
Info re: editions, volume numbers, page numbers go
in brackets followed by a period

Other Sources
Other sources can also be used and cited
•Technical & research
reports
•Meetings & symposia
•Doctoral dissertations &
master’s theses
•Audiovisual media
•Data sets, software,
measurement instruments, and
apparatus
•Internet messages boards,
electronic mailing lists, online
communities

Other Sources
Technical reports:
Browning, R. & Barrett, E. (2006). Romantic auras and enuretic halos
(Report No. 1869). Devonshire, England.
National Institute of Mental Health. Task Force on Female Enenurism.
(2008). Report on the sexualization of prepubscent girls diagnosed
with enurism. Retreived from
http://www.nimh.gov/taskforceenurism/sexualization
Meetings & symposia, published proceedings:
Hegel, J., Bach, J. S., & Maeterninck, F. (2008, May). Dialectics, atonal
harmony, francophile politics and interdisciplinary enuretics. In
Godel, J. (Chair), 109th Symposium of Enuretics Anonymous.
Symposium conducted at the meeting of Enuretics Anonymous,
Thailand.

What is the purpose of APA-style
references in a reference section?
The references in your reference section provide
your readers with the information necessary to
retrieve the sources you cited in the body of your
paper by performing a library or online search.

What questions are answered in an APA-
style reference that will enable a reader to
perform a successful search?
 Who wrote this document?
 When was it written?
 What was its title?
 Where was it published?
 Who published it?

Example
Suppose you paraphrased information from a book titled
Sigmund Freud: Champion of the Unconscious by Gerald
R. Smith and Thomas T. Ferguson that was published by
Worth Publishers of St. Paul, Minnesota in 2001.

Who wrote it?
Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T.

When was it written?
 Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001).

What was its title?
 Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund
Freud: Champion of the unconscious.

Where was it published?
 Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:
Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:
 If two or more publisher locations are given, use the
location listed first in the book or, if specified, the
location of the publisher’s home office.

Who published it?
 Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:
Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
 Include only the publisher’s name, without any
unnecessary words like Publisher, Co., or Inc., but do
retain the words Books or Press.

Important details to remember...
 Spacing
 Use of the ampersand (&)
 Use of italics
 Capitalization
 Hanging indentation
 Primary and secondary sources

Spacing
 Follow each punctuation mark (e.g., comma, period,
and colon) with one space.
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul,
MN: Worth.

Use of the ampersand (&)
 Use an ampersand before the final author and
precede it with a comma.
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:
Worth.

Use of italics
 Italicize the title of the book.
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:
Worth.

Capitalization
 Capitalize only the first word in the title of a book,
except for proper nouns and the first word that follows
a colon.
Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul,
MN: Worth.

Hanging paragraph indentation
 Use Word’s hanging indent command to indent the second and all
following lines of your reference.
 (FormatParagraphIndent and SpacingSpecial Hanging)
 Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion
of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.

Important exceptions
to the rules

All the important words in the title of a journal
are capitalized, and the journal title and its
volume number are italicized. If page numbers
start at 1 in each issue of a volume, put the
issue number in parenthesis—but not in
italics—immediately after the volume number.
Jones, L. K. (2003). The social life of chimpanzees.
Journal of Animal Behavior, 7(2), 1-18.

If two references by the same author(s) with the same date appear
in the text of your paper, one will appear as Jones (2006a) and the
other will appear as Jones (2006b).
The a or b will be determined by how they are alphabetized in the
reference section, not the order in which they appear in the text.
In this case, the references in the reference section would look like
the following because the B in Birds comes before the Z in Zebra.
(Please note that an A or a The at the beginning of a title is
ignored in the alphabetizing process.)
Jones, T. J. (2006a). Birds are smart creatures. Dallas, TX: Harcourt.
Jones, T. J. (2006b). A zebra is a striped horse. Peoria, IL: Wiley.

When a book has no author, use
the publisher as the author and
replace the publisher with the
word “Author.”
Harvard University. (1999). The diary of
William James. Cambridge, MA: Author.

When referencing an online source,
follow the title with the date you
retrieved it and its url. Do not put a
period after the url.
Smith, J. N. (n.d.). Careers for psychology majors.
Retrieved October 1, 2008, from Yale University,
Psychology Department Web site:
http://www.YalePsych.edu/jobs
If the document is contained within a large and complex Web site
(such as that for a university or government agency), identify the
host organization and the relevant program or department before
giving the URL for the document itself.

When referencing a publication of limited
circulation (e.g., a class syllabus or handout),
follow its title with the mailing and/or email
address of where it can be obtained.
Jones, P. J. (2004). Syllabus for PSY B301
Abnormal Psychology. (Available from the
Butler University Psychology Department, 402 Main
Street, Indianapolis, IN 46222-3456)

Personal communications that cannot be
retrieved by readers (e.g., conversations,
classroom discussions, email messages)
are not included in the reference section
of your paper.

Other Sources
Doctoral dissertations:
Wannabee, R. J. (1996). Bedwetters and broomsticks: An inquiry into
discipline and enurism (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from University
Microfilms. (Accession No. 192883-96)
Audiovisual Media, video:
Hitchcock, A. (Director). (1957). Rear window on enuretic behavior among
adults [DVD]. Available from Universal Studios.
Internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and online communities—
blog post:
Jobs, S. (2010, June 6). I-phone 4 and enuretic ring tones [Web log comment].
Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/newproducts/iphone/4/php

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (2010.)
6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Trimmer, J. F. A guide to MLA documentation: with an appendix to APA
style. (2010.) 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth.
If you come across
anything not mentioned in
this presentation or need
further information, consult
the Publication Manual of
the APA in the library!
Subtitle for this slim, but handy guide is “with an appendix to APA style.”

The End
Please send comments or suggestions about this presentation to
Rajendra P Sharma
GPO: 21488
Kathmandu, Nepal
January 2015
rpsharma@mailcity.com

Citation and referencing in research work

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