Alpha-amylase inhibitors: alternative approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

1. Alpha-amylase inhibitors: alternative
approach for the treatment of type 2
diabetes mellitus
SUBMITTED BY – RAJDEEPA KUNDU

2. Introduction
 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease marked by a rise in blood glucose
levels due to decreased insulin secretion or the absence of insulin. Insulin is a
hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas (endocrine glands) to maintain
the glucose haemostats in each human cell. Nephropathy, neuropathy,
cardiovascular, renal problems and food-related diseases are all examples of
diabetes consequences. Diabetes is a major public health problem that affects
over 42 crore people worldwide and causes 0.15 crore deaths each year. Chronic
micro vascular, macro vascular, and neuropathy problems develop as a result of
this metabolic condition, all of which are life-threatening. Diabetes is caused by a
lack of insulin secretion, injury to pancreatic cells, or insulin resistance due to a
lack of insulin utilization. The proclivity for sedentary lifestyles may be the
primary reason for the steady increase in the number.

3. Types of the diabetes mellitus in the human body
 Type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
• (T1DM), also known as autoimmune diabetes,
is a chronic disease that causes hyperglycemia
due to insulin deficiency caused by pancreatic
beta cell loss.
• Etiology- The killing of beta cells by T
lymphocytes .
• There is no cure, and patients must rely on
insulin injections for the rest of their lives;
however, novel insulin therapy options are
being developed, such as insulin pumps,
continuous glucose monitoring, and hybrid
closed-loop systems.
 Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
• A chronic condition that affects the way the body
processes blood sugar (glucose).With type 2
diabetes, the body either doesn't produce enough
insulin, or it resists insulin.
• Etiology- Defective insulin secretion by
pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-
sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to
insulin.
• The basic deficits in T2DM are insulin resistance
and decreased insulin secretion, although there
are at least six other pathophysiological
abnormalities that contribute to glucose
metabolic dysregulation.

4. Symptoms & Diagnosis
Symptoms
• extreme thirst
• excessive urination
• fatigue and lack of energy
• vomiting
Diagnosis
• To evaluate your blood sugar levels before your first meal and throughout the day, multiple blood samples are taken and then analysed in a
laboratory. The HbA1c level is also calculated, which indicates the average blood sugar levels over the previous two to three months.
• To evaluate your blood sugar levels before your first meal and throughout the day, multiple blood samples are taken and then analysed in a
laboratory. The HbA1c level is also calculated, which indicates the average blood sugar levels over the previous two to three months.

5. Risk factors
Being overweight and not
getting enough exercise,
smoking, eating a low-fiber,
high-fat, and sugary diet, using
some drugs that influence sugar
metabolism, and hereditary
factors: In some families
(T2DM) is more common.

6. Prevention
 There is a lot of information available on how to avoid (T2DM). It mostly covers
lifestyle variables such as eating a well-balanced diet, exercising regularly, and
maintaining a healthy weight as a result.
 The best evidence for diabetes prevention comes from interventions that target
high-risk individuals. Targeting patients with impaired glucose tolerance with
lifestyle changes such as physical exercise and dietary components has been
demonstrated to be successful in Chinese and North American populations
 Changing one's diet and increasing physical activity can actually help delay the
onset of diabetes for several years in persons who are at a higher risk of
developing it. However, whether eating the "proper" foods and increasing
physical activity can totally avoid type 2 diabetes remains unknown

8. Medication
 Many people rely on medicine to keep their blood sugar levels under control. Some people
use pills, while others use insulin injections. A combination of tablets and injections can
also be used.
 Sulfonylureas (increase insulin secretion); Biguanides (reduces HGP and increase muscle
glucose uptake); Inhibitors of alpha glucosidase (interferes with glucose absorption in the
gut); and alpha amylase inhibitors (inhibits the alpha amylase present in both saliva and
the small intestine) are the most common traditional treatments for hyperglycemia

9. Anti hyperglycemic drugs
Alpha Amylase
Inhibitors
• Inhibition of
salivary and
pancreatic
amylase
activity.
• Prandose
• Precose
• Voglibose
Inhibitors of Alpha
Glucosidase
• Delay
carbohydrate
absorption
from intestine.
• Acarbose
• Miglitol
Amylin
analogue
• Reduce
glucagon
secretion.
• Gastric
emptying takes
time.
• Enhance
satiety.
• Pramlintide
Dpp 4
inhibitors
• Increase the
secretion of
glucose-
dependent
insulin.
• Reduce
glucagon
secretion
• Alogliptin
• Linagliptin
Biguanide
• Reduce
HGP.
• Increase
muscle
glucose
uptake.
• Metmorfin

10. Alpha (α)-amylase
 The calcium metalloenzyme alpha-amylase assists digestion by breaking down polysaccharide molecules into smaller ones
like glucose and maltose. Additionally, by elevating blood glucose levels, the enzyme induces postprandial hyperglycemia.
Amylase is a well-known therapeutic target for treating and maintaining postprandial blood glucose elevations.
 Several enzymatic inhibitors have been identified as effective in suppressing this enzyme, including acarbose, miglitol, and
voglibose, causing scientists to show interest in creating more potent alpha-amylase inhibitors. Alpha-amylase enzymes
break down starch into glucose, maltose, maltotriose, and dextrin by hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages.
 They are used in a wide range of industries, including food, textiles, paper, and detergents, and account for over 30% of
global enzyme production. The range of amylase applications has broadened as new horizons in biotechnology have
opened up, including clinical, pharmaceutical, and analytical chemistry. To increase the productivity of amylases,
traditional strain enhancement methods like as mutation and selection or recombination can be used. Microorganisms
manufacture amylases. This study examines the microbiological origins of this enzyme as well as its applications in
business and biotechnology.