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1. Introduction to physiology
- 1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What is physiology?
A review of organ systems
Evolution and integration from cell to human
The concept of homeostasis is introduced
Themes in Physiology
The science of Physiology
◦ Experimental design
◦ Data
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- 2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Physiology defined:
◦ Function explains why it needs to be done
◦ Mechanism explains how it does that job
Organization of life
◦ The cell is the unit of life
◦ Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems &
organisms
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Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study
- 3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine
Immune
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Reproductive
Urinary
For more Visit www.dentaltutor.inFigure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body
- 4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure and function
Integration across
◦ Cells
◦ Tissues
◦ Organs
Flow charts
◦ Follow process
◦ In sequence
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- 5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings For more Visit www.dentaltutor.in
Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology
- 6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Organism
◦ Protective cells
◦ Exchange cells
External environment
Homeostasis Defined
Emergent properties
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Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments
- 7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
External or internal change
Loss of homeostasis
Physiological attempt to correct
◦ Sensors, integrating center
◦ Response of cells & organs
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- 8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Successful
compensation
◦ Homeostasis reestablished
Failure to compensate
◦ Pathophysiology
Illness
Death
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- 9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis
Structure/function
relationships
Integration of systems
Communication
Membranes & exchange
Energy
Mass balance
Mass flow & resistance
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Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body
- 10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Observation & experimentation
◦ Hypothesis
◦ Variables
Independent
Dependant
◦ Controls
◦ Data
◦ Replication
◦ Theory
Models
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- 11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Genetic variables
Placebo effect
Nocebo effect
Ethics
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- 12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Crossover study
Blind studies
Double-blind studies
Double-blind crossover studies
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- 13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Longitudinal studies
Prospective studies
Cross sectional studies
Retrospective studies
Meta-analysis
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- 14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
X- axis
Y- axis
Line graph
Bar graph
Histogram
Scatter plot
Interpolation
"Best Fit" line
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Figure 1-9
- 15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ systems
Structures & functions
The cell, the organism, the outside environment
Homeostatic balancing
Review of themes: communication, energy,
membranes, body compartments, flow and balance
Scientific inquiry- good science
Experimental designs
Representing the data
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