Cricket Bowling Machine Project Report

CRICKET BOWLING MACHINE
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ABHINAV JOSE (UR12EE003)
PRAVEEN PERUMAL G (UR12EE101)
ROHIT .K. ANIL (UR12EE112)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. J. JAYAKUMAR
Associate Professor
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Branch: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
OF KARUNYA UNIVERSITY, COIMBATORE.
APRIL 2016
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
(Declared as Deemed to be University u/s 3 of the UGC Act, 1956)
KARUNYA NAGAR, COIMBATORE – 641 114

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, we express our gratitude to the ALMIGHTY GOD JESUS CHRIST
who has been with us during each and every step that we have taken towards the
completion of this project.
We thank our beloved Founder Late Dr. D.G.S. Dhinakaran and our Honorable
Chancellor Dr. Paul Dhinakaran for providing us the educative infrastructure and
learning ambience, which motivated us to a great extent.
We wish to thank with deep sense of acknowledge to the Management of Karunya
University and to our Vice Chancellor, Dr. S. Sundar Manoharan, Pro Vice Chancellor
Dr. M.J.XAVIER and Registrar, Dr. JOSEPH KENNODY for extending all facilities.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Shobha Rekh, Director, School of
Electrical Sciences and Dr. Immanuel Selvakumar, Associate Professor and Head,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for his excellent encouragements in
course of this work.
We take immense pleasure in conveying our thanks and deep sense of gratitude
to our Supervisor Dr. J. JAYAKUMAR, Associate Professor, for his exhilarating
supervision, timely suggestions and encouragement during all phases of this work.
We would take this opportunity to thank our Class Advisor Dr. M.S.P.
SUBATHRA, Mr. K. VINOTH KUMAR and Mrs. S. BERCLIN JAYAPRABHA
Assistant Professor and our mentors who had been always there for us. Also, we would
like to thank all the Teaching faculty members and Supporting Staff of our department for
advising us whenever in need, co-operating with us and arranging the necessary facilities.
We would like to convey gratitude to our Parents whose prayers and blessings
were always there with us. Last but not the least, we would like to thank our Friends and
Others who directly or indirectly helped us in successful completion of this work.

SYNOPSIS
Nowadays, cricket is one of the most popular game in India. It’s like a
religion. It doesn’t depend on colour, sex, caste, etc. This is the only game which
unites the people to a large extend.
In our project, a cricket bowling machine was designed which can provide
support to the batsmen to develop their batting skill. The machine will be capable
of generating different patterns of bowling.
The cricket bowling machine consists of two induction motors in which one
rotates in anticlockwise and the other in clockwise direction. The gap between the
wheels should be slightly less than the diameter of the ball to be thrown. A valve is
welded and placed in between the two motors. As, the motor attains the speed, the
balls are inserted into the valve. This machine transfers the kinetic energy to the
ball by frictional gripping of the ball between two rotating wheels. The rotational
speed of the motor can be adjusted by using electronic regulator independently.
The machine will be able to generate different patterns of bowling by changing the
speed of each motor.
The precision and reproducibility of ball pitching distance that is required for
effective batting practice is achieved by setting precisely the rotation of the wheel.
To display the speed of each motor, a constant voltage is needed. To provide a
constant voltage, regulator and filter circuits are used.
KEYWORDS:
Induction motors, anticlockwise, clockwise, frictional gripping, electronic regulator,
patterns, filter circuits.
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CONTENTS
Chapter Page No
SYNOPSIS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF NOMENCLATURE
(i)
(v)
(vi)
(viii)
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objective of Project 2
1.2 Scope of Project 2
1.3 Cricket Bowling Machine 2
1.4Summary 3
2. MECHANICAL DESIGN 4
2.0 Introduction 4
2.1 Induction Motor 4
2.2.Electronic Regulator 15
2.2.1 Operation of Electronic Regulator 15
2.2.2.Triac 16
2.2.3 Advantage of Electronic Regulator 17
2.3 Bearings 18
2.3.1 Plain Bearings 18
2.3.2 Journals or Sleeve Bearing 19
2.2.3 Thrust Bearing 20
2.2.4 Antifriction Bearing 20
2.4 Drilling 26
2.4.1 Drilling Machine 26
2.4.2 Types 26
2.4.3 Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine 27

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2.4.4 Up-Right Drilling Machine 28
2.4.4Radial Drilling Machine 28
2.5 Gas Welding and Cutting 30
2.5.1 Chemistry of Oxy Acetylene Process 31
2.5.2 Oxy Fuel Welding Gases 31
3. COMPOSITION OF DISPLAY SYSTEM 32
3.0 Introduction 32
3.1 Block Diagram of Display System 32
3.1.1 Microcontroller 32
3.1.2 Induction Motor 32
3.1.3 Power Supply 33
3.1.4 Sensor 33
3.1.5 LCD 33
3.1.6 Alarm 33
3.3 Power Supply Module 35
3.3.1 Working Principle 35
3.3.2 Transformer & Bridge Rectifier 36
3.3.3 Filter 36
3.3.4 IC Voltage Regulator 37
3.3.5 PCB Layout 38
4. MICROCONTROLLER 40
4.0 Introduction 40
4.1 Description 41
4.2 Features 42
4.3 Block Diagram of AT89S52 43
4.4 Pin Description 44
4.5 Interrupt 47
5. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 49
5.0 Introduction 49
5.1 Sensor 49
5.1.1 Circuit Description 50
5.2 Liquid Crystal Display 51

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5.2.1 Pin description 52
5.2.2 Datasheet of LCD 53
5.2.3 Power Supply 54
5.2.4 Hardware 54
5.2.5 Mounting 54
5.2.6 Environmental Precautions 55
5.3 Alarm 55
5.3.1 Circuit Description 56
5.4 View of Project 57
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 58
7. REFERENCES 59

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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
4.1 PORT PIN ALTERATION 44
4.2 PORT PIN ALTERATION 45
4.3 INTERRUPT ENABLE (IE) REGISTER 47
5.1 LCD PIN DESCRIPTION 51

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO
1.1
DESCRIPTION
Schematic Diagram of Cricket Bowling Machine
PAGE. NO
2
2.1 Typical Stator 5
2.2 Typical Squirrel Cage Rotor 7
2.3 Single-Phase AC Induction Motor with and without a Start
Mechanism
mm
8
2.4 Typical Split Phase AC Induction Motor 9
2.5 Typical Capacitor Start Induction Motor 10
2.6 Typical PSC Motor 11
2.7 Typical Capacitor Start/Run Induction Motor 12
2.8 Typical Shaded-Pole Induction Motor 13
2.9 Torque-Speed Curves of Different Types of Single-Phase
Induction Motors
15
2.10 Front and Back View of Electronic Regulator 17
2.11 Triac Schematic Symbol 16
2.12 Supplementary Lubrication for Oil-Impregnated 18
2.13 Common Methods of Lubricating Plain Bearing 19
2.14 Journals or Sleeve Bearing 19
2.15 Thrust Bearing 20
2.16 Antifriction Bearings Nomenclature 21
2.17 Types of Bearing Loads 22
2.18 Ball Bearing 22
2.19 Roller Bearing 24
2.20 Drill Fixed to a Spindle 26
2.24 Up-Right Drilling Machine 28
2.25 Radial Drilling Machine 29
3.1 Block Diagram of Display System 32
3.2 Circuit Diagram of Display System 34

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3.3 Block Diagram of Power Supply 35
3.3 Schematic Diagram of Power Supply 35
3.3 Full Wave Rectification 36
3.4 Filter Waveform 37
3.5 PCB Layout of Power Supply 38
4.1 AT89S52 Microcontroller 39
4.2 Block Diagram of AT89S52 42
4.3 Pin Diagram of AT89S52 40
4.4 Interrupt Source 47
5.1 Proximity Sensor 48
5.2 Electromagnetic Behaviour of Proximity Sensor 49
5.3 Speed Measurement using Proximity Sensor 49
5.4 LCD 51
5.5 LCD Datasheet 52
5.6 Schematic Diagram of Buzzer 55
5.7 Front View of Cricket Bowling Machine 56
5.8 LCD Display Circuit 56

vii
i
NOMENCLATURE
ABBREVIATIONS ACRONYMS
V Voltage
DC Direct Current
D1 Diode 1
D2 Diode 2
D3 Diode 3
D4 Diode 4
IC Integrated Chip
V I Input Voltage
Vo Output Voltage
VD Voltage Drop
C Capacitor
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
IDE Integrated Development Environment
GND Ground
LED Light Emitting Diode
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
CPU Central Processing Unit
IER Interrupt Enable Register
PSC Permanent Split Capacitor

Introduction Chapter 1
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Today cricket is one of the most popular game in India and abroad. So, it is felt that
modern technology can be utilized to develop a cricket bowling machine with variable
speed, swing and spin for the benefit of practicing batsman. The cricket bowling machine
is to provide accurate and consistent batting practice for players of all standards like
professional cricketers, amateur cricketers and club level cricketers for fine tuning of
batting as well as eliminate flaws in their batting without necessity of bowler. Also it will
be of much use at school, club and junior level where the standards of bowling are less
consistent. For this solar chargers are available but they are very costly. However, it
occupies a large floor space, high in manufacturing cost and not portable.
The main mechanism of the machine consists of two heavy wheels, between 30 and
55 cm in diameter with rubber tires, each rotated by its own electric motor. These are fixed
on a frame such that the wheels are in the same plane. The whole assembly is fixed on an
other frame so that the plane of the wheels is roughly at the height that a typical bowler
would release the ball. The motors are typically powered by an AC source, and can be
rotated in opposite directions. A controller allows variation of the speed of each wheel,
allowing the machine to be slowed down for less experienced batsmen and swing bowling
can also be achieved. But, these types of rotary wheels of the pneumatic tire type are
characterized by a number of limitations.
Principles among these are the requirement to maintain proper inflation pressure in
order to ensure consistent ball gripping action and correct wheel balancing so as to prevent
wobble and consequent erratic ball throwing. Secondly, positive and precise adjustment of
the rotational plane of the wheels at all position is not possible and hence precise control on
line and length of the bowling cannot be done. Thirdly, ball and socket arrangement is not
positive and self locking to hold the setup at a desired angle according to the requirement.
Fourthly, the device is not adjustable to accommodate balls of different diameters and
therefore a separate device is required for each different diameter balls. Lastly, the
excessive cost of such wheels and their maintenance. Moreover, as the ball passes through

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the gap between straight surfaces of the wheels, the grip is not sufficiently reliable to
change the orientation of the ball for creating variation in quality of bowling. Therefore,
there is a need for an improved cricket bowling machine that is capable of throwing a ball
accurately and adjustably to a specific, predetermined location.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
The main objective is to design an improved cricket bowling machine, which is
adjustable to throw different sizes cricket balls at various speeds in predetermined line and
length. The design of cricket bowling machine also aims to develop a cost effective
(economic) and compact cricket bowling machine which provide provision for using
various pattern of bowling style such as straight, outswing, inswing, offbreak, leg break.
1.2 SCOPE OF PROJECT
In order to achieve the objective of the project, there are several scope that has been
outlined. The scope of this project includes using of C Programming, integration
equipments like microcontroller, power supply, motors, proximity sensors, etc.
1.3 CRICKET BOWLING MACHINE
Fig 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Cricket Bowling Machine

3
1.4 SUMMARY
In this chapter, the literature survey has been discussed and the problems faced in
building of cricket bowling machine is also described.

Mechanical Design Chapter 2
4
CHAPTER 2
MECHANICAL DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Machine Design or Mechanical Design can be defined as the process by which
resources or energy is converted into useful mechanical forms, or the mechanisms so as to
obtain useful output from the machines in the desired form as per the needs of the human
beings. Machine design can lead to the formation of the entirely new machine or it can lead
to up-gradation or improvement of the existing machine.
2.1 INDUCTION MOTOR
AC induction motors are the most common motors used in industrial motion control
systems, as well as in main powered home appliances. Simple and rugged design, low-cost,
low maintenance and direct connection to an AC power source are the main advantages of
AC induction motors.
Various types of AC induction motors are available in the market. Different motors
are suitable for different applications. Although AC induction motors are easier to design
than DC motors, the speed and the torque control in various types of AC induction motors
require a greater understanding of the design and the characteristics of these motors.
This application note discusses the basics of an AC induction motor; the different
types, their characteristics, the selection criteria for different applications and basic control
techniques.
2.1.1BASIC CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Like most motors, an AC induction motor has a fixed outer portion, called the stator
and a rotor that spins inside with a carefully engineered air gap between the two.
Virtually all electrical motors use magnetic field rotation to spin their rotors. A three-
phase AC induction motor is the only type where the rotating magnetic field is created
naturally in the stator because of the nature of the supply. DC motors depend either on
mechanical or electronic commutation to create rotating magnetic fields. A single-phase

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AC induction motor depends on extra electrical components to produce this rotating
magnetic field.
Two sets of electromagnets are formed inside any motor. In an AC induction motor,
one set of electromagnets is formed in the stator because of the AC supply connected to the
stator windings. The alternating nature of the sup-ply voltage induces an Electromagnetic
Force (EMF) in the rotor (just like the voltage is induced in the trans-former secondary) as
per Lenz’s law, thus generating another set of electromagnets; hence the name – induction
motor. Interaction between the magnetic field of these electromagnets generates twisting
force, or torque. As a result, the motor rotates in the direction of the resultant torque.
STATOR
The stator is made up of several thin laminations of aluminum or cast iron. They are
punched and clamped together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core) with slots as shown
in Figure 1. Coils of insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each grouping of coils,
together with the core it surrounds, forms an electro-magnet (a pair of poles) on the
application of AC supply. The number of poles of an AC induction motor depends on the
internal connection of the stator windings. The stator windings are connected directly to the
power source. Internally they are connected in such a way, that on applying AC supply, a
rotating magnetic field is created.
Fig 2.1 Typical Stator
ROTAR
The rotor is made up of several thin steel laminations with evenly spaced bars, which
are made up of aluminum or copper, along the periphery. In the most popular type of rotor

6
(squirrel cage rotor), these bars are connected at ends mechanically and electrically by the
use of rings. Almost 90% of induction motors have squirrel cage rotors. This is because the
squirrel cage rotor has a simple and rugged construction. The rotor consists of a cylindrical
laminated core with axially placed parallel slots for carrying the conductors. Each slot
carries a copper, aluminum, or alloy bar. These rotor bars are permanently short-circuited
at both ends by means of the end rings, as shown in Figure 2. This total assembly
resembles the look of a squirrel cage, which gives the rotor its name. The rotor slots are not
exactly parallel to the shaft. Instead, they are given a skew for two main reasons.
The first reason is to make the motor run quietly by reducing magnetic hum and to
decrease slot harmonics.
The second reason is to help reduce the locking tendency of the rotor. The rotor teeth
tend to remain locked under the stator teeth due to direct magnetic attraction between the
two. This happens when the number of stator teeth is equal to the number of rotor teeth.
The rotor is mounted on the shaft using bearings on each end; one end of the shaft is
normally kept longer than the other for driving the load. Some motors may have an
accessory shaft on the non-driving end for mounting speed or position sensing devices.
Between the stator and the rotor, there exists an air gap, through which due to induction,
the energy is transferred from the stator to the rotor. The generated torque forces the rotor
and then the load to rotate. Regardless of the type of rotor used, the principle employed for
rotation remains the same.
SPEED OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
The magnetic field produced in the rotor because of the induced voltage is alternating
in nature. To reduce the relative speed, with respect to the stator, the rotor starts running in
the same direction as that of the stator flux and tries to catch up with the rotating flux.
However, in practice, the rotor never succeeds in “catching up” to the stator field. The rotor
runs slower than the speed of the stator field. This speed is called the Base Speed (Nb).
The difference between NS and Nb is called the slip. The slip varies with the load. An
increase in load will cause the rotor to slow down or increase slip. A decrease in load will
cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip.

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2.1.2 TYPES OF AC INDUCTION MOTORS
Generally, induction motors are categorized based on the number of stator windings. They
are:
• Single-phase induction motor
• Three-phase induction motor
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
There are probably more single-phase AC induction motors in use today than the
total of all the other types put together. It is logical that the least expensive, low-est
maintenance type motor should be used most often. The single-phase AC induction motor
best fits this description.
As the name suggests, this type of motor has only one stator winding (main winding)
and operates with a single-phase power supply. In all single-phase induction motors, the
rotor is the squirrel cage type.
The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. When the motor is connected to
a single-phase power supply, the main winding carries an alternating current. This current
produces a pulsating magnetic field. Due to induction, the rotor is energized. As the main
magnetic field is pulsating, the torque necessary for the motor rotation is not generated.
This will cause the rotor to vibrate, but not to rotate. Hence, the single phase induction
Fig 2.2 Typical Squirrel Cage Rotor

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motor is required to have a starting mechanism that can provide the starting kick for the
motor to rotate.
The starting mechanism of the single-phase induction motor is mainly an additional
stator winding (start/ auxiliary winding) as shown in Figure 3. The start winding can have a
series capacitor and/or a centrifugal switch. When the supply voltage is applied, current in
the main winding lags the supply voltage due to the main winding impedance. At the same
time, current in the start winding leads/lags the supply voltage depending on the starting
mechanism impedance. Interaction between magnetic fields generated by the main winding
and the starting mechanism generates a resultant magnetic field rotating in one direction.
The motor starts rotating in the direction of the resultant magnetic field.
Once the motor reaches about 75% of its rated speed, a centrifugal switch
disconnects the start winding. From this point on, the single-phase motor can maintain
sufficient torque to operate on its own.
Except for special capacitor start/capacitor run types, all single-phase motors are
generally used for applications up to 3/4 hp only.
Depending on the various start techniques, single-phase AC induction motors are
further classified as described in the following sections.
Fig 2.3 Single-Phase Ac Induction Motor With And Without A Start Mechanism

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SPLIT-PHASE AC INDUCTION MOTOR
The split-phase motor is also known as an induction start/induction run motor. It has
two windings: a start and a main winding. The start winding is made with smaller gauge
wire and fewer turns, relative to the main winding to create more resistance, thus putting
the start winding’s field at a different angle than that of the main winding which causes the
motor to start rotating. The main winding, which is of a heavier wire, keeps the motor
running the rest of the time.
The starting torque is low, typically 100% to 175% of the rated torque. The motor
draws high starting current, approximately 700% to 1,000% of the rated current. The
maximum generated torque ranges from 250% to 350% of the rated torque (see Figure 9
for torque-speed curve).
Good applications for split-phase motors include small grinders, small fans and
blowers and other low starting torque applications with power needs from 1/20 to 1/3 hp.
Avoid using this type of motor in any applications requiring high on/off cycle rates or high
torque.
CAPACITOR START AC INDUCTION MOTOR
This is a modified split-phase motor with a capacitor in series with the start winding
to provide a start “boost.” Like the split-phase motor, the capacitor start motor also has a
centrifugal switch which disconnects the start winding and the capacitor when the motor
Fig 2.4 Typical Split-Phase ac Induction Motor

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reaches about 75% of the rated speed.
Since the capacitor is in series with the start circuit, it creates more starting torque,
typically 200% to 400% of the rated torque. And the starting current, usually 450% to
575% of the rated current, is much lower than the split-phase due to the larger wire in the
start circuit. Refer to Figure 9 for torque-speed curve.
A modified version of the capacitor start motor is the resistance start motor. In this
motor type, the starting capacitor is replaced by a resistor. The resistance start motor is
used in applications where the starting torque requirement is less than that provided by the
capacitor start motor. Apart from the cost, this motor does not offer any major advantage
over the capacitor start motor.
They are used in a wide range of belt-drive applications like small conveyors, large
blowers and pumps, as well as many direct-drive or geared applications.
PERMANENT SPLIT CAPACITOR (CAPACITOR RUN) INDUCTION
MOTOR
A permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor has a run type capacitor permanently
connected in series with the start winding. This makes the start winding an auxiliary
winding once the motor reaches the running speed. Since the run capacitor must be
designed for continuous use, it cannot provide the starting boost of a starting capacitor. The
typical starting torque of the PSC motor is low, from 30% to 150% of the rated torque.
PSC motors have low starting current, usually less than 200% of the rated current, making
Fig 2.5 Typical Capacitor Start Induction Motor

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them excellent for applications with high on/off cycle rates. Refer to Figure 9 for torque-
speed curve.
The PSC motors have several advantages. The motor design can easily be altered for
use with speed controllers. They can also be designed for optimum efficiency and High-
Power Factor (PF) at the rated load. They’re considered to be the most reliable of the
single-phase motors, mainly because no centrifugal starting switch is required.
Permanent split-capacitor motors have a wide variety of applications depending on
the design. These include fans, blowers with low starting torque needs and intermittent
cycling uses, such as adjusting mechanisms, gate operators and garage door openers.
CAPACITOR START/ CAPACITOR RUN AC INDUCTION MOTOR
This motor has a start type capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding like the
capacitor start motor for high starting torque. Like a PSC motor, it also has a run type
capacitor that is in series with the auxiliary winding after the start capacitor is switched out
of the circuit. This allows high overload torque.
Fig 2.6 Typical PSC Motor

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This type of motor can be designed for lower full-load currents and higher efficiency.
This motor is costly due to start and run capacitors and centrifugal switch.
It is able to handle applications too demanding for any other kind of single-phase
motor. These include wood-working machinery, air compressors, high-pressure water
pumps, vacuum pumps and other high torque applications requiring 1 to 10 hp.
SHADE-POLE AC INDUCTION MOTOR
Shaded-pole motors have only one main winding and no start winding. Starting is by
means of a design that rings a continuous copper loop around a small portion of each of the
motor poles. This “shades” that portion of the pole, causing the magnetic field in the
shaded area to lag behind the field in the unshaded area. The reaction of the two fields gets
the shaft rotating.
Because the shaded-pole motor lacks a start winding, starting switch or capacitor, it
is electrically simple and inexpensive. Also, the speed can be controlled merely by varying
voltage, or through a multi-tap winding. Mechanically, the shaded-pole motor construction
allows high-volume production. In fact, these are usually considered as “disposable”
motors, meaning they are much cheaper to replace than to repair.
Fig 2.7 Typical Capacitor Start/Run Induction Motor

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The shaded-pole motor has many positive features but it also has several
disadvantages. It’s low starting torque is typically 25% to 75% of the rated torque. It is a
high slip motor with a running speed 7% to 10% below the synchronous speed. Generally,
efficiency of this motor type is very low (below 20%).
The low initial cost suits the shaded-pole motors to low horsepower or light duty
applications. Perhaps their largest use is in multi-speed fans for household use. But the low
torque, low efficiency and less sturdy mechanical features make shaded-pole motors
impractical for most industrial or commercial use, where higher cycle rates or continuous
duty are the norm.
Fig 2.8 Typical Shaded-Pole Induction Motor

14
Fig 2.9 shows the torque-speed curves of various kinds of single-phase AC induction motor
2.2 ELECTRONIC REGULATOR
Fan regulators have an important place in the electrical switch boards. Fan regulators
are very similar to light dimmers. Their function is to regulate/control the speed of the fan
and provide a convenient environment for the residents.
The traditional regulators which are bulky use a resistance having taps and connected
in series with the fan. When we move the knob different amount of resistance gets inserted
in the circuit. Although cheap the biggest problem with such a regulator is that a
considerable amount of energy is lost in form of heat through the resistance. When the fan
is operating at low speed the power loss is significant.
The technologically superior electronic regulators overcome these problems by using
electronic components to control the speed of the fan.

15
2.2.1 OPERATION OF ELECTRONIC REGULATOR
Series resistors are switched in with the motor to slow it down. Doing so reduces the
voltage at the motor and it turns more slowly. However there is power dissipated in the
resistor a significant fraction of the total power so it wastes 20, 30 or 40% of the power
depending upon the speed and if the fan is on 24 hours a day it adds up.
An alternate speed control can be effected by using capacitors whose impedance matches
that of the resistors. The voltage drop at the motor and the same speed drop can be
obtained. However, the capacitor returns power to the power line out of phase thus
dissipating no power in the capacitor except its DCR component. Thus it should be more
efficient, saving a few watts in apparent power.
2.2.2 TRIAC
The heart of the electronic fan regulator is TRIAC. TRIAC is a semiconductor device
belonging to the family of thyristors. It is a generic trademark for a three
terminal electronic component that conducts current in either direction when triggered. Its
formal name is bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor. A thyristor is
analogous to a relay in that a small voltage and current can control a much larger voltage
and current. The illustration on the below shows the circuit symbol for a TRIAC where A1
is Anode 1, A2 is Anode 2, and G is Gate. Anode 1 and Anode 2 are normally termed Main
Terminal 1 (MT1) and Main Terminal 2 (MT2) respectively.
Fig 2.10 Front and Back View Of Electronic Regulator

16
TRIACs are a subset of thyristors and are related to silicon controlled
rectifiers (SCRs). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices and only
conduct current in one direction, TRIACs are bidirectional and conduct current in both
directions. Another difference is that SCRs can only be triggered by a positive current at
their gate, but, in general, TRIACs can be triggered by either a positive or negative current
at their gate, although some special types cannot be triggered by one of the combinations.
To create a triggering current for an SCR a positive voltage has to be applied to the gate
but for a TRIAC either a positive or negative voltage can be applied to the gate. In all three
cases the voltage and current are with respect to MT1. Once triggered, SCRs and thyristors
continue to conduct, even if the gate current ceases, until the main current drops below a
certain level called the holding current.
TRIAC’s bidirectionality makes them convenient switches for alternating
current (AC). In addition, applying a trigger at a controlled phase angle of the AC in the
main circuit allows control of the average current flowing into a load (phase control). This
is commonly used for controlling the speed of induction motors.
2.2 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC REGULATOR
Some of the advantages of electronic fan regulators are:
Fig 2.11 Triac Schematic Symbol

17
1. They provide a continuous speed control.
2. Power saving at all the speeds.
3. Smaller size and weight.
2.3 BEARINGS
Bearings permit smooth, low-friction movement between two surfaces. The
movement can be either rotary (a shaft rotating within a mount) or linear (one surface
moving along another).
Bearings can employ either a sliding or a rolling action. Bearings based on rolling
action are called rolling-element bearings. Those based on sliding action are called plain
bearings.
Bearing Materials
Babbitts
Tin and lead-base babbitts are among the most widely used bearing materials. They
have an ability to embed dirt and have excellent compatibility properties under boundary-
lubrication conditions.
In bushings for small motors and in automotive engine bearings, babbitt is generally
used as a thin coating over a steel strip. For larger bearings in heavy-duty equipment, thick
babbitt is cast on a rigid backing of steel or cast iron.
Bronzes and Copper Alloys
Dozens of copper alloys are available as bearing materials. Most of these can be grouped
into four classes: copper-lead, lead-bronze, tin-bronze, and aluminum-bronze.
Aluminum
Aluminum bearing alloys have high wear resistance, load-carrying capacity, fatigue
strength, and thermal conductivity; excellent corrosion resistance; and low cost. They are
used extensively in connecting rods and main bearings in internal-combustion engines; in
hydraulic gear pumps, in oil-well pumping equipment, in roll-neck bearings in steel mills;
and in reciprocating compressors and aircraft equipment.
Porous Metals
Sintered-metal self-lubricating bearings, often called powdered-metal bearings, are simple

Mechanical Design
and low in cost. They are widely used in home appliances, small motors, machine tools,
business machines, and farm and construction equipment.
Common methods used when supple
needed are shown in Fig. 2.12
Plastics
Many bearings and bushings are being produced
Many require no lubrication, and the high strength of modern plastics lends to a variety of
applications.
2.3.1 PLAIN BEARINGS
A plain bearing is any bearing that works by sliding action, with or without lubricant.
This group encompasses essentially all types other than rolling
Plain bearings are often referred to as either
that designate whether the bearing is loaded
Lubrication is critical to the operation of plain bearings, so their application and
function is also often referred to according to the type of lubrication prin
18
business machines, and farm and construction equipment.
ethods used when supplementary lubrication for oil-impregnated bearings is
2.12.
bushings are being produced in a large variety of plastic materials.
PLAIN BEARINGS
This group encompasses essentially all types other than rolling-element bearings.
Plain bearings are often referred to as either sleeve bearings or thrust bearings,
that designate whether the bearing is loaded radially or axially.
ical to the operation of plain bearings, so their application and
function is also often referred to according to the type of lubrication prin
Fig. 2.12 Supplementary Lubrication For Oil
Impregnated Bearings.
Chapter 2
impregnated bearings is
in a large variety of plastic materials.
element bearings.
thrust bearings, terms
ical to the operation of plain bearings, so their application and
function is also often referred to according to the type of lubrication principle used. Thus,
il-

Mechanical Design
terms such as hydrodynamic, fluid
lubricated are designations for particular types of plain bearings.
Mostly bearings are oil
effective arrangements for providing supplementary lubrication.
Oil Hole in Shaft
Fig. 2.13
2.3.2 JOURNALS OR
These are cylindrical or ring
terms sleeve and journal are used more or less synonymously since
general configuration while journal pertains to any portion of a shaft supported by a
bearing. In another sense, however, the term
bearings used to support the journals of an engine crankshaft.
The simplest and most widely used types of sleeve bearings are cast
porous-bronze (powdered-
19
dynamic, fluid-film, hydrostatic, boundary-lubricated,
tions for particular types of plain bearings.
Mostly bearings are oil-lubricated. The designs shown in Fig.2.13
effective arrangements for providing supplementary lubrication.
Oil Hole in Shaft Oil Groove in Bearing
2.13 Common Methods of Lubricating Plain Bearings
OURNALS OR SLEEVE BEARINGS
These are cylindrical or ring-shaped bearings designed to carry radial loads.
are used more or less synonymously since
bearing. In another sense, however, the term journal may be reserved for two
bearings used to support the journals of an engine crankshaft.
The simplest and most widely used types of sleeve bearings are cast
-metal) cylindrical bearings. Cast-bronze bear
Fig. 2.14 Journals or Sleeve Bearings
Chapter 2
lubricated, and self-
13 illustrate simple,
earing
earings.
carry radial loads. The
are used more or less synonymously since sleeve refers to the
be reserved for two-piece
The simplest and most widely used types of sleeve bearings are cast-bronze and
bronze bearings are oil-, or

Mechanical Design
grease-lubricated. Porous bearings are impregn
in the housing.
Plastic bearings are being used increasingly in place of metal. Origi
used only in small, lightly loaded bearings where cost sav
More recently, plastics are being used because of f
resistance to abrasion, and they are being made in large sizes.
2.3.3THRUST BEARING
This type of bearing differs from a sleeve bearing in that loads are supported axially
rather than radially. Thin, disk like thrust bearings are called
2.3.4 ANTIFRICTION BEARING
Ball, roller, and needle bearings are clas
has been reduced to a minimum. They may be divided into two main groups: radial
bearings and thrust bearings. Except for special designs, ball and roller bearings c
two rings, a set of rolling elements, and a cage. The cage separates the rolling elements and
20
lubricated. Porous bearings are impregnated with oil and often have an
Plastic bearings are being used increasingly in place of metal. Origi
ed only in small, lightly loaded bearings where cost saving were the primary
More recently, plastics are being used because of functional advantages, including
resistance to abrasion, and they are being made in large sizes.
BEARING
ing differs from a sleeve bearing in that loads are supported axially
rather than radially. Thin, disk like thrust bearings are called thrust washers.
ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS
Ball, roller, and needle bearings are classified as antifriction bearings since fric
ings. Except for special designs, ball and roller bearings c
Fig.2.15 Thrust Bearing
Chapter 2
ated with oil and often have an oil reservoir
Plastic bearings are being used increasingly in place of metal. Originally, plastic was
ing were the primary objective.
unctional advantages, including
ing differs from a sleeve bearing in that loads are supported axially
thrust washers.
sified as antifriction bearings since friction
ings. Except for special designs, ball and roller bearings consist of

21
spaces them evenly around the periphery (circumference of the circle). The nomenclature
of an antifriction bearing is given in Fig. 2.16.
2.3.5 BEARING LOADS
Radial Load
Loads acting perpendicular to the axis of the bearing are called radial loads. Although
radial bearings are designed primarily for straight radial service, they will withstand
considerable thrust loads when deep ball tracks in the raceway are used.
Thrust Load
Loads applied parallel to the axis of the bearing are called thrust loads. Thrust bearings are
not designed to carry radial loads.
Fig. 2.16 Antifriction Bearings Nomenclature (SKF
Company)

22
Combination Radial and Thrust Loads
When loads are exerted both parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the bearings, a
combination radial and thrust bearing is used. See Fig.2.17(C). The load ratings listed in
the manufacturers’ catalogs for this type of bearing are for either pure thrust loads or a
combination of both radial and thrust loads.
2.3.6 BALL BEARINGS
Ball bearings fall roughly into three classes: radial, thrust, and angular-contact. Angular-
contact bearings are used for combined radial and thrust loads and where precise shaft
location is needed. Uses of the other two types are described by their names: radial
bearings for radial loads and thrust bearings for thrust loads. See Fig. 2.3.6.
Fig.2.17 Types of Bearing Loads
Fig.2.18 Ball Bearings (SKF Company)

23
Radial Bearings
Deep-groove bearings are the most widely used ball bearings. In addition to radial
loads, they can carry substantial thrust loads at high speeds, in either direction. They
require careful alignment between shaft and housing.
Self-aligning bearings come in two types: internal and external. In internal bearings,
the outer-ring ball groove is ground as a spherical surface.
Externally self-aligning bearings have a spherical surface on the outside of the outer
ring, which matches a concave spherical housing.
Double-row, deep-groove bearings embody the same principle of design as single-
row bearings. Double-row bearings can be used where high radial and thrust rigidity is
needed and space is limited. They are about 60 to 80 percent wider than comparable single-
row, deep-groove bearings, and they have about 50 percent more radial capacity.
Angular-contact thrust bearings can support a heavy thrust load in one direction
combined with a moderate radial load. High shoulders on the inner and outer rings provide
steep contact angles for high thrust capacity and axial rigidity.
Thrust Bearings
In a sense, thrust bearings can be considered to be angular-contact bearings. They
support pure thrust loads at moderate speeds, but for practical purposes their radial load
capacity is nil. Because they cannot support radial loads, ball thrust bearings must be used
together with radial bearings.
Flat-race bearings consist of a pair of flat washers separated by the ball complement
and a shaft-piloted retainer, so load capacity is limited. Contact stresses are high, and
torque resistance is low.
One-directional, grooved-race bearings have grooved races very similar to those
found in radial bearings.
Two-directional, groove-race bearings consist of two stationary races, one rotating
race, and two ball complements.
2.3.7 ROLLER BEARINGS
The principal types of roller bearings are cylindrical, needle, tapered, and spherical. In
general, they have higher load capacities than ball bearings of the same size and are widely

24
used in heavy-duty, moderate-speed applications. However, except for cylindrical bearings,
they have lower speed capabilities than ball bearings. See Fig. 2.3.7.
Cylindrical Bearings
Cylindrical roller bearings have high radial capacity and provide accurate guidance to the
rollers. Their low friction permits operation at high speed, and thrust loads of some
magnitude can be carried through the flange-roller end contacts.
Needle Bearings
Needle bearings are roller bearings with rollers that have high length-to-diameter
ratios. Compared with other roller bearings, needle bearings have much smaller rollers for
a given bore size.
Loose-needle bearings are simply a full complement of needles in the annular space
between two hardened machine components, which form the bearing raceways. They
provide an effective and inexpensive bearing assembly with moderate speed capability, but
they are sensitive to misalignment.
Caged assemblies are simply a roller complement with a retainer, placed between
two hardened machine elements that act as raceways. Their speed capability is about 3
Fig. 2.19 Roller Bearings

25
times higher than that of loose-needle bearings, but the smaller complement of needles
reduces load capacity for the caged assemblies.
Thrust bearings are caged bearings with rollers assembled like the spokes of a wheel
in a wafer like retainer.
Tapered Bearings
Tapered roller bearings are widely used in roll-neck applications in rolling mills,
transmissions, gear reducers, geared shafting, steering mechanisms, and machine-tool
spindles. Where speeds are low, grease lubrication suffices, but high speeds demand oil
lubrication, and very high speeds demand special lubricating arrangements.
Spherical Bearings
Spherical roller bearings offer an unequaled combination of high load capacity, high
tolerance to shock loads, and self-aligning ability, but they are speed-limited.
Single-row bearings are the most widely used tapered roller bearings. They have a high radial
capacity and a thrust capacity about 60 percent of radial capacity.
Two-row bearings can replace two single-row bearings mounted back-to-back or face-to-face
when the required capacity exceeds that of a single-row bearing.
2.3.8 BEARING SELECTION
Machine designers have a large variety of bearing types and sizes from which to choose.
Each of these types has characteristics, which make it best for a certain application.
Although selection may sometimes present a complex problem requiring considerable
experience, the following considerations are listed to serve as a general guide for
conventional applications.
1. Generally, ball bearings are the less expensive choice in the smaller sizes with
lighter loads, while roller bearings are less expensive for the larger sizes with
heavier loads.
2. Roller bearings are more satisfactory under shock or impact loading than ball
bearings.
3. If there is misalignment between housing and shaft, either a self-aligning ball or
spherical roller bearing should be used.
4. Ball thrust bearings should be subjected to pure thrust loads only. At high speeds, a

Mechanical Design
deep-groove or angular
pure thrust loads.
5. Self-aligning ball bearings and cylin
coefficients.
6. Deep-groove ball bearings are a
bearing can be pre-lubri
2.4 DRILLING
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work
rotating cutter called DRILL.
The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.
The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is
held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.
The most common drill used is the twist drill.
2.4.1 DRILLING MACHINE
• It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.
• The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to
make a hole.
2.4.2 TYPES
26
groove or angular-contact ball bearing will usually be a better choice even for
aligning ball bearings and cylindrical roller bearings have very low friction
groove ball bearings are available with seals built into the bearings so that the
lubricated and thus operate for long periods without attention.
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work
lled DRILL.
The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.
held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.
The most common drill used is the twist drill.
DRILLING MACHINE
It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.
The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to
Fig 2.20 Drill fixed to a spindle
Chapter 2
contact ball bearing will usually be a better choice even for
drical roller bearings have very low friction
able with seals built into the bearings so that the
ods without attention.
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a
The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to

27
1) Based on construction:
Portable,
Sensitive,
Radial,
up-right,
Gang,
Multi-spindle
2) Based on Feed:
Hand driven
Power driven
2.4.3 Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine
• This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig.1 illustrates the sketch
of sensitive drilling machine.
• The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be adjusted
according to the work piece height.
• The table can also be swung to any desired position.
• At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is
mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle.
• Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator.
• Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.
• Drill holes from 1.5 to 15mm
Fig 2.21Sensitive Drilling Machine

28
2.4.4 Up-Right Drilling Machine
• These are medium heavy duty machines.
• It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of
power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig.2 shows the line sketch of up-
right drilling machine.
• This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed and
an automatic or power feed device.
• Table can move vertically and radially.
• Drill holes up to 50mm
2.4.5 Radial Drilling Machine
• It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium to large and heavy work
pieces.
• Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type.
Fig 2.4.2 Up-Right Drilling Machine
Fig 2.22 Up-Right Drilling Machine

29
The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and motor. Fig.3
shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine.
• The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw
provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor.
• The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided
the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column.
• The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries
the drill bit. A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power.
Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism.
Fig 2.23 Radial Drilling Machine

30
2.4.4 DRILLING OPERATIONS
Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are
Drilling
Reaming
Boring
Counter boring
Countersinking
Tapping
2.4.3 PRECAUTIONS FOR DRILLING MACHINE
Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
Machines should be cleaned after use.
Chips should be removed using brush.
T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, and pulley should be cleaned.
Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting
2.4.4 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Do not support the work piece by hand – use work holding device.
Use brush to clean the chip
No adjustments while the machine is operating
Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the operation.
Never place tools on the drilling table
Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
Ease the feed if drill breaks inside the work piece.
2.5 GAS WELDING AND CUTTING
Oxy-fuel welding, commonly referred to as oxy welding or gas welding is a process
of joining metals by application of heat created by gas flame. The fuel gas commonly
acetylene, when mixed with proper proportion of oxygen in a mixing chamber of welding
torch, produces a very hot flame of about 5700-5800°F. With this flame it is possible to
bring any of the so-called commercial metals, namely: cast iron, steel, copper, and
aluminum, to a molten state and cause a fusion of two pieces of like metals in such a

31
manner that the point of fusion will very closely approach the strength of the metal fused.
If more metal of like nature is added, the union is made even stronger than the original.
This method is called oxy-acetylene welding.
2.5.1Chemistry of Oxy Acetylene Process
The most common fuel used in welding is acetylene. It has a two stage reaction; the
first stage primary reaction involves the acetylene disassociating in the presence of oxygen
to produce heat, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen gas.
2.5.2 Oxy Fuel welding Gases
Commercial fuel gases have one common property: they all require oxygen to support
combustion. To be suitable for welding operations, a fuel gas, when burned with oxygen,
must have the following:
a. High flame temperature
b. High rate of flame propagation
c. Adequate heat content
d. Minimum chemical reaction of the flame with base and filler metals
Among the commercially available fuel gases such as propane, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), natural gas, propylene, hydrogen and MAPP gas, “Acetylene” most closely meets
all the above requirements.

Composition of Display System Chapter 3
32
CHAPTER 3
COMPOSITION OF DISPLAY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The various modules used in this project are:
1. Microcontroller
2. Power Supply
3. Sensor
4. LCD
5. Alarm
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DISPLAY SYSTEM
Fig 3. 1 Block Diagram Of Display System
3.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller used, AT89S52, is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of Flash Programmable and erasable read only memory. The
C++ program is embedded inside the microcontroller.
3.1.2 INDUCTION MOTOR
Two induction motors of 230V, 0.5amp, 0.35hp and 2500 rpm are used.

33
3.1.3 POWER SUPPLY
The power supply should be of +5V, with maximum allowable transients of 10mv. An AC
supply is provided for operating induction motor.
3.1.4 SENSOR
Proximity Sensor is used to detect the speed of each induction motor.
3.1.5 LCD
A 16x2 LCD which can display 16 characters per line is used. It can display the speed of
each motor simultaneously.
3.1.6 ALARM
A buzzer is used to indicate a beep sound when the motors are running at high speed.

34
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DISPLAY SYSTEM
Fig3.2CircuitDiagram

35
3.3 POWER SUPPLY MODULE
The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac
voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-
wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the
input dc voltage varies. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular
voltage regulator IC units.
3.3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.3.2(a) TRANSFORMER
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-
9V) level. If the secondary has less turns in the coil then the primary, the secondary coil's
voltage will decrease and the current or AMPS will increase or decreased depend upon the
wire gauge. This is called step down transformer. Then the secondary of the potential
transformer will be connected to the rectifier.
3.3.2(b) BRIDGE RECTIFIER
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge
Fig.3.3 Block Diagram Of Power Supply
Fig.3.4 Schematic Diagram Of Power Supply

36
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the
network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A
will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time
D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and
D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.
The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through Load, through D3,
through the secondary of the transformer back to point B.
One-half cycle later, the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse,
forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from
point A through D4, up through Load, through D2, through the secondary of transformer,
and back to point A across D2 and D4. The current flow through Load is always in the
same direction. In flowing through Load this current develops a voltage corresponding to
that. Since current flows through the load during both half cycles of the applied voltage,
this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that
with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice
that of the conventional half-wave circuit. This bridge rectifier always drops 1.4Volt of the
input voltage because of the diode. We are using 1N4007 PN junction diode, its cut off
region is 0.7Volt. So any two diodes are always conducting, total drop voltage is 1.4 volt.
3.3.3 FILTER
If a Capacitor is added in parallel with the load resistor of a Rectifier to form a
Fig.3.5 Full Wave Rectification(Varying DC)

Composition of Display System
simple Filter Circuit, the output of the Rectifier will be transformed into a more stable DC
Voltage. At first, the capacitor is charged
Beyond the peak, the capacitor is discharged through the load until the time at which the
rectified voltage exceeds the capacitor voltage. Then the capacitor is charged again and the
process repeats itself.
3.3.4 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain
the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload
protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a
fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.
A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage from a third terminal, with the
second terminal connected to ground.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
Similarly, the series 79 regulat
volts.
This is a regulated power supply circuit using the 78xx IC series. These regulators
can deliver current around 1A to 1.5A at a fix voltage levels. The common regulated
voltages are 5V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, and 24V. It is important to add
capacitors across the input and output of the regulator IC to improve the regulation.
In this circuit we are using 7805 regulator so it converts variable dc into constant
positive 5V power supply. If the input voltage goes to below 7.3Volt means the output also
varied. That is why we are using 230/9V step
higher than the regulator minimum level input.
Composition of Display System
37
Voltage. At first, the capacitor is charged to the peak value of the rectified Waveform.
IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
e IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a
fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.
terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage,
second terminal connected to ground.
Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24
V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, and 24V. It is important to add
the input and output of the regulator IC to improve the regulation.
varied. That is why we are using 230/9V step-down transformer. Transformer outpu
higher than the regulator minimum level input.
Fig.3.6 Filter Waveform
Chapter 3
to the peak value of the rectified Waveform.
e IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a
terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, it is
ors provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24
V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, and 24V. It is important to add
the input and output of the regulator IC to improve the regulation.
down transformer. Transformer output is

38
3.6 PCB LAYOUT:
Fig.3.7 PCB Layout Of Power Supply

Microcontroller
INTRODUCTION
A microcontroller is a kind of miniature computer that you can find in all kinds of
Gizmos. Some examples of common, every
built-in. If it has buttons and a digital display, chances are it also has a programmable
microcontroller brain. Every
microcontrollers. All those devices hav
you. Robots, machinery, aerospace designs and other high
microcontrollers.
Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:
A timer module to allow
time periods.
A serial i/o port to allow data to flow between the controller and other
devices such as a PIC or another microcontroller.
An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for
processing.
39
CHAPTER 4
MICROCONTROLLER
Gizmos. Some examples of common, every-day products that have microcontrollers are
in. If it has buttons and a digital display, chances are it also has a programmable
Every-Day the devices used by ourselves that contain
All those devices have microcontrollers inside them
you. Robots, machinery, aerospace designs and other high-tech devices are also built with
Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:
A timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain
time periods.
devices such as a PIC or another microcontroller.
Fig.4.1 AT85S52 Microcontroller
Chapter 4
microcontrollers are
in. If it has buttons and a digital display, chances are it also has a programmable
used by ourselves that contain
e microcontrollers inside them that interact with
tech devices are also built with
the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain

Microcontroller Chapter 4
40
Microcontrollers are:
Smaller in size
Consumes less power
Inexpensive
Micro controller is a stand-alone unit, which can perform functions on its own
without any requirement for additional hardware like i/o ports and external memory.
The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally
been based on a 8-bit microprocessor unit. For example Motorola uses a basic 6800
microprocessor core in their 6805/6808 microcontroller devices.
In the recent years, microcontrollers have been developed around specifically
designed CPU cores, for example the microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.
4.1 DESCRIPTION
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and
cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a
six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down
to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware
reset.

41
4.2 FEATURES
Compatible with MCS®
-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
Fast Programming Time
Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

42
4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
Fig.4.2 Block Diagram Of AT89S52

43
4.4 PIN DESCRIPTION
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each
pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins
can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be
the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0
also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the
code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required
Fig.4. 3 Pin Diagram Of AT89S52

44
during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and
P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input
(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively,
as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address
bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-
order address byte during fetches from external program memory and
during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses
8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2
Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits
and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port Pin Alternate Functions
P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out
P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control)
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)
Table 4.1 Port Pin Alteration

45
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control
signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the
functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the
following table.
Port Pin Alternate Functions
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 (external interrupt 0)INT0
P3.3 (external interrupt 1)INT1
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 (external data memory write strobe)WR
P3.7 (external data memory read strobe)RD
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98
oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR
AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default
state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal
operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.
Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to
external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by
setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only
during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
Table 4.2 Port Pin Alteration

46
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two
PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable
the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting
at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed,
EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
4.5 INTERRUPTS
The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and
INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These
interrupts are all shown in Fig 4.4.
Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or
clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA,
which disables all interrupts at once.
The Table 4.3 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. User software should
not write a 1 to this bit position, since it may be used in future AT89 products.
Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register
T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored
to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that

47
generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.
The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which
the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However,
the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer
overflows.
Table 4.3 Interrupt Enable (IE) Register
Fig.4.4 Interrupt Source

Hardware Implementation Chapter 5
48
CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
Hardware implementation encompasses all the post-sale processes involved in something
operating properly in its environment, including analyzing requirements, installation,
configuration, customization, running, testing, systems integrations, user training, delivery
and making necessary changes.
The various modules used in this project are:
1. Sensor
2. Liquid Crystal Display
3. Alarm
5.1 SENSOR
Inductive proximity sensors are widely used in various applications to detect metal
devices. They can be used in various environments (industry, workshop, lift shaft...) and
need high reliability.
Inductive proximity sensors generate an electromagnetic field and detect the eddy
current losses induced when the metal target enters the field. The field is generated by a
coil, wrapped round a ferrite core, which is used by a transistorized circuit to produce
Fig.5.1 Proximity Sensor

49
oscillations. The target, while entering the electromagnetic field produced by the coil, will
decrease the oscillations due to eddy currents developed in the target. If the target
approaches the sensor within the so-called "sensing range", the oscillations cannot be
produced anymore: the detector circuit generates then an output signal controlling a relay
or a switch.
5.1.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Fig.5.3 Speed Measurement Using Proximity Sensor
The wheel type metal rod is fixed in the motor shaft. The proximity sensor is placed
near the shaft. When the shaft is rotating, the metal rod is crossed the proximity sensors
sequentially. So the sensor gives the pulse to the microcontroller. Now the microcontroller
Fig.5.2 Electromagnetic Behaviour Of Proximity Sensor

50
counts the pulse. By using this pulse count we can find revolution per minute which is
equal to speed of the microcontroller.
5.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of both
liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range
within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are
grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal.
An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes
which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are
present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal
molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.
Polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers would rotate the
light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular
When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by direction the two polarisers
and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation,
and hence the LCD appears transparent.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules
would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be
rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating / highlighting the desired
characters.
The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s
consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be
powered for long durations.
The LCD’s don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using
backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a wide
operating temperature range.
Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the
LCD’s more customer friendly.
The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments are
the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent
advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying

51
capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs being
extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The LCDs have
even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and
graphics, and also in small TV applications.
5.2.1 PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7
8-bit data pins
DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
Table 5.1 LCD Pin Description
Fig.5.4 LCD

52
5.2.2 DATASHEET OF LCD
Fig.5.5 LCD Datasheet

53
5.2.3 POWER SUPPLY:
The power supply should be of +5V, with maximum allowable transients of 10mv.
To achieve a better / suitable contrast for the display, the voltage (VL) at pin 3 should be
adjusted properly.
A module should not be inserted or removed from a live circuit. The ground terminal
of the power supply must be isolated properly so that no voltage is induced in it. The
module should be isolated from the other circuits, so that stray voltages are not induced,
which could cause a flickering display.
5.2.4 HARDWARE:
Develop a uniquely decoded ‘E’ strobe pulse, active high, to accompany each
module transaction. Address or control lines can be assigned to drive the RS and R/W
inputs.
Utilize the Host’s extended timing mode, if available, when transacting with the
module. Use instructions, which prolong the Read and Write or other appropriate data
strobes, so as to realize the interface timing requirements.
If a parallel port is used to drive the RS, R/W and ‘E’ control lines, setting the ‘E’ bit
simultaneously with RS and R/W would violate the module’s set up time. A separate
instruction should be used to achieve proper interfacing timing requirements.
5.2.5 MOUNTING:
Cover the display surface with a transparent protective plate, to protect the polarizer.
Don’t touch the display surface with bare hands or any hard materials. This will stain
the display area and degrade the insulation between terminals.
Do not use organic solvents to clean the display panel as these may adversely affect
tape or with absorbent cotton and petroleum benzene.
The processing or even a slight deformation of the claws of the metal frame will have
effect on the connection of the output signal and cause an abnormal display.
Do not damage or modify the pattern wiring, or drill attachment holes in the PCB.
When assembling the module into another equipment, the space between the module
and the fitting plate should have enough height, to avoid causing stress to the module
surface.

54
Make sure that there is enough space behind the module, to dissipate the heat
generated by the ICs while functioning for longer durations.
When an electrically powered screwdriver is used to install the module, ground it
properly.
While cleaning by a vacuum cleaner, do not bring the sucking mouth near the module.
Static electricity of the electrically powered driver or the vacuum cleaner may destroy
the module.
5.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS:
Operate the LCD module under the relative condition of 40°C and 50% relative
humidity. Lower temperature can cause retardation of the blinking speed of the display,
while higher temperature makes the overall display discolor.
When the temperature gets to be within the normal limits, the display will be normal.
Polarization degradation, bubble generation or polarizer peel-off may occur with high
temperature and humidity.
Contact with water or oil over a long period of time may cause deformation or colour
fading of the display. Condensation on the terminals can cause electro-chemical reaction
disrupting the terminal circuit.
5.3 ALARM
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in
automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most
commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that
determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually
illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the
form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was
based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the
metal gong (which makes the ringing noise).

55
5.3.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
The circuit is designed to control the buzzer. The buzzer ON and OFF is controlled
by switching transistor (BC 547). The buzzer is connected in the transistor collector
terminal.
When high pulse (5 Volt) signal is given to base of the transistor, the transistor is
conducting and closes the collector and emitter terminal. Hence the buzzer was already
getting a volt power supply in the positive terminal. At that time the buzzer gets the
negative supply. So the circuit will close and the Buzzer will ON.
When low pulse is given to base of transistor, it will turn OFF. So buzzer will also
OFF because it doesn’t get negative power supply. This type of transistor arrangement is
called driver circuit. We can’t connect any load to the microcontroller output terminals.
That is why we need a driver circuit.
Fig.5.6 Schematic Diagram Of Buzzer

56
5.4 VIEW OF PROJECT
Fig.5. 7 Front View of Cricket Bowling Machine
Fig.5.8 LCD Display Circuit

Conclusion and Future Work Chapter 6
57
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
CONCLUSION
Thus , we have designed a cricket bowling machine for kids to improve their batting skill
without the need of a bowler.
This project is to design an improved cricket bowling machine, which is adjustable to
throw different sizes cricket balls at various speeds in predetermined line and length. The
exisiting cricket bowling machines are very expensive and therefore cricket bowling
machine was designed keeping in mind to develop a cost effective (economic) and compact
cricket bowling machine.
This project is to provide provision for using various pattern of bowling style such
as straight, outswing, inswing, offbreak, leg break for kids. The speed of induction motor
can be controlled using electronic regulator and microcontroller is used for displaying
speed measurement of induction motor.
Thus in many ways the automatic control is much higher in performance than that
of manual control and hence automatic speed control of induction motor by means of
electronic regulator which is feasible and attractive alternative to manual control by means
of accelerometer.
This project can be used in schools, parks, shopping malls and can also be used by
people who cannot afford expensive cricket bowling machine.
FUTURE WORKS
The hardware implementation work has been completed and as a future work, most popular
bowler’s bowling technology has to be implemented using neural network. Also, height of
the cricket bowling machine has to be improved and the use of obstacle sensor for safety
measures has to be done.

58
REFERENCES
1. S .S. Roy, A. Maapatra, N. P. Mukherjee, U Datta, U. Nandy, S. Karmakar, A.
Chatterjee.(2005) “Design of an Improved Cricket Ball Throwing Machine”
2. Abhijit Mahapatra, Avik Chatterjee and Shibendu Shekhar Roy (2010) “Modelling
and Simulation of Cricket Bowling Machine”, International J. of Recent Trends in
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3
3. Akshay R. Varhade, HrushikeshV. Tiwari and Pratik D. Patangrao (2013)“Cricket
Bowling Machine” , International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT)
4. RAZA Ali, DIEGEL Olaf and ARIF Khalid Mahmood (2014) “Robowler: Design
and development of a cricket bowling machine ensuring ball seam position”
,Springer
5. QUT Digital Repository(http://eprints.qut.edu.au/)
6. AT89S52 - Atmel (http://www.atmel.com/images/doc1919.pdf/)
7. Leverage Cricket Bowling Machine
(http://www..bowlingmachine.co.in/pro_crikcet_bowling_machines/)

Cricket Bowling Machine Project Report

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