Malaria and AIDS are infectious diseases. Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites and causes flu-like symptoms. It is treated with anti-malarial drugs like chloroquine. AIDS is caused by the HIV virus transmitted through sexual contact or needle sharing. It attacks the immune system and without treatment leads to opportunistic infections. Diagnosis involves antibody tests and treatment involves antiretroviral drug combinations. Prevention for both emphasizes avoiding mosquito/insect bites and safe sexual practices.

1. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
MALARIA AIDS

3. INTRODUCTION:
“Mal”, “aria” (meaning bad air in Italian)used in English by
H.Walpole.
Short term “malaria” in 20th century by C.Laveran in 1880 was
identify parasites in human blood.
Ross discovered that mosquitoes transmitted malaria.

4. DEFINITION
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasite Plasmodium
which infects red blood cells.
Malaria is transmitted by infected anopheles mosquitoes.

5. MALARIA SPECIES
•PLASMODIUM VIVAX.
•PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.
•PLASMODIUM OVALE.
•PLASMODIUM MALARIAE.
•PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI.

6. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
•Female anopheles mosquitoes bite human and transmit infection.
•Direct transmission.
•Congenital transmission.

8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
•Flu like symptoms such as fever, malaise, chills with every 2 or 3
days.
•Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
•Jaundice due to destruction of RBC’s & liver cells.
•Severe P.falciparum cause bleeding problems, shock, kidney failure.

9. CONT….
•Cerebral malaria can lead to coma, seizures or altered
mental status and even death of patient.
•Headache.
•Muscle pain.
•Sweating.

10. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
•History.
•Physical examination to identify enlarged liver and
spleen.
•CBC test.
•Malarial smear.
•Rapid Diagnostic test to detect malarial parasite antigen.

11. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
•Medications often used as chloroquinone such as anti-malarial
agent.
•Patient resistant with chloroquinone given medications such as:-
1. Combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine (Fansidar).
2. Mefloquine or artesunate.
3. Combination of quinidine or quinine + doxycycline, tetracycline or
clindamycin.
4. Atovaquone & proguanil.

12. CONT…..
•Supportive treatment includes I.V fluids, other
medications and respiratory maintenance.

13. COMPLICATIONS
•Hemolytic anemia.
•Kidney failure.
•Liver failure.
•Respiratory failure.
•Meningitis.
•Spleen rupture due to massive internal bleeding.

14. PREVENTION
•Don’t allow water to remain in & around your house. Fill the
ditches.
•Tightly cover the water tanks and containers, dispose off old ones.
•Put 2 tablespoons (30ml) of petrol and kerosene into each 100 litres
of water.
•Use mosquitoes repellents, creams, coils.
•Wear clothes which cover all your body.

16. INTRODUCTION
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) of strains HIV 1 & HIV
2.
• The first HIV virus was discovered in 1983 by BARRE -
SINOUSSI & colleagues in Paris.
• Around 6 lakh children become infected worldwide each year.
Almost all is because of the infection derived from the mother.
• In India, nearly 4 million people are infected with HIV. More than
50% of them are women & children.

17. DEFINITION
•AIDS( Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome) is a fatal disease
caused by retrovirus called HIV (Human ImmunoDeficiency
Virus) which attacks immune system of body.

18. TRANSMISSION
Having sex with multiple partners.
Enter through lining of vagina, vulva, penis, rectum or mouth during
sex.
Injection users drug.
Infected mother to fetus during pregnancy.
Needle stick injuries.
Contact with contaminated needle.

19. CONT……
•Very rarely transfusion of infected blood.
•People have STD’s such as syphilis, genital herpes.
•Don’t spread through kissing, food sharing, towels, bedding.
•Only transmitted by contact with saliva when a person is infected.

20. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Virus enter through any route
• Infects cells that have CD4 cells
• Virus sheds its protein coat
• Convert RNA into DNA in presence of enzyme reverse transcriptase

21. CONT…..
Viral DNA integrate into host & duplicate it during normal division
Virus remain latent & become activated to produce new RNA & to form virions
Disrupt all membranes & cells of host person.
CD4 cells infected by HIV & also macrophages, lymphocytes.

24. LATER SYMPTOMS
• Rapid weight loss
• Recurring fever
• Profuse night sweats
• Pronounced fatigue and weakness
• Prolonged swollen lymph glands

25. CONT…….
• Chronic diarrhea, which lasts more than a week
• Sores that develop in the mucous membranes of the mouth, anus, or
genitals
• Blotches (red, brown, pink, or purplish) on the skin, under the skin,
or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
• Neurological issues, including memory loss and depression

26. STAGES OF HIV
1. INCUBATION PHASE: asymptomatic & lasts 2-4 weeks.
2. ACUTE HIV PHASE: develop influenza like illness with
symptoms such as fever, weight loss, thrush & neurological
symptoms.
•Not recognised as non-specific & not recognised as HIV infection.
•Virus replicates rapidly & drop in T-lymphocytes cells
•Lasts for a week and for a month.

27. CONT……
•3. LATENCY STAGE:- immune response activates & kills virus in
blood, infection seems to be clear. Lasts for 2 weeks and 20 years.
•4. AIDS: T- lymphocytes decline in number. Cell mediated
immunity is lost.
•Opportunistic infections occurs such as T.B, pneumonia, tumours
etc. and can kill person.

28. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
•History.
•Physical examination.
•Rapid HIV antibody test.
•Western blot antibody test.
•ELISA test.
•HIV viral load test.
•Complete blood count.
•CD4 cells count.

30. RAPID HIV ANTIBODY TEST:

31. WESTERN BLOT ANTIBODY TEST:

32. ELISA

33. VIRAL LOAD TEST

35. MANAGEMENT
•Combination of drugs used to treat AIDS known as
HAART(HIGHLYACTIVE ANTI RETROVIRAL
THERAPY).
•ART treatment prolong time period between HIV
infection & AIDS.